Solanum\according to Knapp et al 2017
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Ordo: Solanales
Familia: Solanaceae
Name
Solanum , sensu Stern et al. (2011) and Wahlert et al. (2014) – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Solanum section Leprophora Dunal, Hist. Solanum 125, 181. 1813. Type species. S. elaeagnifolium Cav.
- Solanum ellipticum species group sensu Whalen (1989), S. elaeagnifolium only, excl. type.
- Solanum vespertilio group sensu Whalen (1989), S. houstonii only [as S. tridynamum], excl. type.
- Solanum section Lathyrocarpum G.Don, Series 2 Nee (1999)[1], S. mortonii Hunz. only, excl. type.
- Solanum section Lathyrocarpum G.Don, Series 4 Nee (1999)[1]. Type species: S. elaeagnifolium Cav. (incl. also S. hindsianum, S. houstonii [as S. tridynamum]).
Description
Shrubs, sometimes rhizomatous, armed or unarmed. Stems terete, pubescent with multangulate, porrect-stellate or lepidote trichomes, sometimes glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate or occasionally trifoliate or plurifoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple to shallowly lobed to occasionally somewhat pinnatifid, concolorous or discolorous, densely pubescent with multangulate, stellate or lepidote trichomes; petioles well developed, sometimes channelled above. Inflorescences terminal to lateral, usually unbranched, occasionally furcate, not bracteate, with up to 10 flowers (exceptionally to 26 flowers in S. houstonii), in andromonoecious plants with a single (or two) hermaphroditic long-styled flowers at the base and all distal flowers short-styled and functionally staminate; peduncle robust, clearly distinct armed or unarmed; pedicels articulated at the base, armed or unarmed. Flowers 5-merous, actinomorphic to zygomorphic, perfect or strongly heteromorphic with long- and short-styled morphs and the plants andromonoecious. Calyx armed or unarmed, the lobes deltate and usually strongly keeled with an elongate acumen. Corolla stellate or rotate stellate, purple or occasionally white, usually with a green star at the base, the lobes spreading or slightly reflexed at anthesis. Stamens unequal, sometimes markedly so (S. houstonii), the filaments equal, the anthers strongly tapering with distally directed pores, usually somewhat spreading and not connivent. Ovary conical, vestigial in strongly andromonoecious species, glabrous or sparsely stellate-pubescent; style in long-styled flowers straight or curved, glabrous or sparsely stellate-pubescent near the base; stigma clavate in long-styled flowers, vestigial in short-styled flowers. Fruit a globose berry, indehiscent or dehiscent, often enclosed in the accrescent calyx; pericarp brittle at fruit maturity, glabrous. Seeds flattened reniform, yellowish tan or blackish brown, often shiny with what appears to be a sticky substance. Chromosome number: n=12, 24, 36 (Moscone 1992[2]; Acosta et al. 2005[3]; Scaldaferro et al. 2012[4]; Chiarini et al. in press[5]).
Distribution
An exclusively New World group occurring in North America (western United States and Mexico) and southern South America (Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile). One species, S. elaeagnifolium, is an invasive weed in dry areas worldwide.
Discussion
As discussed above under Phylogeny and as can be seen by the synonymy of the clade, members of this group were previously not thought to be closely related. Their resolution as sister to the diverse and diversifying Old World clade of spiny solanums makes them of particular interest in terms of character evolution. Nee (1999)[1] placed all of the species treated here in his section Lathyrocarpum (whose type species is S. carolinense L., see Wahlert et al. 2015[6]) in two different series; in this he followed the views of Hunziker (1979)[7].
The clade, as is common with the groups of spiny solanums, has few unambiguous and unique synapomorphies. The andromonoecious habit (very weak in S. elaeagnifolium), unusual dry and often dehiscent berries, dark sticky seeds, silvery pubescence and propensity to grow in arid zones are all characters that are shared by the species in this group. None of these are unique to the S. elaeagnifolium group, however, either in Solanum or in Solanaceae more widely, although the dehiscent berries of all these species (save S. elaeagnifolium) are only rarely found in Solanum (e.g., S. tununduggae, S. vansittartensis of Australia, see Symon 1981[8]; Knapp 2002a[9]).
Artificial key to the species of the S. elaeagnifolium group
Taxon Treatment
- Knapp, S; Sagona, E; Carbonell, A; Chiarini, F; 2017: A revision of the Solanum elaeagnifolium clade (Elaeagnifolium clade; subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae) PhytoKeys, (84): 1-104. doi
Other References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nee M (1999) Synopsis of Solanum in the New World. In: Nee M, Symon DE, Lester RN, Jessop JP (Eds) Solanaceae IV: advances in biology and utilization, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, 285–333.
- ↑ Moscone E (1992) Estudios sobre cromosomas meióticos en Solanaceae de Argentina. Darwiniana 31: 261–297.
- ↑ Acosta M, Bernardello G, Guerra M, Moscone E (2005) Karyotype analysis in several South American species of Solanum and Lycianthes rantonnei (Solanaceae). Taxon 54: 713–723. https://doi.org/10.2307/25065428
- ↑ Scaldaferro M, Chiarini F, Santiñaque F, Bernardello G, Moscone E (2012) Geographical pattern and ploidy levels of the weed Solanum elaeagnifolium (Solanaceae) from Argentina. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 59: 1833–1847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9807-9
- ↑ Chiarini F, Lipari D, Barboza G, Knapp D (in press) Solanaceae, in IOPB Chromosome Reports. Taxon.
- ↑ Wahlert G, Chiarini F, Bohs L (2015) A revision of Solanum section Lathyrocarpum (the Carolinense clade, Solanaceae). Systematic Botany 40: 853–887. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364415X689302
- ↑ Hunziker A (1979) Estudios sobre Solanaceae IX: Solanum mortonii, especie nueva del noroeste de Argentina. Kurtziana 12–13: 133–138.
- ↑ Symon D (1981) A revision of Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden 4: 1–367.
- ↑ Knapp S (2002a) Tobacco to tomatoes: a phylogenetic perspective on fruit diversity in the Solanaceae. Journal of Experimental Botany 53: 2001–2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erf068
