Selenopidae

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Taxonavigation

Ordo: Araneae
Familia: Selenopidae

Name

Simon, 1897 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

• Selenopinae Simon 1897: 23. Type genus Selenops Latreille, 1819.
• Selenops Latreille 1819: 579. Type species Selenops radiatus Latreille, 1819, by original designation.
• Orops Benoit 1968: 116. Type species Selenops littoricola Strand, 1913, by original designation. Synonymized by Corronca (1996: 60).
• Selenops bursarius Karsch 1879: 81, plate 1, fig. 2.
• Selenops henanensis Zhu and Mao 1983: 151, figs a-e. Synonymized by Zhu et al. (1990).
• Selenops ollarius Zhu et al. 1990: 32, figs 9–10.
• Selenops cordatus Zhu et al. 1990: 31, figs 5–8. syn. n.
• Anyphops Benoit 1968: 115. Type species: Selenops atomarius Simon 1887, by original designation.
• Garcorops Corronca 2003: 387. Type species: Garcorops madagascar Corronca, 2003, by original designation.
• Hovops Benoit 1968: 117. Type species: Selenops pusillus Simon, 1887, by original designation.
• Selenops australiensis Koch 1875: 615, plate 43, fig. 6. Koch 1876: 832, plate 71, fig. 3.
• Selenops montigena Simon 1889b: 335. Gravely 1931: Fig. 15D.
• Selenops agumbensis Tikader 1969: 252, figs 1–3.
• Selenops nilgirensis Reimoser 1934: 486, Fig. 10.
• Selenops formosanus Kayashima 1943a: 34, plate 17, fig. 2. Kayashima 1943b: 65.
• Siamspinops Dankittipakul and Corronca 2009: 69. Type species: Siamspinops spinosissimus, Dankittipakul and Corronca, 2009, by original designation.
• Selenops aculeatus Simon 1901: 64.

Definition

Benoit (1968) clearly defined the family Selenopidae. Here, we revise this definition to accommodate new species and new genera within the family. All members of the Selenopidae are extremely dorsoventrally flattened, have two tarsal claws and laterigrade legs. They are ecribellate, entelegynes, with eight eyes in two rows; with six in the first row and two in the second row (see also Jocqué and Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006).

Description

Selenopidae are a variety of colors including various shades of grey, brown, yellow, and orange, with darker markings on the cephalothorax and spots or mottling on the abdomen, and annulations on the legs of most species. Chelicerae robust with 2 to 4 cheliceral teeth on each margin. Clypeus is low and chilum absent. Most genera have a longitudinal fovea with lateral radiations, 3 on each side. Labium wider than long, or as long as wide. Endites with dense terminal scopulae. Sternum oval to round with a posterior indentation; sternum extending between coxae IV. Six spinnerets; colulus absent. The legs are long and robust, with the tibiae and metatarsi of legs I and II with paired spines; these spines are the primary character that we use to separate genera. Tarsal scopulae present or absent in both males and females. Tarsal claws variable, prolateral claw is toothed and retrolateral claw is smooth in several species, but in several instances they are both toothed, with prolateral claw having more teeth than the retrolateral claw, or both claws can be smooth. Like in most spider groups, species of selenopids are differentiated by the copulatory organs, thus, the copulatory organs are variable. In many species the epigynum has a median septum and lateral lobes, however there are exceptions. Spermathecae highly sclerotized and occur in various shapes and sizes, from simple to complex (Figs 2–3). Male palps with RTA that is 2–3 branched in many species, with dorsal and ventral branches, or dorsal, median, and ventral branches (Figs 5–6, 83–84); conductor present, often sclerotized (Figs 5–6, 83–84).

Distribution

The Selenopidae occur worldwide and are primarily tropical and subtropical, though several species are found in deserts, and can be found from sea level to over 2500 meters.

Key to genera of Selenopidae Females (those of Godumops gen. n. are unknown)

Key to genera of Selenopidae — S. Crews , M. Harvey

1		Two pairs of ventral spines on each Ti I and II, and on Mt I and II (known from Madagascar and Reunion Island)    Hovops
–		Spination otherwise    2
2	(1)	Three pairs of ventral spines on Ti I and II, and two pairs of spines on Mt I and II    3
–		Spination otherwise    4
3	(2)	With tarsal scopulae (found in Africa, Asia, southern Europe and the New World)    Selenops
–		Without tarsal scopulae (found in India and Nepal)    Makdiops gen. n.
4	(2)	Found in Africa or Madagascar    5
–		Found elsewhere    6
5	(4)	Spination pattern on ventral Ti and Mt I and II 4–3 and found in Madagascar    Garcorops
–		Spination otherwise, or if 4–3, not found in Madagascar, but Africa    Anyphops
6	(4)	Tibia I and II with 4 ventral spines, Mt I and II with 3 ventral spines (found in India)    Makdiops gen. n.
–		Other spination pattern    7
7	(6)	With 7 pair of ventral spines on Ti I and II, and 5 pairs on Mt I and II (found in Taiwan)    Pakawops gen. n.
–		With a different number of ventral spines on Ti and Mt I and II    8
8	(7)	Epigynum not divided into lateral lobes, with very small, simple spermathecae (Figs 1–2) (found in the Philippines)    Amamanganops gen. n.
–		Epigynum either divided into lateral lobes and/or with complex, coiled spermathecae    9
9	(8)	Epigynum with posterodorsal fold covering part of the extremely coiled spermathecae (Fig. 4) (found in Southeast Asia)    Siamspinops
–		Epigynum without posterodorsal fold covering spermathecae (Fig. 10), or if one is present, spermathecal ducts are not coiled (Fig. 78) (found in Australia)    Karaops gen. n.
1		Two pairs of ventral spines on Ti I and II, and on Mt I and II (found in Madagascar and Reunion Island)    Hovops
–		Spination otherwise    2
2	(1)	Palpus without median apophysis (Fig. 5); terminal margin of labium m-shaped (Fig. 109) (found in New Guinea)    Godumops gen. n.
–		Palpus with median apophysis (Figs 23, 83; Benoit 1968, Fig. 6; Corronca 2003, Figs 2C–D; Corronca 2005, Figs 1D–E) terminal margin of labium rounded    3
3	(2)	Spination pattern on ventral Ti and Mt I and II 3–2    4
–		Spination pattern on ventral Ti and Mt I and II otherwise    5
4	(3)	Tarsal scopulae absent (found in India and Nepal)    Makdiops gen. n.
–		Tarsal scopulae present (found in Africa, Asia, southern Europe and the New World)    Selenops
5	(3)	Conductor T-shaped with basally rounded projection (Corronca 2003, Figs 2C–D) (found in Madagascar)    Garcorops
–		Conductor otherwise (Fig. 23; Corronca 2005, Figs 1D–E; Dankittipakul and Corronca 2009, Fig. 22)    6
6	(5)	Chelicerae project forward with long fangs (found in Southeast Asia)    Siamspinops
–		Chelicerae and fangs otherwise    7
7	(6)	Median apophysis large, complex, and strongly sclerotized, often twisted (Benoit 1968, Fig. 6; Corronca 2005, Figs 1D–E) (found in Africa and Madagascar)    Anyphops
–		Median apophysis much smaller, simple and tapered, either with one or two branches, lightly sclerotized and never twisted (Figs 7, 49) (found in Australia)    Karaops gen. n.

Males (those of Amamanganops gen. n. and Pakawops gen. n. are unknown)

Key to genera of Selenopidae — S. Crews , M. Harvey

1		Two pairs of ventral spines on each Ti I and II, and on Mt I and II (known from Madagascar and Reunion Island)    Hovops
–		Spination otherwise    2
2	(1)	Three pairs of ventral spines on Ti I and II, and two pairs of spines on Mt I and II    3
–		Spination otherwise    4
3	(2)	With tarsal scopulae (found in Africa, Asia, southern Europe and the New World)    Selenops
–		Without tarsal scopulae (found in India and Nepal)    Makdiops gen. n.
4	(2)	Found in Africa or Madagascar    5
–		Found elsewhere    6
5	(4)	Spination pattern on ventral Ti and Mt I and II 4–3 and found in Madagascar    Garcorops
–		Spination otherwise, or if 4–3, not found in Madagascar, but Africa    Anyphops
6	(4)	Tibia I and II with 4 ventral spines, Mt I and II with 3 ventral spines (found in India)    Makdiops gen. n.
–		Other spination pattern    7
7	(6)	With 7 pair of ventral spines on Ti I and II, and 5 pairs on Mt I and II (found in Taiwan)    Pakawops gen. n.
–		With a different number of ventral spines on Ti and Mt I and II    8
8	(7)	Epigynum not divided into lateral lobes, with very small, simple spermathecae (Figs 1–2) (found in the Philippines)    Amamanganops gen. n.
–		Epigynum either divided into lateral lobes and/or with complex, coiled spermathecae    9
9	(8)	Epigynum with posterodorsal fold covering part of the extremely coiled spermathecae (Fig. 4) (found in Southeast Asia)    Siamspinops
–		Epigynum without posterodorsal fold covering spermathecae (Fig. 10), or if one is present, spermathecal ducts are not coiled (Fig. 78) (found in Australia)    Karaops gen. n.
1		Two pairs of ventral spines on Ti I and II, and on Mt I and II (found in Madagascar and Reunion Island)    Hovops
–		Spination otherwise    2
2	(1)	Palpus without median apophysis (Fig. 5); terminal margin of labium m-shaped (Fig. 109) (found in New Guinea)    Godumops gen. n.
–		Palpus with median apophysis (Figs 23, 83; Benoit 1968, Fig. 6; Corronca 2003, Figs 2C–D; Corronca 2005, Figs 1D–E) terminal margin of labium rounded    3
3	(2)	Spination pattern on ventral Ti and Mt I and II 3–2    4
–		Spination pattern on ventral Ti and Mt I and II otherwise    5
4	(3)	Tarsal scopulae absent (found in India and Nepal)    Makdiops gen. n.
–		Tarsal scopulae present (found in Africa, Asia, southern Europe and the New World)    Selenops
5	(3)	Conductor T-shaped with basally rounded projection (Corronca 2003, Figs 2C–D) (found in Madagascar)    Garcorops
–		Conductor otherwise (Fig. 23; Corronca 2005, Figs 1D–E; Dankittipakul and Corronca 2009, Fig. 22)    6
6	(5)	Chelicerae project forward with long fangs (found in Southeast Asia)    Siamspinops
–		Chelicerae and fangs otherwise    7
7	(6)	Median apophysis large, complex, and strongly sclerotized, often twisted (Benoit 1968, Fig. 6; Corronca 2005, Figs 1D–E) (found in Africa and Madagascar)    Anyphops
–		Median apophysis much smaller, simple and tapered, either with one or two branches, lightly sclerotized and never twisted (Figs 7, 49) (found in Australia)    Karaops gen. n.

Taxon Treatment

• Crews, S; Harvey, M; 2011: The spider family Selenopidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Australasia and the Oriental Region ZooKeys, 99: 1-104. doi

Images

Figures 1–6. Copulatory organs of Amamanganops baginawa sp. n., the holotype from Mindoro Island, Philippines (CAS 9031787) (1–2), Siamspinops aculeatus (Simon, 1901) comb. n. from Gunong, Malaysia (UMZC) (3–4) and Godumops caritus sp. n., the holotype from Baiteta Forest, Papua New Guinea (RMCA) (5–6): 1, 3 epigyne, ventral view 2, 4 spermathecae, dorsal view 5 male pedipalp, ventral view 6 male pedipalp, retrolateral view. Scale bar: (1–2) 0.5 mm, (5–6) 0.25 mm. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening, MS = median septum, EP = epigynal pockets, FD = fertilization ducts, SD = sperm ducts, SP = spermathecae, MF = median field, PF = posterodorsal fold, C = conductor, E = embolus, dRTA = dorsal branch of retrolateral tibial apolphysis, vRTA = ventral branch of retrolateral tibial apophysis.  Figures 7–14. Copulatory organs of Karaops australiensis comb. n., male from Johansens’s Cave, Queensland, Australia (QM S57515) (7–8) and female from Jim Crow Mountain, Queensland, Australia (QM S61054) (9–10), and Karaops gangarie sp. n., female holotype from Amos Bay, Northeast Queensland, Queensland, Australia (QM S52315) (11–12) and male from Amos Bay, Northeast Queensland, Queensland, Australia (QM S88644): 7, 13 male pedipalp, ventral view 8, 14 male pedipalp, retrolateral view 9, 11 epigyne, ventral view 10, 12 spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.25 mm. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening, FD = fertilization ducts, SD = sperm ducts, SP = spermathecae, C = conductor, E = embolus, dRTA = dorsal branch of retrolateral tibial apolphysis, vRTA = ventral branch of retrolateral tibial apophysis.  Figures 23–28. Copulatory organs of Karaops jarrit sp. n., male holotype from 11 km NW of Roe’s Rock, Fitzgerald River National Park, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T55003) (23–24), female paratype from southwest of Boddington, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T87168) (25–26), and Karaops marrayagong sp. n., female holotype from Kitty’s Creek, near Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AM KS19743) (27–28) 23 male pedipalp, ventral view 24 male pedipalp, retrolateral view 25, 27 epigyne, ventral view 26, 28 spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.25 mm.  Figures 43–50. Copulatory organs of Karaops julianneae sp. n., male holotype from Lorna Glen Station, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T64748) (43–44), Karaops martamarta sp. n., female holotype from Trinity Bore South, vic. Cardo Camp, Red Hill, Pilbara, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T97482) (45–46), and Karaops manaayan sp. n., female holotype from Kempsey Road, West Armidale, above Mcleay River, New South Wales, Australia (AM KS043756) (47–48), male paratype from Armidale-Kempsey Road, above Mcleay River, New South Wales, Australia (AM KS113351) (49–50), 43, 45, 47 epigyne, ventral view 44, 46, 48 spermathecae, dorsal view 49 male pedipalp, ventral view 50 male pedipalp, retrolateral view. Scale bar: 0.50 mm. Abbreviation: QP = quadrangular process.  Figures 73–80. Copulatory organs of Karaops ellenae sp. n., male holotype from Mount Cooke, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T93/1366) (73–74), female paratype from Mount Cooke, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T93/1359) (75–76), Karaops jenniferae sp. n., female holotype from Oscar Range, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T65078) (77–78), and Karaops dawara sp. n., female holotype from Kakadu National Park, Kapalga, Northern Territory, Australia (WAM T54998) (79–80), 73 male pedipalp, ventral view 74 male pedipalp, retrolateral view 75, 77, 79 epigyne, ventral view 76, 78, 80 spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.50 mm.  Figures 81–88. Copulatory organs of Makdiops montigenus comb. n., female from Bhowali, Uttarakhand, India (CAS 9031784) (81–82), male from Bhowali, Uttarakhand, India (CAS 9031784) (83–84), Makdiops mahishasura sp. n., female holotype from Punjur, India (CAS 9031588) (85–86), and Makdiops nilgirensis sp. n., female holotype from Karteri Valley, Tamil Nadu, India (MHN) (87–88), 81, 85, 87 epigyne, ventral view 82, 86, 88 spermathecae, dorsal view 83 male pedipalp, ventral view 84 male pedipalp, retrolateral view. Scale bar: 0.50 mm. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory openings, EP = epigynal pockets, SP = spermathecae, SD = sperm ducts, PF = posterodorsal fold, C = conductor, E = embolus, MA = median apophysis, RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis.  Figures 103–109. Habitus of representatives of various selenopid genera. 103 Amamanganops baginawa sp. n., female, from Mindoro, Philippines. The orange hue is likely not natural and seems to develop after being preserved for some time 104 Anyphops barnardi (Lawrence), female, from Gauteng South Africa 105 Anyphops parvulus (Pocock), female, from Tsitsikamma National Park, South Africa 106 Garcorops madagascar Corronca, male, from Hellville, Madagascar 107 Godumops caritus sp. n., male, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea 108 Hovops sp., female, from Park National Montagne d’Ambre, Madagascar 109 Labium of Godumops caritus sp. n. showing m-shaped distal region. Scale bar = 3.00 mm. Abbreviations: L = labium, st = sternum.