Liturgusa nubeculosa

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Svenson G (2014) Revision of the Neotropical bark mantis genus Liturgusa Saussure, 1869 (Insecta, Mantodea, Liturgusini). ZooKeys 390 : 1–214, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2014-03-18, version 42754, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Liturgusa_nubeculosa&oldid=42754 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

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BibTeX:

@article{Svenson2014ZooKeys390,
author = {Svenson, Gavin J.},
journal = {ZooKeys},
publisher = {Pensoft Publishers},
title = {Revision of the Neotropical bark mantis genus Liturgusa Saussure, 1869 (Insecta, Mantodea, Liturgusini)},
year = {2014},
volume = {390},
issue = {},
pages = {1--214},
doi = {10.3897/zookeys.390.6661},
url = {http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/6661/abstract},
note = {Versioned wiki page: 2014-03-18, version 42754, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Liturgusa_nubeculosa&oldid=42754 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.}

}

RIS/ Endnote:

TY - JOUR
T1 - Revision of the Neotropical bark mantis genus Liturgusa Saussure, 1869 (Insecta, Mantodea, Liturgusini)
A1 - Svenson G
Y1 - 2014
JF - ZooKeys
JA -
VL - 390
IS -
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.390.6661
SP - 1
EP - 214
PB - Pensoft Publishers
M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2014-03-18, version 42754, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Liturgusa_nubeculosa&oldid=42754 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

M3 - doi:10.3897/zookeys.390.6661

Wikipedia/ Citizendium:

<ref name="Svenson2014ZooKeys390">{{Citation
| author = Svenson G
| title = Revision of the Neotropical bark mantis genus Liturgusa Saussure, 1869 (Insecta, Mantodea, Liturgusini)
| journal = ZooKeys
| year = 2014
| volume = 390
| issue =
| pages = 1--214
| pmid =
| publisher = Pensoft Publishers
| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.390.6661
| url = http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/6661/abstract
| pmc =
| accessdate = 2025-03-06

}} Versioned wiki page: 2014-03-18, version 42754, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Liturgusa_nubeculosa&oldid=42754 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.</ref>

See also the citation download page at the journal.


Taxonavigation

Ordo: Mantodea
Familia: Liturgusidae
Genus: Liturgusa

Name

Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

Type

Holotype Female. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Germany.

Type locality

Brazil: Ega, Fonteboa (Amazonas) (Lat. -2.522585, Long. -66.097224).

Material examined

Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889.

'
Sex Type Country Label Latitude Longitude Code
Female Holotype Brazil Ega, Fonteboa (Amazonas) -2.522585, -66.097224 EMAU
Female Holotype (peruviana) Peru Palcaru, 1904-65 BMNH
Female nontype Peru Middle Rio Ucayali, II -27, F 6085, H. Bassler Collection Acc. 33591 -9.823201, -73.960930 AMNH 001
Female nontype Venezuela Amazonas: Rio Mavaca Cp. 65°06'W, 2°2'N, 150m. III-16/27-1989, David Grimaldi, Exp. Phipps-Fudeci 2.033333, -65.100000 AMNH 025
Female nontype Ecuador Pastaza: Cuisimi, on Rio Cuisimi 150km. SE Puyo, 350 m. June 1–5, 1971, B. Malkin -2.404277, -77.040975 AMNH 026
Female nontype Brazil Obidos, Para, Brazil, VIII 23 1919 (H.S. Parish) -1.899285, -55.528371 ANSP 018
Female nontype Peru Leonpampa 110 k. E. Huanaco, Huanaco Prov. Peru, Tropical Jungle, December 1937, Felix Woytkowski ANSP 039
Male nontype Brazil Manacapuru, S.M. Klages, March 1926 -3.286094, -60.640173 ANSP 106
Female nontype Brazil Nova Oiinda, Rio Purus, S.M. Klages, May 1922, Carn. Mus. 6962 ANSP 107
Male nontype Brazil Para BMNH 004
Female nontype Peru Yuras, 67 mi. E. of Tingo Maria. 350 m. XII-11-54. E.I. Schlinger & E.S. Ross collectors -9.231743, -76.321433 CAS 016
Female nontype Peru Monzon Valley, Tingo Maria, IX-23-1954, E.I. Schlinger & E.S. Ross collectors -9.314153, -76.006745 CAS 018
Female nontype Bolivia Dpto. Santa Cruz, Reserva Natural Potrerillo del Guenda, 17°40.281'S, 063°27.451'W, 400 m, 3-9.XI.2009, at MV.UV lights & gen. coll., Coll: G.J. Svenson -17.671350, -63.457517 GSMC000269
Female nontype Bolivia Dpto. Santa Cruz, Reserva Natural Potrerillo del Guenda, 17°40.281'S, 063°27.451'W, 400 m, 3–9.XI.2009, at MV.UV lights & gen. coll., Coll: G.J. Svenson -17.671350, -63.457517 GSMC000270
Female nontype Bolivia Dpto. Santa Cruz, Reserva Natural Potrerillo del Guenda, 17°40.281'S, 063°27.451'W, 400 m, 3–9.XI.2009, at MV.UV lights & gen. coll., Coll: G.J. Svenson -17.671350, -63.457517 GSMC000273
Female nontype Bolivia Dpto. Santa Cruz, Reserva Natural Potrerillo del Guenda, 17°40.281'S, 063°27.451'W, 400 m, 3-9.XI.2009, at MV.UV lights & gen. coll., Coll: G.J. Svenson -17.671350, -63.457517 GSMC000308
Female nontype Peru Loreto, Pacaya Samiria, Cocha Shinguito; TLE & MGP; TSnl Insecticidal fog of Fog Tree 2 GSMC003072
Male nontype Peru Loreto Province, Madre Selva Biological Research Station, -3.62096, -72.24744, 10-17 February 2013, Coll: G.J. Svenson -3.620960, -72.247440 GSMC004006
Male nontype Peru Loreto Province, Madre Selva Biological Research Station - Tissue 024 -3.620960, -72.247440 GSMC004006
Female nontype Peru Loreto Province, Puerto Almendra, -3.830525, -73.374, 108 m, 19-21 February 2013, Coll: G.J. Svenson, Tissue 032 -3.830525, -73.374000 GSMC004010
Female nontype Peru Loreto Province, Puerto Almendra - Tissue 035 -3.830525, -73.374000 GSMC004010
Male nontype Peru Loreto Province, Puerto Almendra, -3.830525, -73.374, 108 m, 19-21 February 2013, Coll: G.J. Svenson, Tissue 032 -3.830525, -73.374000 GSMC004012
Male nontype Peru Loreto Province, Puerto Almendra - Tissue 044 -3.830525, -73.374000 GSMC004012
Male nontype Peru Loreto Province, Puerto Almendra, -3.830525, -73.374, 108 m, 19-21 February 2013, Coll: G.J. Svenson, Tissue 032 -3.830525, -73.374000 GSMC004013
Male nontype Peru Loreto Province, Puerto Almendra -3.830525, -73.374000 GSMC004013
Male nontype Peru Loreto Province, Puerto Almendra, -3.830525, -73.374, 108 m, 19-21 February 2013, Coll: G.J. Svenson, Tissue 032 -3.830525, -73.374000 GSMC004014
Male nontype Peru Loreto Province, Puerto Almendra - Tissue 043 -3.830525, -73.374000 GSMC004014
Female nontype Peru Loretro Province, Madre Selva Biological Research Station, -3.62096, -72.24744, 10-17 February 2013, Coll: G.J. Svenson -3.620960, -72.247440 GSMC004022
Female nontype Peru Loreto Province, Madre Selva Biological Research Station - Tissue 021 -3.620960, -72.247440 GSMC004022
Nymph nontype Peru Loreto Province, Puerto Almendra, -3.830525, -73.374, 108 m, 19-21 February 2013, Coll: G.J. Svenson, Tissue 032 -3.830525, -73.374000 GSMC004030
Female nontype Peru Loreto Province, Puerto Almendra, -3.830525, -73.374, 108 m, 19-21 February 2013, Coll: G.J. Svenson, Tissue 032 -3.830525, -73.374000 GSMC004031
Female nontype Peru Loreto Province, Puerto Almendra - Tissue 039 -3.830525, -73.374000 GSMC004031
Nymph nontype Peru Loreto Province, Puerto Almendra, -3.830525, -73.374, 108 m, 19-21 February 2013, Coll: G.J. Svenson, Tissue 032 -3.830525, -73.374000 GSMC004040
Nymph nontype Peru Loreto Province, Puerto Almendra, -3.830525, -73.374, 108 m, 19-21 February 2013, Coll: G.J. Svenson, Tissue 032 -3.830525, -73.374000 GSMC004045
Male nontype Peru Madre de Dios, Rio Tambopata Res. 30km (air) sw Pto. Maldonato, 290m, 12°50'S, 069°20'W, Smithsonian Institution Canopy Fogging Project, T.L. Erwin et al. colls. 30 Apr84, 03/O&S (01), Fogging 00017348 -12.833333, -69.333333 GSMC004055
Male nontype Colombia Dept. Amazonas, Rio Igara Parana, 30 km aval La Chorrera, VI-VIII 1974, M. Descamps rec. -1.197385, -72.937475 MNHN 009
Female nontype Ecuador Limoncocha, 25-VII-1983, K. Riede rec. -0.400848, -76.618481 MNHN 056
Female nontype Peru Dept. Loreto Colonia, Amont Conflt. Rios Zumun & Yahuasyacu, 20-V-20-VI-1978, M. Descamps rec. MNHN 057
Female nontype Brazil Benjamin Constant, IX 1979, AM, B. Silva rec., C. Seabia leg. -4.383010, -70.042251 MNHN 058
Female nontype Peru Loreto, Maynas, Picuroyacu, apres Sta Clotilde, N. Iquitos, 130 mts., 10.II.2010, S03.37.04 - W 73.15.44, M. Dottax leg. -3.617778, -73.262222 MNHN 089
Female nontype Peru Loreto, Picuroyacu, Jan 2010, Coll: J.J. Ramirez -3.617778, -73.262222 MNHN 094
Male nontype Peru Loreto, Maynas, Picuroyacu, apres Sta Clotilde, N. Iquitos, 130 mts., 10.II.2010, S03.37.04 - W 73.15.44, M. Dottax leg. -3.617778, -73.262222 MNHN 098
Male nontype Peru Loreto, Maynas, Picuroyacu, apres Sta Clotilde, N. Iquitos, 130 mts., 10.II.2010, S03.37.04 - W 73.15.44, M. Dottax leg. -3.617778, -73.262222 MNHN 099
Female nontype Ecuador Pr. Napo, Rio Tiputini, Pindo, Mandaripanga, 76°44'W, 0°43'S, 30 IX / 15 × 1997, Amedegnato / Poulain rec. -0.716667, -76.733333 MNHN 204
Female nontype Ecuador Pr. Napo, Rio Tiputini, Pindo, Mandaripanga, 76°44'W, 0°43'S, 30 IX / 15 × 1997, Amedegnato / Poulain rec. -0.716667, -76.733333 MNHN 205
Female nontype Bolivia Dpto. Santa Cruz, Prov. Andres Ibanez, Loc. Espejillos, 30-VIII-1990, col. Ma. Estker Moutano -17.718841, -63.438001 MNKM 001
Female nontype Peru Loreto, Iquitos, Nov. 2010, Collection Stiewe -3.741872, -73.272190 MSMC 001
Female nontype Peru Chamicuros, Bartlett OUMNH 007
Female nontype Brazil Para OUMNH 017
Male nontype Brazil Amazonas, Rio Janauaca, 40 km SW Manaus, 10 Mar 1979, 03°20'S, 060°17'W, White water innundation forest canopy fogged with Pyrethrin Sample #57, Montgomery, Erwin, Schimmel, Krischik, Date, Bacon colls. -3.333333, -60.283333 USNM 005; USNM ENT 00873027
Male nontype Brazil Amazonas, Rio Janauaca, 40 km SW Manaus, 10 Mar 1979, 03°20'S, 060°17'W, White water innundation forest canopy fogged with Pyrethrin Sample #52, Montgomery, Erwin, Schimmel, Krischik, Date, Bacon colls. -3.333333, -60.283333 USNM 009; USNM ENT 00873026
Female nontype Ecuador N.P., Sant Cecilia, III-25-31-1969, P. & P. Spangler USNM 031; USNM ENT 00873028
Female nontype Colombia Amazonas, Rio Cotuhe, St. Lucia + Tarapaca, 4 Feb. Megers -2.889475, -69.745012 USNM 032; USNM ENT 00873029
Male nontype Ecuador Road between El Puyo & Puerto Napo, VII-1964, Dr. Ch. Gregoire -1.229112, -77.879766 USNM 068; USNM ENT 00873030
Female nontype Peru Nord-Peru, Mishuyacu (Maranon-Gebiet) -5.910456, -76.103566 ZMHB 006
Female nontype Ecuador Canálos, S.V. Feyer -1.589524, -77.746701 ZMHB 008
Female nontype Brazil Obidos, Amazonas, I. Michaelis leg., vend. 13.IX 1900 -1.899285, -55.528371 ZMUH 001
Male nontype Ecuador Pastaza; 300m. Rio Macuma, 10km from Rio Marona, VII:5-7:1971, leg. B. Malkin -2.753512, -77.444899 FMNH 003
Male nontype Ecuador Pastaza; Cusuimi, Rio Cusuimi, 150km SE of Puyo, V:15-31:1971, leg. B. Malkin -2.391736, -77.047683 FMNH 006

Taxonomic history

The species was described early relative to others in the genus, but was only included in taxon lists without receiving revisionary attention. In 1904 Kirby moved the species to Hagiomantis, but this action was ignored by other taxonomists since Giglio-Tos included the species within Liturgusa along with all subsequent works.
In 1954, James Rehn synonymized Liturgusa peruviana Giglio-Tos, 1914, with its senior synonym, Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889, but his action appears to have been overlooked. Here again these two species are synonymized, but credit for first recognizing this synonymy goes to Rehn.

Natural history

Liturgusa nubeculosa is one of the largest species of Neotropical bark mantis. Males and females are extremely difficult to catch during the day and have been primarily found on large diameter, smooth bark trees. Once they spot a threat, they run rapidly up the tree and out of reach, often circling to the back side, which is typical of the genus. Males were collected far more often than females on a recent trip to the Loreto province in northern Peru, but the opposite was true at a location in Bolivia (see material examined). It is not clear whether there are distinct sex ratios in certain locations or this sex bias was coincidence of habitat utilization.

Diagnosis

Nearly identical to Liturgusa cameroni, the primary distinguishing characteristics being male genital features, distribution and the hindwing. It is one of the largest Liturgusa species with robust legs, highly contrasting mottled forewings and strong banding. A feature easily seen on most specimens that is capable of distinguishing the species from Liturgusa cameroni is that the discoidal region of the hindwing extends beyond the distal margin of the anal region, which gives the wing a slightly more elongate appearance compared to the hindwing of Liturgusa cameroni.

Description

Male. (Fig. 27A) N=11: Body length 24.64–27.05 (25.62); forewing length 15.12–16.26 (15.73); hindwing length 11.94–12.67 (12.37); pronotum length 7.39–8.84 (8.06); prozone length 2.03–2.34 (2.19); pronotum width 2.42–2.68 (2.56); pronotum narrow width 1.74–2.06 (1.86); head width 4.79–5.47 (5.27); head vertex to clypeus 1.90–2.15 (2.07); frons width 1.77–2.02 (1.91); frons height 0.61–0.79 (0.70); prothoracic femur length 6.63–7.51 (7.14); mesothoracic femur length 8.93–10.67 (9.70); mesothoracic tibia length 7.03–8.34 (7.59); mesothoracic tarsus length 6.30–7.43 (6.64); metathoracic femur length 9.01–10.30 (9.69); metathoracic tibia length 9.60–10.89 (10.34); metathoracic tarsus length 9.06–10.84 (9.80); pronotal elongation measure 0.26–0.28 (0.27); pronotal shape measure 0.30–0.33 (0.32); head shape measure 0.38–0.41 (0.39); frons shape measure 0.34–0.40 (0.37); anteroventral femoral spine count 15–16 (16); anteroventral tibial spine count 10; posteroventral tibial spine count 7. Head (Fig. 45C): Transverse, juxta-ocular protuberances small, the apex in the lateral third; the vertex between the parietal sutures is straight; vertex even or slightly below the dorsal margin of the eyes. Frontal suture with a medial carina forming a continuous arc. Ocelli small and protruding on small cuticular mounds. Lateral ocelli oriented outward. The frons transverse; lower region entirely black. Clypeus transverse; upper margin convex, lower margin concave. Antennae pale basally, fading to black within the proximal ten percent. A moderate black band that fades medially extending across the frontal suture from eye to eye; clypeus mostly pale with brown markings in the upper lateral corners; mandibles pale medially and brown laterally; the vertex and juxta-ocular protuberances speckled with dense black markings; the area adjacent to lateral ocelli black. Palpi are pale.
Pronotum (Fig. 49K): Elongate, but robust with a slightly defined supra-coxal bulge; dorsal surface with numerous small tubercles. Prozone elongate with slightly widening lateral margins before tapering anteriorly; the margins smooth. Metazone with concave lateral margins, a slight bulge in the posterior half; margins with small, blunt tubercles; posterior margin slightly emarginate medially; the anterior half of dorsal surface raised; the dorsal surface of the posterior half depressed. Mostly brown with black marks.
Prothoracic Legs: Femur elongate, but robust (thick) with a slightly concave dorsal margin; strongly defined pale to dark banding on posterior (external) surface; anterior (internal) surface with a black band running medially from the base to terminus; the ventral surface pale. Posterior surface of femur with numerous tubercles. A well developed femoral pit to accommodate terminal posteroventral tibial spine positioned medially to the proximal two posteroventral spines and in line with the distal most discoidal spine; pit is dark. Posterior prothoracic femoral genicular spine much smaller than posteroventral spines, originating distal to the beginning of the genicular lobe. Prothoracic tibial posteroventral spines with the first (proximal) smallest and the third through sixth of similar length, the second longer. Prothoracic coxae smooth; the anterior surface with a small, black band medially in the proximal half as well as a small black spot medially towards the distal terminus.
Meso- and Metathoracic Legs: Femora with strongly pronounced ventral (posterior) and dorsal (anterior) carina. Mesotarsi with first segment shorter than the remaining segments combined.
Wings: Forewings mottled with black, pale, brown and grey coloration that is highly contrasting, exhibiting large grey regions surrounded by black markings; the costal region widened with pale and dark irregular banding. Forewings colored asymmetrically, one being mottled as described the other is darkened significantly with a black or rust tone, the mottled pattern still visible. Hindwings smoky black, mostly translucent; the discoidal region with black, opaque pigmentation basally and in the anterior two thirds extending from the base to the distal terminus, continuing into the costal region; the terminus of the discoidal region projecting beyond the distal margin of anal region, giving the wing an elongate appearance.
Abdomen: Elongate, tubular with slight widening before the posterior narrowing; smooth and black coloration dorsally. Tergites without posterolateral projections. Supra-anal plate transverse, half as long as wide, tapering to a rounded terminus. Subgenital plate irregularly rounded and without styli.
Genital Complex (Fig. 52J.1–J.2): The main body of ventral left sclerite (L4A) with a short, triangular distal process (pda) positioned lateral to the central axis, the outer margin straight, heavily sclerotized and serrated from the terminus of the pda extending proximally one quarter the length of L4A. The apofisis falloid (afa) of the main body of dorsal left sclerite (L4B) large and broad, but short, forming a sharply pointed process with a convex medial margin (closest to the paa) leading to the terminus and a concave outer margin (opposite the paa), the entire structure resembling a broad sickle; the apical process (paa) broad basally, quickly narrowing to a heavily sclerotized, rounded terminus. The right dorsal phallomere (fda) of the first sclerite of right phallomere (R1) tapers to a broadly rounded, membranous terminus, the outer margin sclerotized; the ventral plate (pia) strongly sclerotized, broad proximally with strong curved grooves; the ventral process (pva) enlarged and c-shaped.

Redescription

Female. (Figs 1C, 27B, 28A, 28C) N=23: Body length 32.17–52.03 (37.48); forewing length 19.32–26.96 (21.76); hindwing length 15.98–19.15 (17.44); pronotum length 9.77–13.12 (10.85); prozone length 2.76–3.69 (3.04); pronotum width 3.16–4.49 (3.62); pronotum narrow width 2.09–3.07 (2.54); head width 6.37–7.91 (6.86); head vertex to clypeus 2.58–3.38 (2.90); frons width 2.46–3.23 (2.70); frons height 0.89–1.23 (1.00); prothoracic femur length 8.54–12.24 (9.88); mesothoracic femur length 10.74–14.62 (12.30); mesothoracic tibia length 8.84–12.35 (9.94); mesothoracic tarsus length 7.71–10.74 (8.66); metathoracic femur length 10.88–14.87 (12.26); metathoracic tibia length 12.22–17.08 (13.55); metathoracic tarsus length 10.68–13.38 (12.34); pronotal elongation measure 0.27–0.29 (0.28); pronotal shape measure 0.32–0.35 (0.33); head shape measure 0.40–0.44 (0.42); frons shape measure 0.34–0.42 (0.37); anteroventral femoral spine count 15–17 (16); anteroventral tibial spine count 10; posteroventral tibial spine count 7 (one female with 8 on left tibia). Head (Fig. 45D): As broad as long, juxta-ocular protuberances very large, the apex in the middle third; the vertex between the parietal sutures is slightly concave; vertex well above the dorsal margin of the eyes. Frontal suture with a medial carina forming a continuous arc, more angular medially than in male. Ocelli small and protruding on a contiguous carina connecting all three ocelli; lateral ocelli oriented outward, the central ocelli almost vertical. The frons transverse, lower region below the carina black. Clypeus slightly transverse. Frontal suture without a defined black band as described in males; clypeus pale; mandibles pale; the vertex and juxta-ocular protuberances speckled with dense black markings; the area adjacent to lateral ocelli black. Palpi are pale.
Pronotum (Fig. 49L): Prozone elongate with near parallel lateral margins before tapering anteriorly; the margins with few small tubercles.
Prothoracic Legs: Prothoracic tibial posteroventral spines with the first (proximal) smallest and the third through sixth of similar length (the third slightly longer than the other three), the second much longer. Posterior prothoracic femoral genicular spine tiny compared to posteroventral spines, originating distal to the beginning of the genicular lobe. Prothoracic coxae smooth; the anterior surface with a small, black band medially in the proximal half, but no black mark in near the distal terminus.
Meso- and Metathoracic Legs: As described for males.
Wings: Forewings colored symmetrically. The terminus of the discoidal region of the hindwing projecting slightly beyond the distal margin of anal region, giving the wing a moderately elongate appearance.
Abdomen: Broad, widening from first segment until the beginning of the distal half (segment 4) when the lateral margins narrow gradually to the terminus, the middle being the broadest region. Tergites with or without small posterolateral tergal projections in the posterior half of the abdomen. Supra-anal plate slightly transverse, rounded.

Taxon Treatment

  • Svenson, G; 2014: Revision of the Neotropical bark mantis genus Liturgusa Saussure, 1869 (Insecta, Mantodea, Liturgusini) ZooKeys, 390: 1-214. doi

Other References

  1. ↑ Gerstaecker K (1889) Charakteristik einer Reihe bemerkenswerther Orthopteren. Mittheilunger aus dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein Für Neu-Vorpommern und Rügen in Greifswald 20: 43-100.
  2. ↑ Bertkau P (1889) Bericht über die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen im Gebiet der Entomologie während des Jahres 1888. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 55(2): 1-264.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Giglio-Tos E (1927) Mantidae. In: Das Tierreich. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 707 pp.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Beier M (1935) Mantodea, Fam. Mantidae, Subfam. Mantinae. Genera Insectorum de P. Wytsman 203 Fascicule, 154 pp.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Terra P (1995) Revisao Sistematica Dos Generos De Louva-A-Deus Da Regiao Neotropical (Mantodea). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 39(1): 13-94.
  6. ↑ Jantsch L (1999) Estudos filogenéticos em Mantódeos americanos (Insecta: Pterygota: Mantodea). PUCRS, Doutorado, Porto Alegre, 138 pp.
  7. ↑ Lombardo F, Agabiti B (2001) The Mantids from Ecuador, with Some Biogeographic Considerations. Journal of Orthoptera Research 10(1): 89-104. doi: [0089:TMFEWS2.0.CO;2 10.1665/1082-6467(2001)010[0089:TMFEWS]2.0.CO;2]
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ehrmann R (2002) Mantodea: Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Natur und Tier–Verlag GmbH, Münster, 519 pp.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Otte D, Spearman L (2005) Mantida Species File. Catalog of the Mantids of the World. Association of Insect Diversity, Philadelphia, 489 pp.
  10. ↑ Agudelo R, Lombardo F, Jantsch L (2007) Checklist of the Neotropical mantids (Insecta, Dictyoptera, Mantodea). Biota Colombiana 8(2): 105-158.
  11. ↑ Westwood J (1889) Revisio Insectorum Familiae Mantidarum, speciebus novis aut minus cognitis descriptis et delineatis. Gurney and Jackson, London, 55 pp.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Rehn J (1935) The Orthoptera of Costa Rica. Part I.- Mantidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 87: 167-271.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Rehn J (1954) On Some Gerstaecker Types of Neotropical Orthoptera. I. Manteidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 80(3/4): 175–184.
  14. ↑ Cerdá F (1996) Mantodea de Venezuela. Generos y Lista Preliminar de Especies Parte II: Familia Mantidae (Subfamilias Liturgousinae y Thespinae). Boletín de Entomología Venezolana 11(2): 73-87.
  15. ↑ Kirby W (1904) A synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. I. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria). Vol. 1. British Museum, Nat. Hist., London, 501 pp.
  16. ↑ Giglio-Tos E (1914) Mantidi esotici. Generi e specie nuove. Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 46: 31-108.
  17. ↑ Marshall J (1975) A Catalogue of the Primary Types of Mantodea (Dictyoptera) in the British Museum (Natural History). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 31(8): 307-329.

Images

Figure 1. Liturgusa habitus of live specimens: A Liturgusa cursor Rehn, 1935, female from Nicaragua B Liturgusa kirtlandi sp. n., female from Bolivia C Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889, female from Bolivia D ootheca of unknown species of Liturgusa.
Figure 1. Liturgusa habitus of live specimens: A Liturgusa cursor Rehn, 1935, female from Nicaragua B Liturgusa kirtlandi sp. n., female from Bolivia C Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889, female from Bolivia D ootheca of unknown species of Liturgusa. 
Figure 27. Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889, dorsal habitus: A male from Loreto, Peru (CLEV GSMC004012) B female from Santa Cruz, Bolivia (CLEV GSMC000263).
Figure 27. Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889, dorsal habitus: A male from Loreto, Peru (CLEV GSMC004012) B female from Santa Cruz, Bolivia (CLEV GSMC000263). 
Figure 28. Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889, and Liturgusa peruviana Giglio-Tos, 1914 syn. n., dorsal habitus and labels. Liturgusa nubeculosa: A holotype female (EMAU) B labels. Liturgusa peruviana: C holotype female (BMNH) D labels.
Figure 28. Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889, and Liturgusa peruviana Giglio-Tos, 1914 syn. n., dorsal habitus and labels. Liturgusa nubeculosa: A holotype female (EMAU) B labels. Liturgusa peruviana: C holotype female (BMNH) D labels. 
Figure 45. Liturgusa and Fuga, head from the anterior perspective to scale (scale bar = 1 mm). Liturgusa purus sp. n.: A male. Liturgusa maroni sp. n.: B female. Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889: C male D female. Fuga annulipes (Audinet Serville, 1839): E male F female. Fuga fluminensis (Piza, 1965): G male H female.
Figure 45. Liturgusa and Fuga, head from the anterior perspective to scale (scale bar = 1 mm). Liturgusa purus sp. n.: A male. Liturgusa maroni sp. n.: B female. Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889: C male D female. Fuga annulipes (Audinet Serville, 1839): E male F female. Fuga fluminensis (Piza, 1965): G male H female. 
Figure 49. Liturgusa, dorsal perspective of the pronotum (scale bar = 1 mm). Liturgusa actuosa Rehn, 1950: A male B female. Liturgusa algorei sp. n.: C male D female. Liturgusa cameroni sp. n.: E male F female. Liturgusa krattorum sp. n.: G male H female. Liturgusa maroni sp. n.: I female. Liturgusa purus sp. n.: J male. Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889: K male L female.
Figure 49. Liturgusa, dorsal perspective of the pronotum (scale bar = 1 mm). Liturgusa actuosa Rehn, 1950: A male B female. Liturgusa algorei sp. n.: C male D female. Liturgusa cameroni sp. n.: E male F female. Liturgusa krattorum sp. n.: G male H female. Liturgusa maroni sp. n.: I female. Liturgusa purus sp. n.: J male. Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889: K male L female. 
Figure 52. Liturgusa, male genital complex from the ventral perspective (scale bar = 1 mm, but all secondary illustrations 60% of scale (e.g. A.2 and A.3). Liturgusa trinidadensis sp. n.: A.1 Paratype from Trinidad (ANSP 002) A.2 Paratype from Trinidad (ANSP 036) A.3 Paratype from Trinidad (ANSP 085) A.4 Paratype from Trinidad (ANSP 037) A.5 Paratype from Trinidad (USNM 019). Liturgusa zoae sp. n.: B.1 Holotype from Guatemala (USNM 062). Liturgusa cursor Rehn, 1935: C.1 Panama (ANSP 060) C.2 Panama (ANSP 062) C.3 Panama (ANSP 063). Liturgusa dominica sp. n.: D.1 Paratype from Dominica (USNM 042). Liturgusa milleri sp. n.: E.1 Paratype from French Guiana (MNHN 035). Liturgusa actuosa Rehn, 1950: F.1 Panama (ANSP 044) F.2 Panama (USNM 012) F.3 Panama (CAS 006). Liturgusa algorei sp. n.: G.1 Paratype from Ecuador (MNHN 037) G.2 Holotype from Peru (MNHN 095). Liturgusa cameroni sp. n.: H.1 Paratype from Venezuela (AMNH 017). Liturgusa krattorum sp. n.: I.1 Paratype from Peru (MNHN 024). Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889: J.1 Colombia (USNM 009) J.2 Ecuador (USNM 068). Liturgusa purus sp. n.: K.1 Holotype from Brazil (ANSP 101).
Figure 52. Liturgusa, male genital complex from the ventral perspective (scale bar = 1 mm, but all secondary illustrations 60% of scale (e.g. A.2 and A.3). Liturgusa trinidadensis sp. n.: A.1 Paratype from Trinidad (ANSP 002) A.2 Paratype from Trinidad (ANSP 036) A.3 Paratype from Trinidad (ANSP 085) A.4 Paratype from Trinidad (ANSP 037) A.5 Paratype from Trinidad (USNM 019). Liturgusa zoae sp. n.: B.1 Holotype from Guatemala (USNM 062). Liturgusa cursor Rehn, 1935: C.1 Panama (ANSP 060) C.2 Panama (ANSP 062) C.3 Panama (ANSP 063). Liturgusa dominica sp. n.: D.1 Paratype from Dominica (USNM 042). Liturgusa milleri sp. n.: E.1 Paratype from French Guiana (MNHN 035). Liturgusa actuosa Rehn, 1950: F.1 Panama (ANSP 044) F.2 Panama (USNM 012) F.3 Panama (CAS 006). Liturgusa algorei sp. n.: G.1 Paratype from Ecuador (MNHN 037) G.2 Holotype from Peru (MNHN 095). Liturgusa cameroni sp. n.: H.1 Paratype from Venezuela (AMNH 017). Liturgusa krattorum sp. n.: I.1 Paratype from Peru (MNHN 024). Liturgusa nubeculosa Gerstaecker, 1889: J.1 Colombia (USNM 009) J.2 Ecuador (USNM 068). Liturgusa purus sp. n.: K.1 Holotype from Brazil (ANSP 101). 
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