Pulaeus
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Ordo: Trombidiformes
Familia: Cunaxidae
Name
Pulaeus Den Heyer, 1978 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
Historical review
Ewing (1909)[1] described the first species of Pulaeus as Eupalus pectinatus. Berlese (1916)[2] described Eupalus sternalis. Baker and Hoffmann (1948)[3] proposed Cunaxoides to replace Eupalus as the name was preoccupied; described Cunaxoides patzcuarensis, Cunaxoides whartoni, and Cunaxoides americanus; and synonymized Cunaxoides sternalis with Cunaxoides pectinatus. They also redescribed and illustrated Cunaxoides pectinatus. Muma (1960)[4] described Cunaxoides pectinellus. Shiba (1978)[5] described Cunaxoides neopectinatus, Cunaxoides parapatzuarensis, and Cunaxoides pseudominutus. Chaudhri, Akbar, and Rasool (1979)[6] described Neocunaxoides krama. Kuznetzov and Livshitz (1979)[7] reported Cunaxoides pectinatus and Cunaxoides americanus from Russia. Den Heyer (1979b)[8] erected Pulaeus and moved the previously mentioned species into the new genus; he also redescribed Pulaeus pectinatus and described Pulaeus glebulentus. Neocunaxoides cinctus was described by Chaudhri (1980)[9]. Den Heyer (1981c)[10] confirmed the synonymy of Pulaeus sternalis with Pulaeus pectinatus, and synonymized Cunaxoides pectinellus with Pulaeus pectinatus; he also described Pulaeus franciscae and placed Pulaeus within Cunaxoidinae, tribe Pulaeini. El-Bishlawy and Rakha (1983)[11] described Pulaeus zaherii from Egypt. Liang (1983)[12] reported Pulaeus pseudominutus from China. Pulaeus musci was described by Liang (1985)[13]. Zaher and El-Bishlawy (1986)[14] described Pulaeus niloticus. Bu and Li (1987b)[15] described Pulaeus longignathos and Pulaeus chongqingensis. Muhammad and Chaudhri (1990)[16] described Pulaeus desitis, Pulaeus ferventis, Pulaeus osculum, and Pulaeus verno from Pakistan. Pulaeus ardeola was described by Barilo (1991)[17]. Muhammad and Chaudhri (1991a)[18] described Pulaeus camar, Pulaeus erinaceus, Pulaeus galumma, Pulaeus haurio, Pulaeus silicula, and Pulaeus stultus from Pakistan. Smiley (1992)[19] synonymized Pulaeus niloticus with Pulaeus subterraneus and provided a key to known world species; he also transferred Cunaxoides neopectinatus to Neocunaxoides. Li et al. (1992)[20] recorded Pulaeus glebulentus from Chongqing, China. Corpuz-Raros (1996b)[21] described two species, Pulaeus payatopalpus and Pulaeus rimandoi, from the Philippines. Lin and Zhang (2000)[22] reported Neocunaxoides neopectinatus,? Pulaeus longignathos, Pulaeus musci, and Pulaeus pseudominutus from China. Lin et al. (2003)[23] reported Pulaeus minutus from China. Bashir, Afzal, and Akbar (2005)[24] described Pulaeus punctatus. Bashir and Afzal (2006b)[25] described Pulaeus anjumi. Corpuz-Raros (2007)[26] also described Pulaeus cebuensis, Pulaeus palawanensis, and Pulaeus samarensis. Castro and Den Heyer (2009)[27] split Lupaeus from Pulaeus and described two new species: Pulaeus myrtaceus and Pulaeus quadrisolenidius; they also synonymized Pulaeus longignathos with Neocunaxoides krama and transferred Neocunaxoides krama to Pulaeus. Bashir and Afzal (2009)[28] described Pulaeus akbari, Pulaeus banksi, and Pulaeus walii. Lin and Zhang (2010)[29] argue that the “original species name longignathos [as in Pulaeus longignathos] is the correct form in Greek. Some authors emended it to the Latinized form longignathus (e.g. Castro and Den Heyer, 2009: 2).” The spelling longignathos is followed here. Sergeyenko (2011b)[30] described Pulaeus leonidi, Pulaeus maslovi, and Pulaeus semistriatus and synonymized Pulaeus longignathos and Pulaeus chongqingensis with Pulaeus krama as he considered them to be male and female of that species, respectively. Den Heyer et al. (2013)[31] described Pulaeus razanensis.
Diagnosis
Gnathosoma. Pedipalps 3-segmented. Femurogenua at least twice as long as wide, complemented with 6 setae. Tibiotarsi at least twice as long as wide, usually complemented with 6 setae, 1 pointed process, and may possess a bladder- or knob-like apophysis (Fig. 39a–c). Subcapitulum with 6 pairs of setae (hg1–4 and 2 pairs of adoral setae); setae hg4 often the longest. Chelicera with seta present.
Idiosoma, dorsal. Proterosoma bears a well-sclerotized shield, complemented with 2 pairs of setae (lps and mps) and 2 pairs of setose sensillae (at and pt). Dorsal hysterosoma bears a sclerotized plate which is variable in size and fused with the proterosomal shield; it may be complemented with a variable number of setae depending on the size of the plate. Setae c1–h1, c2, f2, and h2 and present. Cupule im present laterad and posterior of e1. Integument not covered in shields or plates striated.
Idiosoma, ventral. Coxae sclerotized and well-defined. Coxae I–II may be fused and may coalesce medially to form a sternal shield. Coxae III–IV may be fused. Each coxa complemented with 2–4 setae. Genital plates each bear 4 setae (g1–4), which are usually in a straight row; 2 pairs of genital papillae visible underneath the plates. Anal plates bear one pair of setae; 1 pair of setae present ventrally on the integument near the anal plates. Cupule ih present ventrally laterad the integumental setae associated with the anal plates. The integument not covered in shields or plates striated. Legs. Tarsi never constricted apically so as to end in lobes. Trichobothrium on leg tibia IV present. Depression of the famulus occurs on proximal half of tarsus I. Tibiae I–II possess non-striated blunt solenidia. Ambulacral claws rippled and occur on either side of a 4-rayed empodium.
Key to adult female Pulaeus
Pulaeus ardeola was not included in the key because the original text is in Cyrillic script and the illustrations do not provide enough characters to differentiate it from other species. Neocunaxoides cinctus is moved from Neocunaxoides to Pulaeus based on features given in the original description, namely that f2 is present and basifemora IV are complemented with 2 sts.
The following were species assigned to Pulaeus before Lupaeus was erected. The characters that divide the two genera are not given in the original species descriptions and types have not been viewed. These indeterminable species are therefore not included in either generic key, but instead characters are given for each species that will serve to identify them.
Pulaeus parapatzuarensis (Shiba, 1978) – This species has a divided sternal plate, lacks a sclerotized area anterior to the genital plates, and does not have f1,2 located on platelets. In addition it has 6 pairs of setae on the integument between coxal and genital plates.
Pulaeus patzcuarensis (Baker & Hoffmann, 1948) – This species can be recognized by the sternal plates being connected anteriorly and divided in a v-shape posteriorly.
Pulaeus pseudominutus (Shiba, 1978) – Setae e1 being 3 times the length of c1 and d1 distinguishes this species.
Pulaeus payatopalpus (Corpuz-Raros, 1996) – The hypostome is 2/3 the length of the gnathosoma and the pedipalps are extremely long and slender, at least 8 times longer than wide. In addition the tibiotarsus is complemented with a seta that is longer than the segment.
Pulaeus zaherii (El-Bishlawy & Rakha, 1983) – This species can be recognized by the divided sternal plates, f1 being 4/5 the length of e1, and f1 being ? the length of f2.
Taxon Treatment
- Skvarla, M; Fisher, J; Dowling, A; 2014: A review of Cunaxidae (Acariformes, Trombidiformes): Histories and diagnoses of subfamilies and genera, keys to world species, and some new locality records ZooKeys, 418: 1-103. doi
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Other References
- ↑ Ewing H (1909) New species of Acarina. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 35(51): 401–417.
- ↑ Berlese A (1916) Centuria secunda di Acari nuovi. Redia 12(1): 125–177.
- ↑ Baker E, Hoffmann A (1948) Acaros de la familia Cunaxidae. Anales de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas Mexico 5(3–4): 229–273.
- ↑ Muma M (1960) Predatory mites of the family Cunaxidae associated with citrus in Florida. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 53(3): 321–326.
- ↑ Shiba M (1978) Taxonomic investigation on free-living Prostigmata from the Malay Peninsula. Nature and Life in South East Asia 7: 83–229.
- ↑ Chaudhri W, Akbar S, Rasool A (1979) Studies on the predatory leaf inhabiting mites of Pakistan. University of Agriculture Faisalabad Technical Bulletin 2, 234 pp.
- ↑ Kuznetzov N, Livshitz I (1979) Predatory mites of the Nikita Botanical Gardens (Acariformes: Bdellidae, Cunaxidae Camarobiidae). Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Nikitskogo Botanicheskogo Sada 79: 51–105.
- ↑ Den Heyer J (1979b) Pulaeus, a new cunaxid genus (Prostigmata: Acari). Acarologia 21(1): 18–31.
- ↑ Chaudhri W (1980) Studies on the biosystematics and control of mites of field crops, vegetables and fruit plants in Pakistan, second annual report. University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 80.
- ↑ Den Heyer J (1981c) Three new Afrotropical species of the genus Pulaeus (Cunaxidae: Acarida). Phytophylactica 13: 87–99.
- ↑ El-Bishlawy S, Rakha M (1983) A new cunaxid mite Pulaeus zahrii sp. n. from rat burrows in Egypt (Actinedida: Cunaxidae). Acarologia 24: 373–375.
- ↑ Liang G (1983) Notes on four species of mite (Acarina: Cunaxidae) in China. Natural Enemies of Insects 5(3): 104–107.
- ↑ Liang G (1985) New species and new records of cunaxid mites from China. Entomotaxonomia 7: 79–81.
- ↑ Zaher M, El-Bishlawy S (1986) In: Zaher MA (1986) Survey and ecological studies on phytophagous, predaceous and nonphytophagous mites (Nile Valley and Delta. ) Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 567 pp.
- ↑ Bu G, Li L (1987b) Two new species of Pulaeus from China (Acariformis: Cunaxidae). Journal of Southwest Agricultural University 9: 22–26.
- ↑ Muhammad T, Chaudhri W (1990) Descriptions of four new species of genus Pulaeus Den Heyer from Pakistan (Acarina: Cunaxidae). Pakistan Entomologist 12(1–2): 18–25.
- ↑ Barilo A (1991) Two new species Cunaxidae (Acariformes) from Central Asia. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 70(9): 131–136.
- ↑ Muhammad T, Chaudhri W (1991a) Six new cunaxid mites of the genus Pulaeus Den Heyer (Acarina: Cunaxidae) from Pakistan. Pakistan Entomologist 13(1–2): 9–22.
- ↑ Smiley R (1992) The predatory mite family Cunaxidae (Acari) of the world with a new classification. Indira Publishing House, West Bloomington, Michigan, 356 pp.
- ↑ Li L, Xuan J, Fan Q (1992) Taxonomic investigation of food mites in Sichuan Province. Journal of Southeast Agricultural University 14(1): 23–34.
- ↑ Corpuz-Raros L (1996b) Philippine predatory mites of the family Cunaxidae (Acari). Genus Pulaeus Den Heyer with records of two species from Central Kalimantan, Borneo and Java, Indonesia. Philippine Entomologist 10(2): 119–138.
- ↑ Lin L, Zhang Y (2000) Bdelloidea, 9. In: Huang B (Ed) Fauna of Insects in Fuijan Province of China. Fujian Sciences and Technology Press, Fuzhou, 109–121.
- ↑ Lin J, Zhang Y, Ji J (2003) A new species of Neocunaxoides from Fujian, China (Acari: Cunaxidae). Systematic and Applied Acarology 8: 101–106.
- ↑ Bashir M, Afzal M, Akbar S (2005) A new cunaxid mite of genus Pulaeus (Cunaxidae) from Punjab-Pakistan. Biologia (Pakistan) 51(2): 163–168.
- ↑ Bashir M, Afzal M (2006b) A new cunaxid mite of genus Pulaeus (Cunaxidae) from Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 39(1): 17–20.
- ↑ Corpuz-Raros L (2007) Additional species of Bonziinae and Cunaxoidinae and description of the male of Coleoscirus horidula (Tseng) (Coleoscirinae) from the Philippines (Cunaxidae, Acari). Asia Life Science 16(2): 153–173.
- ↑ Den Heyer J (2009) Order Prostigmata, family Cunaxidae. In: Van Harten A (Ed) Arthropod fauna of the UAE, Vol. 2, 17–25.
- ↑ Bashir M, Afzal M (2009) Mite fauna of family Cunaxidae (Acari) form Punjab, Pakistan. VDM Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co., Saarbrucken, Germany, 322 pp.
- ↑ Lin L, Zhang Y (2010) Bdelloidea of China: a review of progress on systematics and biology, with a checklist of species. Zoosymposia, 4: 42–50. In: Zhang Z Hong X Fan Q (Eds) Xin Jie-Liu Centenary: Progress in Chinese Acarology. Zoosymposia 4: 1–345.
- ↑ Sergeyenko A (2011b) Mites of the genera Pulaeus and Lupaeus (Acari: Prostigmata: Cunaxidae) of Crimea, Ukraine. Zootaxa 2088: 54–68.Shakhsi Zare F, Arbabi M, Kmali H, Ghasemzadeh M (2012) Study on faunestic, distribution and host range of Tetranychoidea (Arachnida: Acari) on fruit trees in Mashhad region, Iran. Journal of Entomological Research 4(3): 239–248
- ↑ Den Heyer J, Ueckermann E, Khanjani M (2013) Iranian Cunaxidae (Acari: Prostigmata: Bdelloidea). Part III. Subfamily Cunaxoidinae. Journal of Natural History 47(31–32): 2049–2070.
