Iridopelma

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Bertani R (2012) Revision, cladistic analysis and biogeography of Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901 and Iridopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae). ZooKeys 230 : 1–94, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2012-10-23, version 27965, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Iridopelma&oldid=27965 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

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BibTeX:

@article{Bertani2012ZooKeys230,
author = {Bertani, Rogério},
journal = {ZooKeys},
publisher = {Pensoft Publishers},
title = {Revision, cladistic analysis and biogeography of Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901 and Iridopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae)},
year = {2012},
volume = {230},
issue = {},
pages = {1--94},
doi = {10.3897/zookeys.230.3500},
url = {http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/3500/abstract},
note = {Versioned wiki page: 2012-10-23, version 27965, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Iridopelma&oldid=27965 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.}

}

RIS/ Endnote:

TY - JOUR
T1 - Revision, cladistic analysis and biogeography of Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901 and Iridopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae)
A1 - Bertani R
Y1 - 2012
JF - ZooKeys
JA -
VL - 230
IS -
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.230.3500
SP - 1
EP - 94
PB - Pensoft Publishers
M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2012-10-23, version 27965, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Iridopelma&oldid=27965 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

M3 - doi:10.3897/zookeys.230.3500

Wikipedia/ Citizendium:

<ref name="Bertani2012ZooKeys230">{{Citation
| author = Bertani R
| title = Revision, cladistic analysis and biogeography of Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901 and Iridopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae)
| journal = ZooKeys
| year = 2012
| volume = 230
| issue =
| pages = 1--94
| pmid =
| publisher = Pensoft Publishers
| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.230.3500
| url = http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/3500/abstract
| pmc =
| accessdate = 2024-12-12

}} Versioned wiki page: 2012-10-23, version 27965, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Iridopelma&oldid=27965 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.</ref>

See also the citation download page at the journal.


Taxonavigation

Ordo: Araneae
Familia: Theraphosidae

Name

Iridopelma Pocock, 1901 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

Type species

Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901 by original designation.

Diagnosis

Males of Iridopelma species differ from those of other aviculariines in the presence of tibial spurs on both leg I (Fig. 85) and II (Fig. 86). Females differ from those of all other aviculariines, except Avicularia and Typhochlaena, in that the anterior eye row is strongly procurved. Iridoplema further differs from Typhochlaena in that the most distal PLS segment is digitiform; from Avicularia in possessing spermatheca lacking an accentuated curvature medially.

Description

Carapace longer than wide, cephalic region moderately raised. Cephalic and thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea straight, shallow or deep. Chelicerae without rastellum. Eye tubercle raised (Fig. 91), wider than long. Clypeus narrow (Fig. 92). Anterior eye row procurved (Fig. 92). Labium wider than long, with 40–200 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on the anterior third center. Maxillary lyra absent. Maxilla subrectangular, anterior lobe distinctly produced in to conical process, inner angle bearing (75–150) cuspules. Sternum wider than long (Fig. 93). Posterior angle not separating coxae IV. Three pairs of sigillae, all rounded, less than one diameter from margin. Leg formula: I=IV II III (all females, males of Iridopelma vanini sp. n., Iridopelma katiae sp. n. andIridopelma zorodes) or I IV II III (males of Iridopelma hirsutum and Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n.). Clavate trichobothria on the distal 2/3 of tarsi I–IV. STC of males and femalewithout teeth. Tarsi I–III fully scopulated, IV divided by a band of setae or scopula integral. Scopulae of tarsi and metatarsi I–II extended very laterally giving them a spatulate appearance. Femur IV without retrolateral scopula. Legs lacking spines. Posterior lateral spinneret distally elongating, digitiform (Fig. 94). Stridulatory setae absent. Cymbium with two subequal lobes, the prolateral one triangular in shape. Male spur on tibia I (Fig. 85) and II (Fig. 86). Male metatarsus I straight. Male palpal bulb globose narrowing abruptly forming a long slender embolus, 1.8 times (Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n.) (Figs 156–158), 2.4–2.7 times (Iridopelma hirsutum, Iridopelma zorodes) (Figs 81–83, 107–109) or 3.3 times (Iridopelma vanini sp. n., Iridopelma katiae sp. n.) (Figs 127–129, 134–136) longer than tegulum length, with curvature of roughly 60° (Iridopelma hirsutum) (Fig. 83), 90° (Iridopelma katiae sp. n.) (Fig. 136), 105° (Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n.) (Fig. 158), 115° (Iridopelma zorodes) (Fig. 109) or 135° (Iridopelma vanini sp. n.) (Fig. 129) to retrolateral side; keels absent, tegulum without prolateral depression. Paired straight spermathecae ending in two or three lobes (Iridopelma hirsutum, Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n., Iridopelma vanini sp. n., Iridopelma marcoi sp. n., Iridopelma katiae sp. n.) (Figs 87–88, 161, 132, 166, 139), or a single lobe (Iridopelma zorodes) (Fig. 112); with a single apical fold (Iridopelma hirsutum, Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n.) (Figs 87–88, 161), double folded (Iridopelma marcoi sp. n., Iridopelma vanini sp. n.) (Figs 166, 132), or without folds (Iridopelma zorodes, Iridopelma katiae sp. n.) (Figs 112, 139). Cymbium with well developed spiniform process (Fig. 84). Type II urticating hair on abdomen dorsum of males and females (most species), or absent in adult females (Iridopelma marcoi sp. n.). Color pattern ontogeny present.
Male Iridopelma marcoi sp. n. are currently unknown.

Species included

Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901 (Figs 81–106, 119–122, 169), Iridopelma zorodes (Mello-Leitão, 1926) (Figs 107–118, 123–126, 169), Iridopelma vanini sp. n. (Figs 127–133, 150–152, 169), Iridopelma katiae sp. n. (Figs 134–149, 153–155, 169), Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n. (Figs 156–165, 169), Iridopelma marcoi sp. n. (Figs 166–169).

Distribution and habitat

Brazil: Northeastern, from Reconcave region in state of Bahia northwards. Few records for states of Para and Tocantins (Fig. 169). Specimens of Iridopelma spp. are mostly found in Brazilian Atlantic rainforest (Figs 101–105). Some species occur in drier, open environments such as “cerrado” (Fig. 168), “caatinga” and “campo rupestre” (Figs 145–146). A single record is known from the Amazon.

Natural history

Iridopelma hirsutum and Iridopelma zorodes build retreats connecting leaves with silk threads (Figs 101–105). Iridopelma katiae sp. n. make retreats inside bromelids (Figs 147–149). Habitat preference of other Iridopelma species is in need of confirmation.

Color pattern ontogeny

Iridopelma hirsutum, Iridopelma zorodes and Iridopelma katiae sp. n. color pattern changes dramatically from juvenile to adult stages. Data is insufficient for Iridopelma vanini sp. n., Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n. and Iridopelma marcoi sp. n.

Key to species of Iridopelma

(Male Iridopelma marcoi sp. n. is unknown)


Key to species of Iridopelma — R. Bertani
1
Male 
  2
–
Female 
  6
2
Leg I longer than leg IV (leg IV/I length 0.84 or less) 
  3
–
Leg I and IV roughly same length (leg IV/I length 0.93 or more) 
  4
3
Leg I much longer than leg IV (leg IV/I length 0.73), pattern lacking on abdomen dorsum (Fig. 165); embolus short (Figs 156–158) 
  Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n.
–
Leg I not so longer than leg IV (leg IV/I length 0.84), pattern on abdomen dorsum present (Fig. 100); embolus long (Figs 81–83) 
  Iridopelma hirsutum
4
General coloration black with reddish pattern on abdomen dorsum (Fig. 143) 
  Iridopelma katiae sp. n.
–
General coloration brown or light-brown, lacking pattern on abdomen dorsum 
  5
5
Large spiders, embolus very long (Figs 127–129) 
  Iridopelma vanini sp. n.
–
Small to medium-sized spiders, embolus shorter (Figs 107–109) 
  Iridopelma zorodes.
6
Spermathecae with a single lobe and lacking folds (Figs 112, 123–126) 
  Iridopelma zorodes
–
Spermathecae with two or more lobes 
  7
7
Spermathecae slender from base to tip, lacking folds (Fig. 139, 153–155); general coloration black with reddish pattern on abdomen dorsum (Fig. 142) 
  Iridopelma katiae sp. n.
–
Spermathecae tapering from base to tip, with at least one fold; general coloration brown or metallic green 
  8
8
Spermathecae very long, double folded (Figs 132, 150–152) 
  Iridopelma vanini sp. n.
–
Spermathecae not too long, with single fold (Figs 87–88) 
  9
9
Pattern on abdomen dorsum present, with longitudinal reddish central stripe (Fig. 99) 
  Iridopelma hirsutum.
–
Abdomen dorsally lacking pattern (Fig. 164) 
  10
10
Carapace metallic green (Fig. 167); urticating hair lacking on abdomen dorsum 
  Iridopelma marcoi sp. n.
–
Carapace brownish to grayish (Fig. 164); urticating hair type II present on abdomen dorsum 
  Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n.

Taxon Treatment

  • Bertani, R; 2012: Revision, cladistic analysis and biogeography of Typhochlaena C. L. Koch, 1850, Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901 and Iridopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) ZooKeys, 230: 1-94. doi

Other References

  1. ↑ Pocock R (1901) Some new and old genera of South American Aviculariidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7: 540-555. doi: 10.1080/03745480109443359
  2. ↑ Raven R (1985) The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics. Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History 182: 1–180. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/955
  3. ↑ Smith A (1993) Taxonomy focus. Journal of the British Tarantula Society 9: 13-18.
  4. ↑ Platnick N (2012) The world spider catalog version 12.5. American Museum of Natural History. Available from: http://research.amnh.org/iz/spiders/catalog , doi: 10.5531/db.iz.0001 [accessed June 2012].
  5. ↑ Simon E (1903) Histoire naturelle des araignées. Paris, Librarie Encyclopédique de Roret, 2: 669-1080.
  6. ↑ Schmidt G (1986) Vogelspinnen: Lebensweise, Bestimmungsschlüssel, Haltung und Zucht. Albrecht Philler Verlag, Minden, West Germany.
  7. ↑ Mello-Leitão C (1923) Theraphosoideas do Brasil. Revista do Museu Paulista 13: 1-438.

Images

Figures 81–88. Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901 81–86 male (MZSP 36884) 81–83 left palpal bulb 81 prolateral 82 retrolateral, 83 frontal 84 cymbium showing protuberance 85 tibial spur of left leg I 86 tibial spur of left leg II 87–88 female spermathecae 87 (MNRJ 06251) 88 (MNRJ 06249). Scale bar = 1mm.
'Figures 81–88. Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901 81–86 male (MZSP 36884) 81–83 left palpal bulb 81 prolateral 82 retrolateral, 83 frontal 84 cymbium showing protuberance 85 tibial spur of left leg I 86 tibial spur of left leg II 87–88 female spermathecae 87 (MNRJ 06251) 88 (MNRJ 06249). Scale bar = 1mm. 
Figures 89–94. Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901, female (MNRJ 06249) 89 carapace and abdomen, lateral 90 abdomen, dorsal 91–92 eye tubercle 91 lateral 92 dorsal 93 labium and sternum 94 spinnerets, ventral. Scale bar = 1mm.
Figures 89–94. Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901, female (MNRJ 06249) 89 carapace and abdomen, lateral 90 abdomen, dorsal 91–92 eye tubercle 91 lateral 92 dorsal 93 labium and sternum 94 spinnerets, ventral. Scale bar = 1mm. 
Figures 95–100. Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901, habitus 95–98 immatures in progression 99 female 100 male, all from Reserva Biológica de Saltinho, Rio Formoso, state of Pernambuco, except female, from E. E. Murici, Murici, state of Alagoas. Photos: R. Bertani.
Figures 95–100. Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901, habitus 95–98 immatures in progression 99 female 100 male, all from Reserva Biológica de Saltinho, Rio Formoso, state of Pernambuco, except female, from E. E. Murici, Murici, state of Alagoas. Photos: R. Bertani. 
Figures 101–106. Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901, microhabitats 101 immature in retreat made with palm/Melastomatacea leaves 102, 104 immature in retreat made of two large unidentified leaves 103 immature in a retreat made of a Heliconiacea leaf 105 adult female in a retreat made of two leaves of “Guapeba” (Sapotaceae) 106 female on an abandoned house wall 101–104 Saltinho, state of Pernambuco, 105–106 E. E. Murici, Murici, state of Alagoas. Photos: R. Bertani.
Figures 101–106. Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901, microhabitats 101 immature in retreat made with palm/Melastomatacea leaves 102, 104 immature in retreat made of two large unidentified leaves 103 immature in a retreat made of a Heliconiacea leaf 105 adult female in a retreat made of two leaves of “Guapeba” (Sapotaceae) 106 female on an abandoned house wall 101–104 Saltinho, state of Pernambuco, 105–106 E. E. Murici, Murici, state of Alagoas. Photos: R. Bertani. 
Figures 107–112. Iridopelma zorodes (Mello-Leitão, 1926) 107–111 male (MNRJ 06254) 107–109 left palpal bulb 107 prolateral 108 retrolateral 109 frontal 110 tibial spur of left leg I 111 tibial spur of left leg II 112 female (IBSP 11760) spermathecae. Scale bar = 1mm.
Figures 107–112. Iridopelma zorodes (Mello-Leitão, 1926) 107–111 male (MNRJ 06254) 107–109 left palpal bulb 107 prolateral 108 retrolateral 109 frontal 110 tibial spur of left leg I 111 tibial spur of left leg II 112 female (IBSP 11760) spermathecae. Scale bar = 1mm. 
Figures 113–118. Iridopelma zorodes (Mello-Leitão, 1926), habitus 113–115 immatures in progression 116 female 117 male 118 female 113–116 immatures and female from Itabaiana National Park, Areia Branca, state of Sergipe 117 male from RPPN Camurujipe, São João da Mata, state of Bahia 118 female from Elísio Medrado, RPPN Jequitiba, state of Bahia (MNRJ 06253). Photos: R. Bertani.
Figures 113–118. Iridopelma zorodes (Mello-Leitão, 1926), habitus 113–115 immatures in progression 116 female 117 male 118 female 113–116 immatures and female from Itabaiana National Park, Areia Branca, state of Sergipe 117 male from RPPN Camurujipe, São João da Mata, state of Bahia 118 female from Elísio Medrado, RPPN Jequitiba, state of Bahia (MNRJ 06253). Photos: R. Bertani. 
Figures 119–126. Variation in spermathecae 119–122 Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901 119 João Pessoa, state of Paraiba (IBSP 8076) 120 Sucupira, state of Pernambuco (IBSP 3986A) 121 Cabedelo, Ilha da Restinga, state of Paraiba (IBSP 8082) 122 Olinda, state of Pernambuco (IBSP 8080) 123–126 Iridopelma zorodes (Mello-Leitão, 1926) 123 Santo Amaro das Brotas, state of Sergipe (MZSP 10847) 124, 126 Acajutiba, state of Bahia (MZSP 32160–698, MZSP 32181–800) 125 Elísio Medrado, RPPN Jequitibá, state of Bahia (MNRJ 06253). Scale bar = 1mm.
Figures 119–126. Variation in spermathecae 119–122 Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901 119 João Pessoa, state of Paraiba (IBSP 8076) 120 Sucupira, state of Pernambuco (IBSP 3986A) 121 Cabedelo, Ilha da Restinga, state of Paraiba (IBSP 8082) 122 Olinda, state of Pernambuco (IBSP 8080) 123–126 Iridopelma zorodes (Mello-Leitão, 1926) 123 Santo Amaro das Brotas, state of Sergipe (MZSP 10847) 124, 126 Acajutiba, state of Bahia (MZSP 32160–698, MZSP 32181–800) 125 Elísio Medrado, RPPN Jequitibá, state of Bahia (MNRJ 06253). Scale bar = 1mm. 
Figures 127–132. Iridopelma vanini sp. n. 127–131 male 127–129 left palpal bulb (IBSP 11328) 127 prolateral 128 retrolateral 129 frontal 130 tibial spur of left leg I 131 tibial spur of left leg II 132 holotype female (IBSP Ref. 74.595) spermathecae. Scale bar = 1mm.
Figures 127–132. Iridopelma vanini sp. n. 127–131 male 127–129 left palpal bulb (IBSP 11328) 127 prolateral 128 retrolateral 129 frontal 130 tibial spur of left leg I 131 tibial spur of left leg II 132 holotype female (IBSP Ref. 74.595) spermathecae. Scale bar = 1mm. 
Figure 133. Iridopelma vanini sp. n., holotype female, habitus, from Parnamirim, state of Piaui. Photo: R. Bertani.
Figure 133. Iridopelma vanini sp. n., holotype female, habitus, from Parnamirim, state of Piaui. Photo: R. Bertani. 
' Figures 134–139.' Iridopelma katiae sp. n. 134–138 paratype male (MZSP 36888) 134–136 left palpal bulb 134 prolateral 135 retrolateral 136 frontal 137 tibial spur of left leg I 138 tibial spur of left leg II 139 holotype female (MZSP 36887) spermathecae. Scale bar = 1mm.
' Figures 134–139. Iridopelma katiae sp. n. 134–138 paratype male (MZSP 36888) 134–136 left palpal bulb 134 prolateral 135 retrolateral 136 frontal 137 tibial spur of left leg I 138 tibial spur of left leg II 139 holotype female (MZSP 36887) spermathecae. Scale bar = 1mm. 
Figures 140–143. Iridopelma katiae sp. n., habitus 140 small immature 141 large immature 142 female 143 male, all from Chapada Diamantina National Park, Mucuge, state of Bahia. Photos: R. Bertani.
Figures 140–143. Iridopelma katiae sp. n., habitus 140 small immature 141 large immature 142 female 143 male, all from Chapada Diamantina National Park, Mucuge, state of Bahia. Photos: R. Bertani. 
Figures 144–149. Iridopelma katiae sp. n. habitats 144 general view of Chapada Diamantina showing “Chapada” formation 145 detail of top of “Chapada” formation showing “campo rupestre” area and a bromeliad (Vriesea atra)“island” 146 detail of the bromeliad “island” 147 Iridopelma katiae sp. n. inside Vriesea atra leaves 148 Vriesea atra leaf folded and linked with silk threads making retreat 149 opened retreat, showing young. Photos: R. Bertani.
Figures 144–149. Iridopelma katiae sp. n. habitats 144 general view of Chapada Diamantina showing “Chapada” formation 145 detail of top of “Chapada” formation showing “campo rupestre” area and a bromeliad (Vriesea atra)“island” 146 detail of the bromeliad “island” 147 Iridopelma katiae sp. n. inside Vriesea atra leaves 148 Vriesea atra leaf folded and linked with silk threads making retreat 149 opened retreat, showing young. Photos: R. Bertani. 
Figures 150–155. Variation in spermathecae 150–152 Iridopelma vanini sp. n. 150–151 Barreirinhas, state of Maranhão (IBSP 11343, IBSP 11330) 152 Colinas de Tocantins, state of Tocantins (IBSP 3918) 153–155 Iridopelma katiae sp. n. 153 Rio de Contas, state of Bahia (IBSP 10317) 154 Mucugê, Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina, state of Bahia (MZSP 36890) 155 Ibicoara, state of Bahia (MZSP 22762). Scale bar = 1mm.
Figures 150–155. Variation in spermathecae 150–152 Iridopelma vanini sp. n. 150–151 Barreirinhas, state of Maranhão (IBSP 11343, IBSP 11330) 152 Colinas de Tocantins, state of Tocantins (IBSP 3918) 153–155 Iridopelma katiae sp. n. 153 Rio de Contas, state of Bahia (IBSP 10317) 154 Mucugê, Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina, state of Bahia (MZSP 36890) 155 Ibicoara, state of Bahia (MZSP 22762). Scale bar = 1mm. 
Figures 156–161. Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n. 156–160 male (IBSP 10100) 156–158 left palpal bulb 156 prolateral 157 retrolateral 158 frontal 159 tibial spur of left leg I 160 tibial spur of left leg II 161 female (IBSP 8714), spermathecae. Scale bar = 1mm.
Figures 156–161. Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n. 156–160 male (IBSP 10100) 156–158 left palpal bulb 156 prolateral 157 retrolateral 158 frontal 159 tibial spur of left leg I 160 tibial spur of left leg II 161 female (IBSP 8714), spermathecae. Scale bar = 1mm. 
Figures 162–165. Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n., habitus 162–163 immatures in progression 164 paratype female (IBSP 8714) 165 holotype male (IBSP 10100), all from Central, state of Bahia. Photos: R. Bertani.
Figures 162–165. Iridopelma oliveirai sp. n., habitus 162–163 immatures in progression 164 paratype female (IBSP 8714) 165 holotype male (IBSP 10100), all from Central, state of Bahia. Photos: R. Bertani. 
Figure 166. Iridopelma marcoi sp. n. holotype female (IBSP 36891), spermathecae. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 166. Iridopelma marcoi sp. n. holotype female (IBSP 36891), spermathecae. Scale bar = 1 mm. 
Figures 167–168. Iridopelma marcoi sp. n. 167 holotype female (IBSP 36891), habitus 168 habitat, São Desidério, state of Bahia. Photos: Marco A. Freitas.
Figures 167–168. Iridopelma marcoi sp. n. 167 holotype female (IBSP 36891), habitus 168 habitat, São Desidério, state of Bahia. Photos: Marco A. Freitas. 
Figure 169. Map showing records of Iridopelma species in Northestern, Central western and Northern Brazil. Diamond = Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901, star = Iridopelma zorodes (Mello-Leitão, 1926), square = Iridopelma vanini sp. n., retangle = Iridopelma marcoi sp. n., triangle = Iridopelma katiae sp. n., circle = Typhochlaena oliveirai sp. n. The gray area represents the approximate original distribution of Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. White area represents open environments (cerrado and caatinga).
Figure 169. Map showing records of Iridopelma species in Northestern, Central western and Northern Brazil. Diamond = Iridopelma hirsutum Pocock, 1901, star = Iridopelma zorodes (Mello-Leitão, 1926), square = Iridopelma vanini sp. n., retangle = Iridopelma marcoi sp. n., triangle = Iridopelma katiae sp. n., circle = Typhochlaena oliveirai sp. n. The gray area represents the approximate original distribution of Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. White area represents open environments (cerrado and caatinga). 
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