Solanum flaccidum (Knapp, Sandra 2013)
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Ordo: Solanales
Familia: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Name
Solanum flaccidum Vell., Fl. Flumin. 87. 1829 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Solanum flaccidum Knapp, Sandra, 2013, PhytoKeys 22: 1-1.
Description
Description. Woody vine, twining by petioles. Stems glabrous to densely white pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes 0.25-0.5 mm long; new growth densely white pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long. Bark of older stems reddish brown. Sympodial units plurifoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple or more rarely pinnatifid with 1-3 lobes, 2.5-9 cm long, 1-4 cm wide, ovate or obovate to triangular or elliptic, membranous, the upper surfaces glabrous to sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes, these always present on the midrib, the lower surfaces pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long, these in tufts in the vein axils to densely distributed over the entire lamina; primary veins 7-9 pairs, the midrib pubescent adaxially; base truncate to slightly cordate, often asymmetric; margins entire to lobed, the lobes to 1 cm long, pinched in at the base; apex acute; petioles 1-5 cm long, glabrous to densely white-pubescent, curling and twining. Inflorescences terminal or very occasionally lateral, 1-9 cm long, many times branched, with 10-50 flowers, glabrous to densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long, the transition from stem to inflorescence not always clear; peduncle ca. 1 cm long; pedicels 1-1.5 cm long, slender, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, 0.5-1 mm in diameter at the apex, spreading at anthesis, glabrous to sparsely pubescent with simple trichomes, articulated at the base from a small sleeve; pedicel scars irregularly spaced 0.5-1 cm apart. Buds ellipsoid to fusiform, the corolla strongly exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers all perfect, 5-merous. Calyx tube 2-2.5 mm long, conical, the lobes 1-1.5 mm long, broadly deltate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Corolla 2.3-2.5 cm in diameter, violet or purple, fading to white, rotate-stellate, lobed ca. 1/2 way to the base, the lobes 6-9 mm long, 5-8 mm wide, spreading or planar at anthesis, densely pubescent abaxially with simple uniseriate trichomes <0.25 mm long, glabrous adaxially. Filament tube minute, free portion of filaments unequal, one filament 3-3.5 mm long, the others 2-2.5 mm long, the long filament equalling the others early in anthesis, lengthening with flower age, all filaments glabrous; anthers 4.5-5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, loosely connivent, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age or not. Ovary glabrous; style 8-10 mm long, glabrous; stigma clavate, the surface minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 0.9-1 cm in diameter, green (immature?), probably shiny at maturity, glabrous the pericarp thin; fruiting pedicels 2-2.5 cm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base (immature?), woody, pendent. Seeds not observed from mature berries. Chromosome number: not known.
Distribution
Distribution (Figure 44). Coastal eastern Brazil inland to Paraguay; 40-1800 m.
Discussion
Discussion. Solanum flaccidum is a relatively common species where it occurs, and in Brazil it is found sympatrically with Solanum odoriferum, also a vining member of the Dulcamaroid clade. The two species can be distinguished by their leaf morphology (glabrous and shining in Solanum odoriferum, variously pubescent in Solanum flaccidum), calyx shape (truncate in Solanum odoriferum, lobed in Solanum flaccidum) and anther morphology. Solanum flaccidum has one anther with the filament longer than the other four, while in Solanum odoriferum, the filaments are all equal throughout anthesis. In early anthesis in Solanum flaccidum, the filaments appear to be more or less equal, so care must be taken to examine fully mature flowers. In Paraguay Solanum flaccidum is sympatric with Solanum uncinellum, which also has one anther borne on a longer filament. Solanum flaccidum has more rotate flowers than the latter species, and in general is less pubescent with simple, rather than dendritic, trichomes. The long filament in flowers of Solanum uncinellum is twice as long as the other filaments, while in Solanum flaccidum the long filament is less than twice as long as the others; in addition, the anthers of Solanum uncinellum are tapered and pointed, while those of Solanum flaccidum are ellipsoid. As with many species in this group, Solanum flaccidum has heteromorphic leaves, with simple and pinnatifid leaves borne on the same stems. Once a stem is flowering, it appears that the leaves are all simple, so very few collections have been made of plants with pinnatifid leaves (but see Mueller 311 at K). It may be, as with other species of this clade, that juvenile foliage is more likely to be pinnatifid than is foliage on reproductive shoots (see Solanum dulcamaroides). In the absence of specimens (Carauta 1973), lectypification of Vellozo names is best done using the plates from that work (Vellozo 1831); they are distinctive and in this case have all the distinguishing features of the species (i.e., twining petioles and unequal anthers, see Figure 45)). The name Solanum flaccidum has been in more common use (e.g., Mentz and Oliveria 2004) and is therefore to be preferred over the simulataneously published Solanum triphyllum (Figure 46). Solanum convolvulus is lectotypifed with one of the many sheets of the syntypes that is annotated in Sendtner's hand. Although the type of Solanum delilei was said to have been grown from Mexican seeds and the description does not mention unequal anthers, the specimen at G has the unmistakable anther morphology and is vegetatively a perfect match for Solanum flaccidum. Dunal cited material he had seen cultivated in Paris and Montpellier, but the only herbarium material unambiguously cited is a sheet from "h. Delessert", here designated as the lectotype. Mix-ups as to the provenance of plants grown in European botanic gardens were common (see Turland et al. 1996). Several sheets of Lhotsky 87 in G-DC have labels stating "Solanum uvareaifolium nob. 1819" in Dunal's hand; this name was never published. Several Martius collections (Martius "745" and "747" from Minas Gerais and Bahia and one Sellow collection (from southern Brazil) are syntypes of Solanum fultum; I have chosen the sheet at M (M0171876) of Martius 745 bearing a label with a description in Sendtner's hand and with several inflorescences bearing flowers with the diagnostic unequal anthers as the lectotype. The other two syntypes are also from Minas Gerais, but are less complete (Martius 747, M0171877; Sellow s.n., P00335352). Witasek (1910) described variety heterophyllum under both Solanum convolvulus and Solanum flaccidum; a sheet of the former at W (W-1922-0001503) is selected as the lectotype (no herbaria were cited in the protologue and these specimens are at either W or WU) and the sheet at WU [WU0037973] with pinnatifid lower leaves as the lectotype of the latter. The type specimen of Solanum uncinellum var. atrosanguineum at P has the ellipsoid anthers and rotate-stellate corolla of Solanum flaccidum, not the tapered anthers and deeply stellate corolla of the more widespread Solanum uncinellum.
Taxon Treatment
- Knapp, Sandra; 2013: A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae), PhytoKeys 22: 1-1. doi
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