Tytthus mundulus
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Ordo: Hemiptera
Familia: Miridae
Genus: Tytthus
Name
Tytthus mundulus (Breddin) – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Periscopus mundulus Breddin 1896[1]: 106 (orig. descrip).
- Cyrtorhinus mundulus: Reuter 1902[2]: 178 (descrip.); Kirkaldy 1908[3]: 378 (list); Poppius 1914[4]: 168 (list); Muir 1920[5]: 125 (notes); Williams 1931[6]: 103 (notes); Swezey 1936[7]: 79 (notes, history); Usinger 1939[8]: 271 (key, host); Zimmerman 1948[9]: 206 (note); Usinger 1951[10]: 4 (descrip.).
- Tytthus mundulus: Carvalho and Southwood 1955[11]: 26 (key, descrip.); Carvalho 1958: 158 (cat.); Nguyen et al.1984: 265 (note); Henry and Wheeler 1988[12]: 458 (cat.); Schuh 1995[13]: 249 (cat.); Cassis and Gross 1995[14]: 204 (cat., hosts); Kerzhner and Josifov 1999[15]: 441 (cat.); Wheeler 2000: 665 (hosts, biol., distr.), 2001: 278 (hosts, biol., distr.); Yasunaga et al. 2001[16]: 182 (note, photo).
Diagnosis
Tytthus mundulus is distinguished by the fuscous to black head, pronotum, and scutellum; the translucent hemelytra with the clavus, most of the corium, and membrane tinged with brown; and the yellow legs and antennal segment I (apex sometimes narrowly infuscated), with contrasting fuscous to black antennal segments II–IV. Antennal segment II has short erect setae along the entire dorsal and ventral surface (most evident ventrally), similar to those found on in Tytthus chinensis and Tytthus parviceps; Tytthus mundulus, however, lacks the fuscous knee spots found in these two species. All known specimens of this species are macropterous.
Description
Male (n =5) (Fig. 24): Length to apex of hemelytron 3.07–3.26 mm, length to base of cuneus 2.21–2.30 mm, width across hemelytra 0.93–1.01 mm. Head: Length 0.34–0.35 mm, width across eyes 0.70–0.72 mm, interocular width 0.34–0.35 mm. Labium: Length 1.04–1.15 mm. Antenna: Segment I length 0.38–0.40 mm, II 1.23–1.26 mm, III 0.66–0.67 mm, IV 0.54–0.56 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.38–0.40 mm, basal width 0.83–0.86 mm.
Coloration: Head: Uniformly black, with an indistinct, pale yellow, interocular spot near inner margin of each eye; eyes dark reddish brown. Labium: Pale yellow, with only apical half of segment IV brown. Antenna: Segment I pale yellow, sometimes tinged with pale brownish orange, apex sometimes narrowly dark brown; segments II–IV dark brown to fuscous. Pronotum: Uniformly shiny, black. Mesoscutum: Shiny black. Scutellum: Shiny black. Hemelytron: Clavus, inner two thirds of corium and most of membrane tinged with brown to dark brown, leaving only outer margin of corium clear. Ostiolar evaporative area: Dark brown to fuscous. Ventral surface: Uniformly dark brown to fuscous. Legs: Coxae yellow, with bases dark brown to fuscous; femora, tibiae, tarsi, and claws uniformly yellow.
Structure, texture, and vestiture: Head: Shiny, impunctate, with a glaucous patch along inner margin of each eye; wider than long; buccula relatively broad, ending near level with posterior margin of eye; sparsely set with short, recumbent setae, more so on glaucous patches, and with a few longer, erect setae along posterior margin. Labium: Extending to bases of mesocoxae; segment I extending beyond base of head to anterior edge of prosternum. Antennae: Segment I sparsely set with short, fine, recumbent setae and two erect, subapical, bristlelike setae; segment II thickly set dorsally and ventrally with short, erect and semierect, somewhat bristlelike setae, forming a “bottlebrush” appearance (similar to Tytthus chinensis). Pronotum: Shiny, impunctate; calli weakly swollen; anterior angles rounded; lateral margins weakly concave, moderately flaring at posterior angles; posterior margin sinuate; thickly set with semierect and recumbent setae. Mesoscutum: Shiny, impunctate, broadly exposed; with semierect and recumbent setae. Scutellum: Shiny, impunctate, equilateral; thickly set with semierect and recumbent setae. Hemelytron: Macropterous, subparallel when paired, with fully developed cuneus and membrane, extending well beyond apex of abdomen.
Male genitalia: Left paramere (Fig. 152): Mitt-shaped; right arm longest, gradually tapering to a point; left arm short, apically acute. Right paramere (Fig. 153): Elongate oval. Endosoma (Fig. 154): Strongly C-shaped. Phallotheca (Fig. 155): Relatively slender, apically acute.
Female (n = 5) (Fig. 25): Length to apex of hemelytron 3.07–3.64 mm, length to base of cuneus 2.27–2.66 mm, width across hemelytra 1.04–1.22 mm. Head: Length 0.35–0.37 mm, width across eyes 0.74–0.77 mm, interocular width 0.35–0.37 mm. Labium: Length 1.06–1.22 mm. Antenna: Segment I length 0.34–0.38 mm, II 0.98–1.10 mm, III 0.58–0.59 mm, IV 0.50–0.58 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.40–0.43 mm, basal width 0.91–1.01 mm.
Hosts
This species is an egg predator of the sugarcane delphacid, Perkinsiella sacharicida Kirkaldy (Zimmerman1948, Wheeler 2001). It has also been taken on corn and taro in Hawaii.
Distribution
This Indo-Pacific species has been reported from Fiji, Hawaii, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippine Islands, and Queensland, Australia (Schuh 1984[17]). It has been successfully introduced into Hawaii to control the sugarcane delphacid (Zimmerman 1948[9], Carvalho and Southwood 1955[11]), representing one of the best examples of successful classical biological control (Wheeler 2001). It was released in Florida, according to Nguyen et al. (1984)[18], but apparently it has not become established (Wheeler 2001). It was also introduced into South Africa to control a tropiduchid, Numicia viridis Muir, on sugarcane but without success (Carnegie and Harris 1969[19]). See Wheeler (2001) for additional information about this beneficial species.
Specimens examined
AUSTRALIA: Queensland: North Queensland Co.: Halifax Apr. 1920, F. Muir, 1 ♀ (BMNH). Upper Mulgrave River, 8 miles from Goldsborough Road, 09 May 1967, D. H. Colless, 1 nymph (00161946) (USNM). FIJI: Natova, Apr. 1919, R. Veitch, 1 ♂, 5♀♀ (BMNH). MAURITIUS: Locality unknown, 20.2°S, 57.5°E, 02 May 1965, J.R. Williams, 2 ♂♂ (00138689, 00138743) (AMNH). PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Eastern Highlands: No. 11, Arau, Kratke Mountains, Valley of the upper Wanton River, 12 Oct 1959, L. J. Brass, 1 ♂ (00138756) (AMNH). Morobe Province: Lae at head of Huon Gulf near mouth of Markham River, camp #1, 6.723°S, 146.991°E, 2 m, 07 Oct 1959 - 19 Oct 1959, L. J. Brass, 1 ♀ (00095355) (AMNH). South High Province: Upper Mendi, Hoai Village, 1970 m, 4-5 Nov. 1981, B. M. Thistleton, from sugarcane, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ (BMNH). PHILIPPINES: Luzon: Los Banos, 21 Nov 1921, F. X. Williams, sugarcane, 1 ♀ (00161942) (USNM). UNITED STATES: Hawaii: Honolulu Co.: Honolulu, Mar 1930, F.C. Hadden, 2 ♂♂ (00167072, 00167073) (CNC). Intercepted on ship at Honolulu port which originated from Treasure Island, California, 08 Mar 1939, R. G. Oakley, 1 ♂ (00162001) (USNM). Waialua, 22 Apr 1925, F. Muir, 1 nymph (00161928) (USNM); 22 Jan 1930, O. H. Swezey, 1 ♀ (00161919) (USNM). Waipio, 02 May 1923, O. H. Swezey, 1♀ (00161918) (USNM). Maui Co.: 2191 S. Kihei Road, 29 Feb 1984, G. M. Stonedahl, at mercury vapor light, 30 ♂♂ (00138660, 00138662, 00138666, 00138668, 00138672 - 00138673, 00138682, 00138693, 00138711, 00138745, 00138749, 00138754, 00138757, 00138760, 00138787, 00165832 - 00165846), 8 ♀♀ (00165847 - 00165854) (AMNH), 2 ♂♂ (00161944, 00161945) (USNM). Oahu Co.: Barber’s Point, Mar 1960, E. J. Ford, Jr., at light, 1 ♂ (00161947), 4 ♂ (00161952 - 00161954, 00161958) (USNM). Ewa Beach, 22 Nov 1982, collector unknown, 2 ♂♂ (00161949, 00161957), 2 ♀♀ (00161955, 00161956) (USNM). Honolulu, 21.3069°N, 157.8583°W, 35 m, 24 Feb 1943, N. L. H. Krauss, on corn plants, 1 ♀ (00161940) (USNM). John Rodgers [airport], May 1958, E. J. Ford, Jr., corn, 1 ♂ (00161941) (USNM). Kailua, 09 Oct 1930, O. H. Swezey, 1 ♂ (00161920) (USNM); 15 Sep 1950, T.H., feeding on corn leafhopper eggs, 1 ♂ (00161943) (USNM). Mokuleia, 05 Feb 1940, T. H., on green corn, 2 ♂♂ (00161950, 00161951), 1 ♀ (00161948) (USNM). Punloa, 21 Dec 1926, O. H. Swezey, 1 ♂ (00161922) (USNM). Waianae, 13 Jan 1931, O. H. Swezey, Taro, 1 ♀ (00161921) (USNM).
Taxon Treatment
- Henry, T; 2012: Revision of the Plant Bug Genus Tytthus (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Miridae, Phylinae) ZooKeys, 220: 1-114. doi
Other References
- ↑ Breddin G (1896) Javanische Zuckerrohrschädlinge aus der Familie der Rhynchoten. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1896: 105-110.
- ↑ Reuter O (1902) Miscellanea Hemipterologica. Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societatens Förhandlingar 44: 141-188.
- ↑ Kirkaldy G (1908) A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345-391.
- ↑ Poppius B (1914) Die Miriden der Äthiopsichen Region. II. Macrolophinae, Heterotominae, Phylinae. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 44 (3): 1-138.
- ↑ Muir F (1920) Report of entomological work in Australia, 1919–1920. Hawaiian Planter’s Record 23 (3): 125-130.
- ↑ Williams F (1931) Handbook of the insects and other invertebrates of Hawaiian sugar fields. Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planter’ Association, Honolulu. 400 pp.
- ↑ Swezey O (1936) Biological control of the sugar cane leafhopper in Hawaii. Bulletin of the Experiment Station of the Hawaii Sugar Planters Association 21: 79-81.
- ↑ Usinger R (1939) Distribution and host relationships of Cyrtorhinus (Hemiptera, Miridae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 10 (2): 271-273.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Zimmerman E (1948) Insects of Hawaii. Volume 3. Heteroptera. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 255 pp.
- ↑ Usinger R (1951) A revised classification of Pacific island Cyrtorhinus with a new species from Fiji (Hemiptera: Miridae). Commentationes Biologicae 12 (8): 1-5.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Carvalho J, Southwood T (1955) Revisão do complexo Cyrtorhinus Fieber – Mecomma Fieber (Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Miridae). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi 11: 1–72, 25 Figs
- ↑ Henry T, Wheeler AG J (1988) Family Miridae Hahn, 1833 (= Capsidae Burmeister, 1835). The Plant Bugs, pp. 251–507. In: Henry, TJ and RC Froeschner, eds. Catalog of the Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United States. E. J. Brill, Leiden and New York. 958 pp.
- ↑ Schuh R (1995) Plant Bugs of the World (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae). Systematic Catalog, Distributions, Host List, and Bibliography. New York Entomological Society, New York. 1329 pp. (http://research.amnh.org/pbi/catalog) [accessed during preparation of ms. through Sept. 2011].
- ↑ Cassis G, Gross G (1995) Hemiptera: Heteroptera (Coleorrhyncha to Cimicomorpha). Zoological Catalogue of Australia 27.3A: i–xv, 1–506. CSIRO, Melbourne.
- ↑ Kerzhner I, Josifov M (1999) Cimicomorpha II. Miridae, pp. 1–577. In: Aukema, B and C Rieger, eds. Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Volume 3. Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam.
- ↑ Yasunaga T, Takai M, Kawasawa T (2001) A Field Guide to Japanese Bugs II. Zenkoku Noson Kyoidu Kyokai Publ., Tokyo. 350 pp.
- ↑ Schuh R (1984) Revision of the Phylinae (Hemiptera, Miridae) of the Indo-Pacific. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 177: 1-476.
- ↑ Nguyen R, Sosa O, Mead F (1984) Sugarcane delphacid, Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy 1903 (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Entomology Circular 265. 2 pp.
- ↑ Carnegie A, Harris R (1969) The introduction of mirid egg predators (Tytthus spp.) into South Africa. Proceedings of the South African Sugar Technologists’ Association June 1969: 113-116.
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