Karaops

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Taxonavigation

Ordo: Araneae
Familia: Selenopidae

Name

Karaops Crews & Harvey, 2011 gen. n. – Wikispecies link – ZooBank link – Pensoft Profile

• Selenops australiensis Koch 1875: 615, plate 43, fig. 6. Koch 1876: 832, plate 71, fig. 3.

Type species:

Karaops ellenae sp. n.

Etymology

Karaops gen. n. comes from a combination of words and honors the indigenous peoples of Australia by referring to the indigenous Selenopidae found throughout the continent. Nyoongar: [[Kara =|Kara =]] spider; Greek: ops = face, eye. We retain the traditional ending of selenopid genera of ops, which originally referred to the eye arrangement. The gender is masculine.

Diagnosis

Karaops gen. n. can be separated from all other genera by a combination of characters: 1. ventral tibial and metatarsal spination of legs I and II something other than 3–2, 2. absence of scopulae, 3. found only in Australia. The males have a small, simple MA that is not twisted in any species.

Description

Total length 3.90–10.30. Cephalothorax: Carapace with some dusky marks, usually wider than long. Fovea longitudinal, broad, and shallow. Setae variable, ranging from soft to thick and coarse, short peg-like spines to long and thin; some are of medium length and thickness. Chelicerae slightly geniculate, robust, with 3 prolateral and 2 retrolateral teeth, or 4 prolateral and 3 retrolateral teeth. Eyes: AER straight to slightly recurved to recurved, PER slightly recurved to strongly recurved. PME larger than AME in most species, though equal or smaller in some specimens. Legs: Leg III usually longest, though leg II or IV is longest in some species. Leg pattern 3241in most specimens, but is variable both between and within species, as in Selenops. Tibial and metatarsal ventral spination is primarily in pairs of 5 and 3, respectively, but can also be 6–3, 5–4, 6–4, 5–0, or are unpaired. Tarsal scopulae absent. Female copulatory organs: Epigynum with lateral lobes, a well-defined median area, and with or without epigynal pockets. Spermathecae and internal ducts range from simple and round to highly coiled. Male copulatory organs: Palpal tibia with 2 or 3 tibial apophyses. Dorsal apophysis longer than or equal to ventral apophysis in most species. MA 1 or 2 branched, ranging from unsclerotized to strongly sclerotized.

Remarks

Species ofKaraops gen. n. can be locally abundant, but are relatively rare or at least elusive given the low numbers of species in museum collections.Although none have yet been determined to be short range endemics (SREs) (Harvey 2002), it is possible that with more thorough collecting in particular areas or with additional morphometric or molecular data, some will be found to be SREs. Many species are known only from one sex, and several species are known from only a single specimen.

Distribution

Karaops gen. n. occurs throughout mainland Australia, but is apparently absent from Tasmania (Maps 4–10).

Composition

In addition to transferring Selenops australiensis to Karaops gen. n., we describe 23 new species. It is likely that more species will be found. Given the large ranges of some species, yet seemingly stable morphology across isolated populations, molecular or morphometric data may reveal cryptic species.

Key to Karaops species

(males of Karaops monteithi sp. n., Karaops marrayagong sp. n., Karaops badgeradda sp. n., Karaops julianneae sp. n., Karaops martamarta sp. n., Karaops deserticola sp. n., Karaops jenniferae sp. n., Karaops dawara sp. n. unknown; females of Karaops alanlongbottomi sp. n., Karaops keithlongbottomi sp. n., and Karaops larryoo sp. n. unknown)

Key to Karaops species — S. Crews , M. Harvey

1		Males    2
–		Females    17
2	(1)	Ventral spines on tibiae I and II unpaired    3
–		Ventral spines on tibiae I and II paired    4
3	(2)	Base of embolus between 3 and 5 o’clock, base of median apophysis subquadrangular, with single branch curving slightly distally in ventral view (Fig. 29)    Karaops raveni sp. n.
–		Base of embolus between 4 and 6 o’clock, base of median apophysis ovoid, with single branch pointed retrolaterally in ventral view (Fig. 23)    Karaops jarrit sp. n.
4	(2)	Cheliceral promargin with 4 teeth    5
–		Cheliceral promargin with 3 teeth    6
5	(4)	Cymbium pointed at tip, conductor terminates at 1 o’clock, base of embolus large and rounded, extending almost to base of cymbium (Fig. 71)    Karaops toolbrunup sp. n.
–		Cymbium rounded at tip, conductor terminates at nearly 3 o’clock, base of embolus angular (Fig. 65)    Karaops francesae sp. n.
6	(4)	Tibial apophyses with 3 processes    7
–		Tibial apophyses with 2 processes    9
7	(6)	Conductor crescent-shaped, narrowing very abruptly in the middle, forming a long, narrow, scythe-shaped terminus (Fig. 17)    Karaops alanlongbottomi sp. n.
–		Conductor shaped otherwise or not narrowing as abruptly (Figs 19, 21)    8
8	(7)	Conductor angular, terminus directed proximally, strongly sclerotized, MA directed retrolaterally (Fig. 21)    Karaops larryoo sp. n.
–		Conductor with squarish projection medially, terminus directed retrolaterally to proximally, MA directed distally (Fig. 19)    Karaops keithlongbottomi sp. n.
9	(6)	MA very small, and attached to base of embolus (Figs 7, 13)    10
–		MA larger, and attached elsewhere    11
10	(9)	Pointed angular projection directed proximally coming off base of embolus at 6 o’clock position (Fig. 13)    Karaops gangarie sp. n.
–		No angular projection on base of embolus (Fig. 7)    Karaops australiensis
11	(9)	MA with two branches (Figs 49, 51, 61)    12
–		MA with one branch (Fig. 23)    14
12	(11)	Base of embolus very large, covering part of MA, quadrangular projection at the tip of the conductor (Fig. 49)    Karaops manaayn sp. n.
–		Base of embolus not covering part of MA, conductor pointed at tip    13
13	(12)	Tip of conductor slightly undulate (Fig. 61)    Karaops ngarutjaranya sp. n.
–		Tip of conductor curved regularly, directed retrolaterally, portion of conductor behind MA (Fig. 51)    Karaops vadlaadambara sp. n.
14	(12)	Dorsal tibial apophysis tapered, slender, and pointed, MA of irregular shape, conductor with pointed terminal projection (Fig. 73)    Karaops ellenae sp. n.
–		Dorsal tibial apophysis quadrangular, truncate in lateral view, MA with a distinct hook    15
15	(14)	Embolus thick, directed distally, bisecting the cymbium, not curving or hook shaped (Fig. 55)    Karaops pilkingtoni sp. n.
–		Embolus with a thick base, but becoming very long and slender, curving around the edge of the cymbium    16
16	(15)	MA large, directed laterally, with a small hook distally, tapering toward hook, widening to a flat, truncate tip. Space between conductor and MA. Embolus curving, but not curving around the edge of the cymbium (Fig. 35)    Karaops burbidgei sp. n.
–		MA directed distally, with a distal hook, rounded at the tip. Conductor with long distal processes leaving no space between MA and conductor. Embolus curving around edge of cymbium (Fig. 39)    Karaops karrawarla sp. n.
17	(1)	Tibiae I and II each with 6 pairs of ventral spines    18
–		Tibiae I and II each with 5 pairs of ventral spines    21
18	(17)	Sperm ducts highly coiled, with 4–5 coils, no obvious oval or round large spermathecae (Fig. 12)    Karaops gangarie sp. n.
–		Sperm ducts with less than 4 coils, large oval to round spermathecae    19
19	(18)	Lateral lobes form diamond shape around median septum, epigynal pockets absent (Fig. 27)    Karaops marrayagong sp. n.
–		Lateral lobes not forming diamond shape around median septum, epigynal pockets present    20
20	(19)	Internal ducts coiled (Fig. 68)    Karaops francesae sp. n.
–		Internal ducts not coiled (Fig. 70)    Karaops toolbrunup sp. n.
21	(17)	Cheliceral promargin with 4 teeth    Karaops dawara sp. n.
–		Cheliceral promargin with 3 teeth    22
22	(21)	Spermathecae not large and round, but small and ovoid to elongated (Figs 10, 76)    23
–		Spermathecae large and round (Fig. 78)    27
23	(22)	Epigynal pockets present (Fig. 75)    Karaops ellenae sp. n.
–		Epigynal pockets absent
2424	(23)	Lacking a clearly defined median field, lateral lobes indistinct (Fig. 9)    Karaops australiensis
–		Median field and lateral lobes more distinct    25
25	(24)	Median field large and keyhole-shaped (Fig. 43)    Karaops julianneae sp. n.
–		Median field otherwise    26
26	(25)	Internal ducts long and gently curving, with less than 5 coils (Fig. 34)    Karaops badgeradda sp. n.
–		Internal ducts tightly coiled with more than 5 coils (Fig. 16)    Karaops monteithi sp. n.
27	(22)	Internal ducts not coiled (Fig. 78)    Karaops jenniferae sp. n.
–		Internal ducts coiled at least once    28
28	(27)	Lateral lobes forming diamond shape around median septum (Fig. 25)    Karaops jarrit sp. n.
–		Lateral lobes and median septum shaped otherwise    29
29	(28)	Lateral lobes widely separated (Figs 47, 53, 57, 59)    30
–		Lateral lobes close together or fused (Fig. 63)    33
30	(29)	Median septum quadrangular, no sclerotization at copulatory openings (Fig. 47)    Karaops manaayn sp. n.
–		Median septum shaped otherwise, copulatory openings sclerotized    31
31	(30)	Spermathecae huge, nearly touching near the midline, median septum with some wrinkling (Figs 57–58)    Karaops pilkingtoni sp. n.
–		Spermathecae well-separated, median septum smooth    32
32	(31)	Sides of median septum parallel, median septum quadrangular (Fig. 53)    Karaops vadlaadambara sp. n.
–		Sides of median septum coming together near the epigastric furrow, median septum subtriangular (Fig. 59)    Karaops deserticola sp. n.
33	(29)	Median septum and lateral lobes forming a keyhole shape (Fig. 63)    Karaops ngarutjaranya sp. n.
–		Median septum and lateral lobes otherwise    34
34	(33)	Median septum and lateral lobes fused (Fig. 45)    Karaops martamarta sp. n.
–		Boundaries of median septum and lateral lobes distinct    35
35	(34)	Copulatory openings without proximal bilobal sclerotization (Fig. 31)    Karaops raveni sp. n.
–		Copulatory openings with proximal bilobal sclerotization (Figs 37, 41)    36
36	(35)	Copulatory openings located medially (Fig. 37)    Karaops burbidgei sp. n.
–		Copulatory openings located in the upper 1/3 of the epigynal plate (Fig. 41)    Karaops karrawarla sp. n.
–		Copulatory openings located in the upper 1/3 of the epigynal plate (Fig. 41)    Karaops karrawarla sp. n.

The following synopsis of Karaops species is based on similarities of the copulatory organs between species.

Original Description

• Crews, S; Harvey, M; 2011: The spider family Selenopidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Australasia and the Oriental Region ZooKeys, 99: 1-104. doi

Images

Figures 7–14. Copulatory organs of Karaops australiensis comb. n., male from Johansens’s Cave, Queensland, Australia (QM S57515) (7–8) and female from Jim Crow Mountain, Queensland, Australia (QM S61054) (9–10), and Karaops gangarie sp. n., female holotype from Amos Bay, Northeast Queensland, Queensland, Australia (QM S52315) (11–12) and male from Amos Bay, Northeast Queensland, Queensland, Australia (QM S88644): 7, 13 male pedipalp, ventral view 8, 14 male pedipalp, retrolateral view 9, 11 epigyne, ventral view 10, 12 spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.25 mm. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening, FD = fertilization ducts, SD = sperm ducts, SP = spermathecae, C = conductor, E = embolus, dRTA = dorsal branch of retrolateral tibial apolphysis, vRTA = ventral branch of retrolateral tibial apophysis.  Map 4. Northeast Queensland Australia (inset) showing the distribution of Karaops. Karaops monteithi sp. n. (white square), Karaops gangarie sp. n. (white stars), Karaops australiensis (L. Koch) (white circles).  Figures 15–22. Copulatory organs of Karaops monteithi sp. n., female holotype from Lankelly Creek, Coen District, North Queensland, Australia (QM S61052) (15–16), Karaops alanlongbottomi sp. n., male holotype from northwest tip of Degerando Island, Champagny Islands, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T93/1330) (17–18), Karaops keithlongbottomi sp. n., male holotype from Drysdale River Station, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T55002) (19–20), and Karaops larryoo sp. n. male holotype from north of Larryoo, Drysdale River National Park, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T93/1333) (21–22). 15 epigyne, ventral view 16 spermathecae, dorsal view 17, 19, 21 male pedipalp, ventral view 18, 20, 22 male pedipalp, retrolateral view. Scale bar: (15–16) 0.25 mm, (17–22)0.50 mm. Abbreviation: C = conductor.  Map 5. Northern Australia (inset) showing the distribution of Karaops gen. n. Karaops jenniferae sp. n. (black square), Karaops alanlongbottomi sp. n. (white circle), Karaops keithlongbottomi sp. n. (black circle), Karaops larryoo sp. n. (white square), Karaops dawara sp. n. (white stars).  Map 6. The southwest coast of Western Australia (inset) showing the distribution of Karaops gen. n. Karaops francesae sp. n. (white circles), Karaops toolbrunup sp. n. (white star), Karaops jarrit sp. n.(white triangles), and Karaops ellenae sp. n.(white squares).  Figures 23–28. Copulatory organs of Karaops jarrit sp. n., male holotype from 11 km NW of Roe’s Rock, Fitzgerald River National Park, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T55003) (23–24), female paratype from southwest of Boddington, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T87168) (25–26), and Karaops marrayagong sp. n., female holotype from Kitty’s Creek, near Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AM KS19743) (27–28) 23 male pedipalp, ventral view 24 male pedipalp, retrolateral view 25, 27 epigyne, ventral view 26, 28 spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.25 mm.  Map 7. Eastern Australia (inset) showing the distribution of Karaops gen. n. Karaops raveni sp. n. (white circles), Karaops manaayn sp. n. (white diamonds), Karaops marrayagong sp. n. (white star).  Figures 29–34. Copulatory organs of Karaops raveni sp. n., male holotype from Brooyar State Forest, Queensland, Australia (QM S50593) (29–30), female paratype from Boat Mountain EP, Queensland, Australia (QM S47057) (31–32), and Karaops badgeradda sp. n., female holotype from Badgeradda Range, Muggon Station, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T97214) (23–34) 29 male pedipalp, ventral view 30 male pedipalp, retrolateral view 31, 33 epigyne, ventral view 32, 34 spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.25 mm (29–32), 0.50 mm (33–34).  Map 8. The northwest of Western Australia (inset) showing the distribution of Karaops gen. n. Karaops julianneae sp. n. (black star), Karaops badgeradda sp. n. (white star), Karaops karrawarla sp. n. (white diamond), Karaops martamarta sp. n.(white circles), Karaops burbidgei sp. n. (white squares).  Figures 35–42. Copulatory organs of Karaops burbidgei sp. n., male holotype from John Wayne Country, Barrow Island, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T55000) (35–36), female paratype from Barrow Island, site 45, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T76698) (37–38), and Karaops karrawarla sp. n., male holotype from BB3, Bush Bay, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T55001) (39–40), female paratype from Bush Bay, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T76700) 35, 39 male pedipalp, ventral view 36, 40 male pedipalp, retrolateral view 37, 41 epigyne, ventral view 38, 42 spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.25 mm (35–38), 0.50 mm (39–42). Abbreviation: C = conductor.  Figures 43–50. Copulatory organs of Karaops julianneae sp. n., male holotype from Lorna Glen Station, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T64748) (43–44), Karaops martamarta sp. n., female holotype from Trinity Bore South, vic. Cardo Camp, Red Hill, Pilbara, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T97482) (45–46), and Karaops manaayan sp. n., female holotype from Kempsey Road, West Armidale, above Mcleay River, New South Wales, Australia (AM KS043756) (47–48), male paratype from Armidale-Kempsey Road, above Mcleay River, New South Wales, Australia (AM KS113351) (49–50), 43, 45, 47 epigyne, ventral view 44, 46, 48 spermathecae, dorsal view 49 male pedipalp, ventral view 50 male pedipalp, retrolateral view. Scale bar: 0.50 mm. Abbreviation: QP = quadrangular process.  Figures 51–58. Copulatory organs of Karaops vadlaadambara sp. n., male holotype from Arcoona Creek, near Sambot Waterhole, Gammon Ranges National Park, South Australia, Australia (SAM N199353) (51–52), female paratype from Arcoona Creek, near Sambot Waterhole, Gammon Ranges National Park, South Australia, Australia (SAM N199354) (53–54), and Karaops pilkingtoni sp. n., male holotype from Trig Hill, Old Telegraph Station, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia (WAM T76590) (55–56), female paratype from Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia (SAM N199359) (57–58), 51, 55 male pedipalp, ventral view 52, 56 male pedipalp, retrolateral view 53, 57 epigyne, ventral view 54, 58 spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.25 mm.  Map 9. Central Australia (inset) showing the distribution of Karaops gen. n. Karaops pilkingtoni sp. n. (white square), Karaops ngarutjaranya sp. n. (white circles), Karaops deserticola sp. n. (white star).  Map 10. Southern central Australia (inset) showing the distribution of Karaops vadlaadambara sp. n. (black circles).  Figures 59–64. Copulatory organs of Karaops deserticola sp. n., holotype female from Mount Lindsay, South Australia, Australia (SAM N199350) (59–60), and Karaops ngarutjaranya sp. n., male holotype from northeast of Mount Woodroffe, South Australia, Australia (SAM NN10914) (61–62), female paratype from southeast of Womikata Bore Homeland, South Australia, Australia (SAM NN10915) (63–64), 59, 63 epigyne, ventral view 60, 64 spermathecae, dorsal view. 61 male pedipalp, ventral view 62 male pedipalp, retrolateral view.Scale bar: 0.25 mm (59–60), 0.50 mm (61–64).  Figures 65–72. Copulatory organs of Karaops francesae sp. n., male holotype from northeast of slope of West Mount Barren, Fitzgerald River National Park, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T54996) (65–66), female paratype from east Mount Barren, Fitzgerald River National Park, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T54994) (67–68) and Karaops toolbrunup sp. n., female holotype from Toolbrunup, Stirling Ranges National Park, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T76592) (69–70), male paratype from Toolbrunup, Stirling Ranges National Park, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T62231) (71–72), 65, 71 male pedipalp, ventral view 66, 72 male pedipalp, retrolateral view 67, 69 epigyne, ventral view 68, 70 spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.50 mm.  Figures 73–80. Copulatory organs of Karaops ellenae sp. n., male holotype from Mount Cooke, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T93/1366) (73–74), female paratype from Mount Cooke, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T93/1359) (75–76), Karaops jenniferae sp. n., female holotype from Oscar Range, Western Australia, Australia (WAM T65078) (77–78), and Karaops dawara sp. n., female holotype from Kakadu National Park, Kapalga, Northern Territory, Australia (WAM T54998) (79–80), 73 male pedipalp, ventral view 74 male pedipalp, retrolateral view 75, 77, 79 epigyne, ventral view 76, 78, 80 spermathecae, dorsal view. Scale bar: 0.50 mm.