Physodera
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Ordo: Coleoptera
Familia: Carabidae
Name
Physodera Eschscholtz, 1829 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Physodera dejeani Eschscholtz 1829[1]: 8; Schmidt-Göbel 1846[2]: 46; Lacordaire 1854[3]: 130; Van de Poll 1889[4]: 251; Heller 1923[5]: 304 (key to species); Jedlička 1963[6]: 300.
- Nepalotarsus Mateu 1990[7]: 156. Nomen nudum. [Synonym]
Type-species:
Physodera dejeani Eschscholtz, 1829, by monotypy.
Diagnosis
This genus can be readily recognized by the combination of the following character states: dorsal side usually glabrous, at most elytra with a little secondary pubescence; mandibles strongly widened; pronotum wide, ratio PW/PL more than 1.4; primary mid-lateral setae of pronotum usually absent, if present, lateral margin with numerous accessory setae nearly along full length; protibiae with cleaning spur well developed; elytra with one or two setae near base of 5th interval; median lobe of aedeagus with apical orifice opened apically.
This genus is closest to Allocota, but can be distinguished in having: (1) pronotum and elytra much wider, ratio PW/PL more than 1.4 (usually more than 1.6, but narrower in Physodera eschscholtzii and allied species), but much narrower in Allocota, ratio PW/PL less than 1.4; (2) cleaning spur present on protibia (as in Fig. 142), but usually absent (Fig. 140) in Allocota, if present, very fine (Fig. 141); (3) 5th interval of elytra only with one or two primary pores near base, if additional small pores present, all pores placed before middle, but in Allocota, 5th interval of elytra with four to ten setigerous pores, equally distributed; (4) median lobe of aedeagus strongly bent to right side in dorsal view, but only slightly bent in Allocota; (5) apical segment of female ovipositor strongly elongate, but only a little longer than width in Allocota.
Some species of Anchista, Paraphaea or Metallanchista could be confused with members of this genus, but can be distinguished from Physodera by having the mandibles narrower, primary lateral seta of pronotum present and different shape of the aedeagus.
Generic characters
Body length 8.0 to 12.5 mm, stout, pronotum usually wide, elytra wide and distinctly convex. Dorsal side usually metallic, usually with pattern composed of vivid color, or with ivory callosities on pronotum or elytra. Head and pronotum glabrous, elytra glabrous or with a few accessory setae; microsculpture indistinct. Head glabrous; eyes hemispherical, strongly prominent; tempora shorter or slightly longer than half length of eyes; tempora abruptly or gradually narrowed behind eyes; vertex flat. Antennae extended to basal one-fifth of elytra approximately; 1st antennomere slightly narrowed to base, 3rd slightly longer than 4th. Labrum smooth, without or with a few very short secondary setae; mandibles strongly widened, outer margins rounded, glabrous on outer scrobe, sometimes along dorsal ridge with a few fine and short setae; terminal maxillary palpomeres fusiform in both sexes; terminal labial palpomeres not widened in both sexes, or strongly securiform and truncate apically in males and less widened in females; ligula with apex truncate or slightly projected, with four long setae; paraglossae membranous, not longer than ligula, adnate; mentum tooth simple, apex rounded or truncate, with two setae or without seta near base; submentum with two long setae; genae glabrous beneath eyes. Pronotum distinctly wider than head, disc glabrous; front angles more or less setose, setae usually restricted to front angle, or nearly distributed along full length of lateral margins; mid-lateral seta usually absent; pronotal base more or less lobed; lateral margins usually completely rounded in middle; hind angles sharp or rounded. Elytra wide, strongly convex, apex truncate or slightly curved, sutural angles not projected, outer angles rounded; lateral margins more or less depressed at basal one-third, disc without distinct depression; intervals flat, glabrous or with a little pubescence or additional setae; basal margination reaching only to 3rd or 4th interval; basal pores well developed; primary setigerous pores small, 3rd interval with two to four setigerous pores, sometimes the apical one present on 2nd interval, 5th interval with one or two primary setigerous pores near base; 7th and 8th intervals slightly to strongly tumid near apex. Ventral side nearly glabrous; males with terminal sternum moderately emarginate, with one or two pairs of setae; females with terminal sternum apex straight or slightly curved, with two pairs of setae. Legs short; protibiae with cleaning spur well developed, distant from inner margin; tarsi widened, 4th tarsomere bifid, claws pectinate; males with adhesive hairs on 1st to 3rd protarsomeres well developed (two whole rows), those on 1st to 3rd mesotarsomeres rudimentary (two rows, weakly present near apex) or well developed (two whole rows) on some of these tarsomeres. Male genitalia with median lobe of aedeagus not twisted, strongly bent to right side in dorsal view; apical orifice opened apically; apical lamella usually long; dorsal surface with a few fine setae subapically; internal sac with main flagellum fine, apex nearly reaching to apical orifice, trumpet-form expansion usually small; apical bursa present or absent; secondary flagellum distinct or not. Female genitalia. Spermatheca tubular, with ring-sculpture, inserted at the joining of bursa copulatrix and common oviduct; spermathecal gland much longer than spermatheca, inserted near middle of spermatheca; spermatheca not distinctly bent. Apical segment of ovipositor tapered, apex pointed, base gradually widened, apex with membranous extension fine and long.
Distribution
Oriental Region: India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, South China, Indochina Peninsula, Malay Peninsula, Malay Archipelago, New Guinea, the Philippines. Not discovered in Japan or Australia.
Monophyly and relationships
Physodera appears to be closely related to Allocota, based on the similar aedeagal characters, generally glabrous surface, and pronotum usually without primary mid-lateral seta. Female internal reproductive system of Physodera resembles that of Paraphaea philippinensis (Jedlička), and may suggest a close relationship between these two genera.
Species of Physodera are more morphologically diverse than those in other genera of the subtribe. Physodera dejeani and related species seem to be more distant from other species of Physodera, according to the differences in the terminal labial palpomeres, setae on the terminal sternum and male genital characters. Further study may divide this genus into other subgenera or even genera.
Nevertheless, we suppose species of Physodera, or Physodera + Allocota, form a monophyletic lineage, such as those species previously arranged in Anchista (Anchista + Paraphaea + Metallanchista in the present paper). Monophyly of Physodera could be inferred by: (1) elytra strongly convex and wide; (2) pronotum strongly transverse; (3) terminal sternum or tergum usually with yellowish patch; (4) median lobe of aedeagus strongly bent to right side in dorsal view, apical lamella usually long.
Taxonomic comments
Heller (1923)[5] provided a key for the seven species of Physodera known at that time. Later, Andrewes (1930b[8], 1930c[9]), Darlington (1971)[10] and Mateu (1990)[7] added some species to the genus. To date, including one new combination (Lachnoderma andrewesi Jedlička), a total of 15 available names has been included in Physodera, with one regarded as a junior synonym and one a subspecies. However, there is no comprehensive taxonomic work on this brilliant beetle group and such a work would be useful.
Lachnoderma andrewesi Jedlička was moved to Allocota by Jedlička (1963)[6] and followed by Kirschenhofer (1996)[11]. But, from pronotal shape and elytral setigerous pores, it is far different from all other members of Allocota. After studying the female holotype, we confirmed that it is actually a Physodera species. The supporting characters are present in the diagnosis part of Physodera.
Mateu (1990)[7] proposed the subgenus name Nepalotarsus for Physodera bousqueti Mateu and other species with adhesive hairs present on first three protarsomeres in males, but the type species of the subgenus was not fixed in the original publication. According to the Zoological Code of Nomenclature (4th Edition), Article 13.3, the name Nepalotarsus is a nomen nudum, an unavailable name.
List of species:
Physodera amplicollis van de Poll, 1889: 254. Type locality: Java. Syntype location unknown.
Physodera andrewesi (Jedlička, 1934: 120) (Original: Lachnoderma). Type locality: Mt. Makiling (Philippinens). Holotype deposited in NHML. comb. n.
Physodera bacchusi Darlington, 1971: 326. Type locality: New Guinea. Holotype deposited in NHML.
Physodera bifenestrata Heller, 1923: 304. Type locality: Sandakan (Borneo). Syntype deposited in SNSD.
Physodera bousqueti Mateu, 1990: 156. Type locality: Nepal. Holotype deposited in BRIO.
Physodera chalceres Andrewes, 1930b: 135. Type locality: Penang (Malaya). Holotype deposited in NHML.
Physodera cyanipennis van de Poll, 1889: 253. Type locality: Celebes. Syntype location unknown.
Physodera dejeani Eschscholtz, 1829: 8. Type locality: Manilla (Philippines). Syntype deposited in MNHN.
Physodera diglena Andrewes, 1930c: 202. Type locality: Selangor (Malaya). Holotype deposited in NHML.
Physodera eburata Heller, 1923: 304. Type locality: Los Banos (Luzon). Syntype deposited in SNSD.
Physodera eschscholtzii Parry, 1849: 179. Type locality: Ceylan and Philippines. Syntypes deposited in NHML (probably) and MNHN.
Physodera davidis Fairmaire, 1887: 92. Type locality: Fokien (China). Syntype deposited in MNHN.
Physodera eschscholtzii sumatrensis (Kirschenhofer, 1996: 761) (Original: Allocota). Type locality: Sumatra. Holotype deposited in NHMW
Physodera noctiluca Mohnike, 1875: 154. Type locality: Java. Syntype deposited in MNHN (probably).
Physodera parvicollis van de Poll, 1889: 252. Type locality: Hong Kong. Syntype location unknown.
Taxon Treatment
- Shi, H; Zhou, H; Liang, H; 2013: Taxonomic synopsis of the subtribe Physoderina (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini), with species revisions of eight genera ZooKeys, 284: 1-129. doi
Other References
- ↑ Eschscholtz J (1829) Zoologischer Atlas, enthaltend Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer Thierarten, während des Flottcapitanis v. Kotzebue zweiter Reise um die Welt, auf der Russich-Kaiserlichen Kriegsschlupp Predpriaetië in den Jahren 1823–1826. Zweites Heft. Berlin: Reimer, 13 pp.
- ↑ Schmidt-Göbel H (1846) Faunula Coleopterum Birmaniae, 94 pp, pl. 1–3.
- ↑ Lacordaire J (1854) Histoire naturelle des insectes. Genera des Coléoptères ou exposé méthodique et critique de tous les genres proposés jusqu‘ici dans cet ordre d‘insectes. Tome premier contenant les familles des Cicindélites, Carabiques, Dytiscides, Gyrinides, et Palpicornes. Roret, Paris, xx + 486 pp.
- ↑ Van de Poll J (1889) Descriptions of three new species of the genus Physodera (Carabidae). Notes from the Leyden Museum 11: 251-256.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Heller K (1923) Some new Malayan Carabidae, especially Philippine. The Philippine Journal of Science 23: 295-307.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jedlička A (1963) Monographie der Truncatipennen aus Ostasien, Lebiinae- Odacanthinae- Braehyninae (Coleptera, Carabidae). Entomologische Abhandlungen und Berichte aus dem Staatlichen Museum fuer Tierkunde in Dresden 28: 269-579.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Mateu J (1990) Une nouvelle espece du genre Physodera Erschscholtz du Nepal (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie 7 (2): 155-158.
- ↑ Andrewes H (1930b) On some new species of Carabidae from Sumatra. Stettiner Entomoloische Zeitung 91: 131-136.
- ↑ Andrewes H (1930c) On some new species of Carabidae from Sumatra contained in the collection of the Leyden Museum. Zoologische Mededeelingen, Leiden 13: 193-203.
- ↑ Darlington P (1971) The carabid beetles of New Guinea. Part 4. General Considerations: Analysis and History of Fauna, Taxonomic Supplement. Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 142 (2): 133-338.
- ↑ Kirschenhofer E (1996) Weitere neue und wenig bekannte Carabidae aus Sued- und Suedostasien (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lebiinae: Colliurinae, Callistinae, Hexagoninae, Brachininae, Panagaeinae). II. Teil. Linzer Biologische Beiträge 28 (2): 757-799.
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