Solanum nitidibaccatum
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Ordo: Solanales
Familia: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Name
Solanum nitidibaccatum Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 208. 1912 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Solanum styleanum Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 44. 1852. Type. Chile. Sin. loc., J. Styles s.n. (holotype: G-DC [G00144016]).
- Bosleria nevadensis A.Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 18(30): 175. 1905. Type. United States of America. Nevada: Washoe County, Pyramid Lake, 9 Jun 1903, G.H. True s.n. (holotype: RM [RM0004387]).
- Solanum patagonicum C.V.Morton, Revis. Argentine Sp. Solanum 146. 1976. Type. Chile. Región XII (Magallanes): Río Paine, 100m, 15 Jan 1931, A. Donat 415 (holotype: BM [BM000617673]; isotypes: BA, BAF, GH [GH00077732], K, SI [SI003331, SI003332], US [US00027733, acc. # 2639758]).
- Solanum physalifolium Rusby var. nitidibaccatum (Bitter) Edmonds, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 92: 27. 1986. Type. Based on Solanumnitidibaccatum Bitter
Type.4
Chile. Sin. loc., 1829, E.F. Poeppig s.n. (lectotype, designated by Edmonds 1986[1], pg. 27: W [acc. # 0004151]; isolectotype: F [v0073346F, acc. # 875221]).
Description
Annual herbs to 20 cm tall, prostrate and spreading to 30 cm in diameter or more. Stems terete, green, not markedly hollow; new growth densely viscid-pubescent with translucent simple, uniseriate 2–8(10)-celled spreading trichomes 1.5–2.0 mm long with a glandular apical cell; older stems glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, 2.0–5.5(–9.5) cm long, 1.5–5.0 (–6.5) cm wide, ovate to broadly ovate, rarely elliptic; adaxial surface sparsely pubescent with spreading 2–4-celled translucent, simple, uniseriate gland-tipped trichomes like those of the stem, these denser along the veins; abaxial surface more evenly densely pubescent on the lamina and veins; major veins 3–6 pairs, not clearly evident abaxially; base attenuate to cuneate, at times asymmetric, decurrent on the petiole; margins entire or sinuate-dentate; apex acute to obtuse; petioles 0.5–2.7(–4.5) cm long, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate glandular trichomes like those of the stems and leaves. Inflorescences 1.0–2.0 cm long, lateral, generally internodal but in new growth appearing leaf-opposed, unbranched, with 4–8(-10) flowers clustered at the tip (sub-umbelliform) or spread along a short rhachis, sparsely pubescent with spreading trichomes like those on stems and leaves; peduncle 0.6–1.3 cm long; pedicels 4–12 mm long, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter at the base and 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter at the apex, straight and spreading, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 0.3–1 mm apart. Buds subglobose, the corolla only slightly exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 1–2 mm long, conical, the lobes 1.7–2.5 mm long, less than 1 mm wide, triangular with acute to obtuse apices, sparsely pubescent with 1–4-celled glandular trichomes like those of the pedicels. Corolla 4–6 mm in diameter, white with a yellow-green central eye with black “V” or “U” shaped edges in the lobe sinuses, rotate-stellate, lobed 1/3 of the way to the base, the lobes 2.3–3.2 mm long, 2.5–3.7 mm wide, spreading at anthesis, sparsely papillate-pubescent abaxially with 1–4-celled simple uniseriate trichomes, especially along tips and midvein. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 1.5–2.0 mm long, adaxially sparsely pubescent with tangled uniseriate 4–6-celled simple trichomes; anthers 1.0–1.4 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm wide, ellipsoid, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 2.5–3.0 mm long, densely pubescent with 2–3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes in the lower half where included in the anther cone, exserted 0.2–1.0 mm beyond the anther cone; stigma capitate, minutely papillate, green in live plants. Fruit a globose berry, 4–13 mm in diameter, brownish green and marbled with white (this not easily visible in herbarium specimens) at maturity, translucent, the surface of the pericarp usually shiny; fruiting pedicels 4–13 mm long, ca. 0.2 mm in diameter at the base, spaced 1–3 mm apart, reflexed and slightly curving, dropping with mature fruits, not persistent; fruiting calyx accrescent, becoming papery in mature fruit, the tube ca. 3mm long, the lobes 2.5–3.5(–4.0) mm long and 3–4 mm wide, appressed against the berry, but the berry clearly visible. Seeds 13–24 per berry, 2.0–2.2 mm long, 1.2–1.4 mm wide, flattened and tear-drop shaped with a subapical hilum, brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline. Stone cells usually (1-)2–3 per berry, occasionally absent, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter. Chromosome number: 2n=2×=24 (see Särkinen et al. 2018[2]).
Distribution
(Figure 35) Solanumnitidibaccatum has an amphitropical distribution in temperate South America and temperate western North America, including northern Baja California. A single collection (Hammel et al. 6964) is known from the high elevation regions of Chiriquí, Panama (D’Arcy 1987[3]). Solanumnitidibaccatum has often been recorded as adventive in North America, but the large number of early herbarium collections far from ports of entry suggest it is native (see also S.triflorum) at least from the Rocky Mountains westwards.
Ecology
Solanumnitidibaccatum is a disturbance loving species, usually found growing along roadsides in the shade of trees and shrubs, and in rocky and sandy soil between (0-)1,200 and 2,500 m elevation. It is a common weed of agriculture and is often found growing in sandy soil in seasonal washes (arroyos).
Common names
Canada. Hairy nightshade, morelle poilu (Alex et al. 1980[4], as S.sarrachoides). United States of America. Ground-cherry nightshade (NatureServe 2017[5], as S.physalifolium), Hairy nightshade (Mohlenbrock 2014[6]), Hoe nightshade (USDA Plants 2017[7], as S.physalifolium), “ah-dye-ee na-tizuah” (Paiute, Train et al. 1941[8], as S.villosum).
Uses
The fruit were used either ripe or in a decoction as a cure for diarrhoea by the Paiute people of Nevada (Train et al. 1941[8], as S.villosum); leaves and berries were soaked in water and applied to watermelon seeds to ensure a good crop by the Navajo (Moerman 1998[9], as S.physalifolium). Train et al. (1941)[8] state that the Paiute people of Nevada “used a tea made from the berries when traveling in areas where the water was not potable”.
Preliminary conservation status (IUCN 2017[10])
Least Concern (LC). Solanumnitidibaccatum is widespread and weedy especially in the southwestern United States of America and the Great Plains; it also occurs in southern South America. For EOO see Table 6.
Discussion
Solanumnitidibaccatum is morphologically similar to and has been treated as S.sarrachoides in most previous treatments of North American morelloids (e.g., Schilling 1981[11]; Schilling and Heiser 1979[12]); it is also often identified as S.physalifolium Rusby. Edmonds (1986)[1] showed that S.nitidibaccatum and S.sarrachoides were distinct morphologically, and phylogenetic results (Särkinen et al. 2015b[13]) confirm this; molecular sequence data also show these two taxa are not closely related despite their overall similarity. Solanumnitidibaccatum has also sometimes been treated at subspecific rank within S.physalifolium, an Andean endemic (see Särkinen and Knapp 2016[14]), but the species are distinct although preliminary data suggest they are closely related (see Särkinen and Knapp 2016[14]). Solanumnitidibaccatum is usually thought to be native to the southeastern parts of South America, from which it has been introduced extensively to other parts of the world where it has become a prolific and successful weed of disturbed sites. The species is locally abundant throughout North America (Ogg et al.1981[15]) and is perhaps native there west of the Rockies (see Distribution above).
Solanumnitidibaccatum can be distinguished from S.sarrachoides in its shorter, plumper anthers, the blackish purple markings in the centre of the corolla on the margins of the central star, and in its fruits that are shiny at maturity, marbled with white (not usually visible on herbarium sheets) and not completely enclosed in the accrescent calyx. In addition, the mature inflorescences of S.nitidibaccatum are always internodal while those of S.sarrachoides are usually leaf-opposed.
Details of typification of the synonyms of S.nitidibaccatum can be found in Barboza et al. (2013)[16] and Särkinen et al. (2018)[2].
Specimens examined
See Suppl. materials 1 and 3.
Taxon Treatment
- Knapp, S; Barboza, G; Bohs, L; Särkinen, T; 2019: A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean PhytoKeys, 123: 1-144. doi
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Other References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Edmonds J (1986) Biosystematics of Solanumsarrachoides Sendtn. and S.physalifolium Rusby (S.nitidibaccatum Bitter).Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society92(1): 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01425.x
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Särkinen T, Poczai P, Barboza G, van der Weerden G, Baden M, Knapp S (2018) A revision of the Old World black nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae).PhytoKeys106: 1–223. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991
- ↑ D’Arcy W (1987) Flora of Panama. Checklist and Index. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 17. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.153180
- ↑ Alex J, Cayoutte R, Mulligan G (1980) Common and botanical names of weeds in Canada/Noms populaire et scientifiques des plantes nuisables du Canada. Ontario Publication 1397. Canadian Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.
- ↑ NatureServe (2017) NatureServe Explorer. An online encyclopedia of life [web application] Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington [available http://explorer.matureserve.org, accessed 26 Nov 2017]
- ↑ Mohlenbrock R (2014) Vascular flora of Illinois: a field guide. 4th edition. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
- ↑ USDA Plants (2017) USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro [http://plants.usda.gov, accessed 26 November 2017].
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Train P, Henrichs J, Archer W (1941) Medicinal uses of plants by Indian tribes of Nevada. Bureau of Plant Industry, USDA, Washington DC. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.81104
- ↑ Moerman D (1998) Native American ethnobotany. Timber, Press, Portland.
- ↑ IUCN (2017) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf
- ↑ Schilling E (1981) Systematics of Solanumsect.Solanum (Solanaceae) in North America.Systematic Botany6(2): 172–185. https://doi.org/10.2307/2418547
- ↑ Schilling J, Heiser J (1979) Crossing relationships among diploid species of the Solanumnigrum complex in North America.American Journal of Botany66(6): 709–716. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1979.tb06275.x
- ↑ Särkinen T, Barboza G, Knapp S (2015b) True Black nightshades: Phylogeny and delimitation of the Morelloid clade of Solanum. Taxon 64(5): 945–958. https://doi.org/10.12705/645.5
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Särkinen T, Knapp S (2016) Two new non-spiny Solanum (Solanaceae) from the Gran Chaco Americano and a key for the herbaceous glandular-pubescent solanums from the region.PhytoKeys74: 19–33. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.74.10159
- ↑ Ogg J, Rogers B, Schilling E (1981) Characterization of black nightshade (Solanumnigrum) and related species in the United States.Weed Science29: 27–32.
- ↑ Barboza G, Knapp S, Särkinen T (2013) Grupo VII. Moreloide. In Anton AM, Zuloaga FO (Eds), Barboza GE (coord.) Flora Argentina vol. 13, Solanaceae. IBODA-IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires & Córdoba, Argentina, 231–264.
