Typhochlaena

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Taxonavigation

Ordo: Araneae
Familia: Theraphosidae

Name

Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850 revalidated – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

• Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850:75.
• Avicularia:Simon 1892:171 (in part: Avicularia seladonia).
• Iridopelma: Smith 1993:15 (in part: Iridopelma seladonium).

Type species

Mygale seladonia C. L. Koch, 1841 by subsequent designation (Mello-Leitão 1923:332). Almeida-Santos et al. (2008) stated that Mello-Leitão (1923) “erroneously reestablished Typhochlaena without removing the type species, Typhochlaena caesia C. L. Koch, 1842, from Avicularia”, but they did not indicate where their information on the type species of the genus came from. The genus Typhochlaena was erected by Koch (1850) and originally included two species: Typhochlaena seladonia and Typhochlaena caesia. Neither Koch (1850) nor subsequent authors indicated the type species of Typhochlaena, until Mello-Leitão (1923), who designated Typhochlaena seladonia C. L. Koch, 1841.

Diagnosis

Differs from all other aviculariine genera by the domed, short distal segment of PLS (Fig. 21) and adults with sternum as long as wide, truncated behind (Fig. 20). Additionally, they are very small aviculariines having urticating hair type II on the dorsum of the abdomen and males lack both tibial spurs and spiniform process on the cymbium.

Description

Carapace as long as wide, or slightly longer than wide, cephalic region moderately raised (Fig. 16). Cephalic and thoracic striae shallow. Fovea shallow, straight. Chelicerae without rastellum. Eye tubercle low (Typhochlaena seladonia) (Fig. 18) or raised (other species), wider than long. Clypeus narrow (Figs 18–19). Anterior eye row procurved (Fig. 19). Labium wider than long, with ca. 58–122 cuspules concentrated on anterior half. Maxillary lyra absent. Maxilla subrectangular, anterior lobe distinctly produced into conical process, inner angle bearing (40–69) cuspules. Sternum wider than long or as long as wide, truncated behind (Fig. 20). Posterior angle not separating coxae IV. Three pairs of sigillae, all rounded, less than a quarter diameter from margin, sometimes not evident. Leg formula: IV I II III (except male Typhochlaena amma sp. n.: I IV II III). Clavate trichobothria on the distal 1/2 of tarsi I-IV. STC of males and femalewithout teeth. Tarsi I–III fully scopulated, IV divided by a band of setae. Scopulae of tarsi and metatarsi I–II extended very laterally giving them a spatulate appearance. Femur IV without retrolateral scopula. Legs lacking spines in males, female legs aspinose or with two ventro-apical spines on metatarsi III and/ or IV (Typhochlaena seladonia, Typhochlaena paschoali sp. n.). Posterior lateral spinnerets with distal article short, domed (Fig. 21). Stridulatory setae absent. Cymbium with two subequal lobes, the prolateral one triangular in shape (fig. 25 in West et al. 2008). Male spur on tibia I lacking. Male metatarsus I straight. Male palpal bulb globose narrowing abruptly forming a long slender embolus, 4 times (Typhochlaena seladonia) (Figs 1–3), 1.5 times (Typhochlaena costae sp. n.) (Figs 12–14), or 2.5 times (Typhochlaena amma sp. n.) (Figs 8–10) longer than tegulum length, with a curvature of roughly 60° (Typhochlaena seladonia, Typhochlaena amma sp. n.) (Figs 1–3, 8–10) or 45° (Typhochlaena costae sp. n.) (Figs 12–14) to retrolateral side, keels absent, tegulum with a slight prolateral depression (Typhochlaena seladonia) (Fig. 3), or absent (Typhochlaena costae sp. n., Typhochlaena amma sp. n.) (Figs 10, 14). Two spermathecae extremely variable in shape (Figs 4–7, 11, 15). Cymbium lacking spiniform process. Type II of urticating hair on abdomen dorsum of males and females. Ontogenetic change in color pattern lacking.
Males of Typhochlaena curumim sp. n. and Typhochlaena paschoali sp. n. are unknown. Species included: Typhochlaena seladonia (Figs 1–5, 16–23), Typhochlaena curumim sp. n. (Figs 6, 26), Typhochlaena paschoali sp. n. (Figs 7, 27), Typhochlaena amma sp. n. (Figs 8–11, 24) and Typhochlaena costae sp. n. (Figs 12–15, 25).

Distribution and habitat

Brazil: Northeastern, part of Central-West (state of Tocantins) and part of Southeastern (state of Espirito Santo) (Fig. 28). Specimens of Typhochlaena spp. are mostly found in Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, but one species seems to occur in drier, open environments (Typhochlaena costae sp. n.). Available data for two species (Typhochlaena seladonia and Typhochlaena curumim sp. n.) indicates they build a silky retreat under loose tree bark (Fig. 23).

Color pattern ontogeny

Contrary to most aviculariines, ontogenetic changes are not known in species of Typhochlaena.

Key to species of Typhochlaena

(Males of Typhochlaena curumim sp. n. and Typhochlaena paschoali sp. n. are unknown)

Key to species of Typhochlaena — R. Bertani

1		Male    2
–		Female    4
2		Embolus very long and slender (Figs 1–3); most of carapace and legs metallic green (Fig. 22); abdomen pattern as in Fig. 22    Typhochlaena seladonia
–		Embolus short (Figs 9, 13); coloration brownish or dark with blue sheen    3
3		Embolus too short (Figs 12–14), some long curled yellow setae over carapace and chelicerae (Fig. 25)    Typhochlaena costae sp. n.
–		Embolus longer (Figs 8–10), setae over carapace and chelicerae brownish    Typhochlaena amma sp. n.
4		Spermathecae strongly curved outwards from its base (Fig. 11); legs dark with blue sheen and with long reddish setae (Fig. 24)    Typhochlaena amma sp. n.
–		Spermathecae straight or almost so (Figs 5–7, 15); coloration otherwise    5
5		Spermathecae broad, straight, with multiple lobes at their tip (Fig. 7)    Typhochlaena paschoali sp. n.
–		Spermathecae slender or tapering from base to tip, without multiple lobes. (Figs 5–6, 15)    6
6		Spermathecae with lobes or folds (Figs 5–6); yellow curled setae over carapace and chelicerae lacking    7
–		Spermathecae lacking lobes and folds (Fig. 15); some long curled yellow setae over carapace and chelicerae (Fig. 25)    Typhochlaena costae sp. n.
7		Spermathecae slender throughout their length (Fig. 5); carapace and legs mostly metallic green (Fig. 22)    Typhochlaena seladonia
–		Spermathecae broad at base, tapering distally (Fig. 6); carapace and legs dark brown (Fig. 26)    Typhochlaena curumimsp. n.

Taxon Treatment

• Bertani, R; 2012: Revision, cladistic analysis and biogeography of Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901 and Iridopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) ZooKeys, 230: 1-94. doi

Images

Figures 1–7. 1–5 Typhochlaena seladonia C. L. Koch, 1841 1–3 male (IBSP 4551) left palpal bulb 1 prolateral 2 retrolateral 3 frontal 4–5 females, spermathecae 4 exuvium (IBSP 4551) 5 female (IBSP 109718) 6 Typhochlaena curumin sp. n. holotype female (IBSP 8701) spermathecae 7 Typhochlaena paschoali sp. n., paratype female (MNRJ 12928), spermathecae. Scale bar = 1mm.  Figures 8–15. 8–11 Typhochlaena amma sp. n. 8–10 paratype male (MNRJ 12926), left palpal bulb 8 prolateral 9 retrolateral 10 frontal 11 holotype female (MNRJ 06239), spermathecae 12–15 Typhochlaena costae sp. n. 12–14 paratype male (IBSP unnumbered), left palpal bulb 12 prolateral 13 retrolateral 14 frontal 15 holotype female (IBSP unnumbered), spermathecae. Scale bar = 1mm.  Figures 16–21. Typhochlaena seladonia C. L. Koch, 1841, female (IBSP 109718) 16 carapace and abdomen, lateral 17 abdomen, dorsal 18 eye tubercle, lateral 19 eye tubercle, dorsal 20 labium and sternum 21 spinnerets, ventral. Scale bar = 1mm.  Figures 22–27. 22–23 Typhochlaena seladonia C. L. Koch, 1841, habitus 22 female, Santa Luzia do Itanhy, state of Sergipe 23 immature inside its retreat in tree bark, same locality 24 Typhochlaena amma sp. n., female, Santa Teresa, state of Espirito Santo 25 Typhochlaena costae sp. n., female, Palmas, state of Tocantins 26 Typhochlena curumim sp. n., female, Areia, state of Paraiba 27 Typhochlaena paschoali sp. n., preserved female, Camacam, state of Bahia (holotype MNRJ 13723). Photos: R. Bertani.  Figure 28. Map showing records of Typhochlaena species in Northestern, Central western and Southeastern Brazil. Star = Typhochlaena seladonia C. L. Koch, 1841, square = Typhochlaena costae sp. n., diamond = Typhochlaena curumim sp. n., triangle = Typhochlaena paschoali sp. n., circle = Typhochlaena amma sp. n. The gray area represents the approximate original distribution of Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. White area represents open environment (cerrado and caatinga).