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Derivation on the instance level (''[[derives_from]]'') holds between distinct material continuants when one succeeds the other across a temporal divide in such a way that at least a biologically significant portion of the matter of the earlier continuant is inherited by the later. We say that one class C ''[[derives_from]]'' class C' if instances of C are connected to instances of C' via some chain of instance-level derivation relations. Formally: C ''[[derives_immediately_from]]'' C' if and only if: given any c and any t, if c instantiates C at time t, then there is some c' and some t', such that c' instantiates C' at t' and t' earlier-than t and c ''[[derives_from]]'' c'. C ''[[derives_from]]'' C' if and only if: there is an chain of immediate derivation relations connecting C to C'.

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