Psyttalia

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Taxonavigation

Ordo: Hymenoptera
Familia: Braconidae

Name

Psyttalia Walker, 1860 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

• Psyttalia Walker, 1860: 311. Type species (by monotypy): Psyttalia testacea Walker, 1860 (= Opius walkeri Muesebeck, 1931) [examined].
• Mesostoma Cameron, 1905: 42. Type species (by monotypy): Mesostoma testaceipes Cameron, 1905.
• Marginopius Fahringer, 1935: 9. Type species (by monotypy): Opius (Marginopius) romani Fahringer, 1935.
• Austroopius Szépligeti, 1900: 64. Type species (by monotypy): Austroopius novaguineensis Szépligeti, 1900 [examined].
• Acidoxanthopius Fischer, 1972: 71 (as subgenus of Opius Wesmael, 1835). Type species (by original designation): Opius acidoxanthicidus Fullaway, 1949.

Diagnosis

(mainly after Wharton 2009). Hypopygium of ♀ enlarged, 0.3–0.5 times as long as length of metasoma, distinctly acute apically (Figs 13, 44, 65) and vein m-cu of fore wing 0.5–0.7 times vein 1-M (Figs 2, 14, 28, 55); pterostigma distinctly triangular (Figs 2, 55, 78, 90); scutellum slightly convex; second metasomal tergite strongly transverse, posterior width 4–7 times its median length (Fig. 5, but sometimes not separated from third tergite and nearby border only indicated by line of setae) and its anterior half usually without granulation, but sometimes distinct in Psyttalia cyclogaster (Fig. 17) and similar species; hypoclypeal depression wide and clypeus medium-sized (Fig. 19) or narrow (Figs 49, 71, 83, 95); precoxal sulcus impressed and usually crenulate medially; antenna of ♀ 1.1–1.7 times as long as fore wing; temple narrow (Figs 8, 32, 50, 96) or medium-sized (Figs 20, 84); vein m-cu of fore wing more or less antefurcal or interstitial (but more or less postfurcal in Psyttalia cyclogaster (Fig. 13) and similar species), gradually merging into vein 2-CU1 (Figs 28, 78) or angled with 2-CU1 (Figs 2, 13, 55, 90), straight or slightly (Fig. 2) to strongly curved; vein 1-CU1 of fore wing more or less widened (Figs 2, 28, 35, 66; but hardly so in Psyttalia cyclogaster (Fig. 13) and similar species); vein 2-SR+M of fore wing absent (Fig. 13) or present and more or less widened (Figs 2, 28, 55) or slender (Figs 55, 90); vein CU1b of fore wing present; second submarginal cell of fore rather elongate (Figs 2, 14); antero-medially pronotum at most with a transverse groove (Fig. 9) or with an shallow point-like pronope; mandible symmetrical, without extra protuberance (Fig. 86); medio-longitudinal carina of propodeum often present, but hardly so in Psyttalia cyclogaster (Fig. 17) and similar species); ovipositor sheath protruding far beyond apex of metasoma, its setose part usually 3–5 times as long as first metasomal tergite.

Biology

Parasitoids of larvae of Tephritidae; mainly in fruits, but sometimes in buds, flowers or galls (Wharton 2009).

Distribution

Cosmopolitan, except Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Wharton (2009) excluded Psyttalia ovaliops (Fischer, 1980) and Psyttalia rufoflava Fischer, 2001 (the only species known from the New World) because they belong to different New World species groups.

Notes

Tobias and Jakimavičius (1986) synonymized Phlebosema Fischer, 1972 (as “Phelbosema”) with Psyttalia. This is not accepted here because the type species (Opius discreparius Fischer, 1963, from Japan) has a narrow elliptical pterostigma and the second metasomal tergite is granulate. Later Tobias included the type species in the subgenus Tolbia Cameron, 1907 (Tobias 1998). Both subgenera (Phlebosema and Tolbia) were synonymized with Phaedrotoma Foerster, 1863, by Li et al. (2013).
All known Psyttalia species from China have the setose part of ovipositor sheath about as long as the metasoma or slightly longer (= 3–5 times as long as first metasomal tergite). If the sheath is about twice as long as the metasoma, see the similar Phaedrotoma daghestanicum (Telenga, 1950) comb. n. that may occur in NW China. It is not included in Psyttalia, because the medio-posterior depression of the mesoscutum is present, vein CU1b of the fore wing is absent, the pterostigma is narrow, vein 1-CU1 of the fore wing is narrow, the precoxal sulcus is absent and the second metasomal tergite is as long as the third tergite (Fischer 1983). It is included in Phaedrotoma because it keys out there in the key by Li et al. (2013) and in the key below.
The genus Psyttalia Walker may be confused with Psyttoma van Achterberg & Li and some species of Phaedrotoma Foerster (Li et al. 2013), because of the acute hypopygium and far-protruding ovipositor. They can be separated as follows (for convenience Rhogadopsis is added because sometimes Rhogadopsis species are mistaken for Psyttalia).

Notes — Q. Wu , C. Achterberg , J. Tan , X. Chen

1		Scutellum distinctly protruding above level of mesoscutum; hypopygium of ♀ distinctly acute apically and about 0.3 times as long as metasoma and hind wing narrow; hind femur very robust, 2–3 times as long as wide; labrum slanted backwards, leaving a depression below clypeus; medio-anterior veins of hind wing of ♂ strongly widened     Psyttoma van Achterberg & Li, 2012
–		Scutellum at level of mesoscutum; hypopygium of ♀ variable, if distinctly acute apically and about 0.3 times as long as metasoma then hind wing moderately wide and hind femur slender, 4–5 times as long as wide; labrum normal, without depression below clypeus; medio-anterior veins of hind wing of ♂ narrow    2
2		Hypopygium of ♀ often distinctly acute apically and 0.3–0.6 times as long as metasoma, if without narrow acute apex then vein 2-SR+M of fore wing distinctly widened medially; second metasomal tergite strongly transverse and shorter than third tergite; first discal cell of fore wing transverse (Fig. 28), but less so in Psyttalia cyclogaster (Fig. 14); vein m-cu of fore wing often gradually merging into vein 2-CU1 and more or less curved (Fig. 28); Old World     Psyttalia Walker, 1860
–		Hypopygium of ♀ obtuse apically or nearly so and 0.1–0.3 times as long as metasoma; if rather acute apically and enlarged, then vein 2-SR+M of fore wing narrow medially, second tergite less transverse and about as long as third tergite; first discal cell of fore wing usually less transverse (Fig. 101); vein m-cu of fore wing usually angled with vein 2-CU1 and straight (Fig. 101); cosmopolitan    3
3		Propodeum with medio-longitudinal carina anteriorly; vein m-cu of fore wing often gradually merging into 2-CU1 and linear with vein 2-M or nearly so; vein 1r-m of hind wing less oblique and 0.6–1.0 times as long as vein 1-M (combined with a comparatively wide hind wing); anterior groove of metapleuron crenulate dorsally; vein CU1b of fore wing medium-sized     Rhogadopsis Brèthes, 1913
–		Medio-longitudinal carina of propodeum absent anteriorly; vein m-cu of fore wing angled with vein 2-M, if rarely linear then angled with vein 2-CU1; vein 1r-m of hind wing usually distinctly oblique and 0.3–0.6 times as long as vein 1-M; at least dorsal half of anterior groove of metapleuron smooth; vein CU1b of fore wing usually short or absent, but sometimes medium-sized     Phaedrotoma Foerster, 1863

Key to East Palaearctic and North Oriental species of the genus Psyttalia Walker

Key to East Palaearctic and North Oriental species of the genus Psyttalia Walker — Q. Wu , C. Achterberg , J. Tan , X. Chen

1		Scutellum medio-posteriorly densely setose and micro-sculptured, and slightly protruding or pinched subposteriorly (Figs 16, 17); vein m-cu of fore wing distinctly postfurcal (Fig. 14) to subinterstitial; area behind stemmaticum with a small pit and in front of anterior ocellus with a smooth protuberance (Figs 20, 21; often absent or obsolescent in small specimens); propodeum largely finely rugose (Fig. 17); [hind femur 3.5–4.2 times as long as wide (Fig. 25); antenna with 26–39 segments; setose part of ovipositor sheath 0.43–0.57 times as long as fore wing and 1.31.8 times hind tibia; T2 more or less micro-sculptured; clypeus flattened, medium-sized trapezoid (Fig. 19)]     Psyttalia cyclogaster (Thomson, 1895)
–		Scutellum medio-posteriorly with some setae and smooth, and flat subposteriorly (Figs 4, 37, 58, 68); vein m-cu of fore wing more or less antefurcal (Figs 2, 28, 55, 78, 90); area behind stemmaticum without a pit or pit minute and in front of anterior ocellus flat or with a narrow convex ridge (Figs 8, 32, 84, 96); propodeum at least partly smooth (Figs 5, 30, 64, 68, 93)    2
2		Propodeum with pair of complete, medium-sized and coarsely crenulate grooves sublaterally (Fig. 93); frons largely punctate-rugose in front of anterior ocellus (Fig. 96); vein SR of hind wing absent (Fig. 90); sixth tergite longer than fifth tergite or nearly as long and ivory (Figs 89, 99); vein m-cu of fore wing subparallel to vein 1-M, straight and vein 2-SR+M slender (Fig. 90); antenna with 52–53 segments     Psyttalia spectabilis van Achterberg, sp. n.
–		Propodeum at most with pair of finely crenulate narrow grooves (Fig. 80) or with wide and incomplete crenulate grooves anteriorly (Figs 47, 64, 68); frons smooth in front of anterior ocellus, at most near antennal sockets sculptured (Figs 50, 72, 84); vein SR of hind wing indicated as faint depression (Fig. 78); sixth tergite shorter than fifth tergite or nearly as long and usually black or brownish yellow (Figs 12, 51, 73); vein m-cu of fore wing usually distinctly converging to vein 1-M posteriorly, more or less curved and vein 2-SR+M more or less widened (Figs 2, 28, 35, 55, 66, 78); antenna with 36–55 segments    3
3		Vein r of fore wing 0.7–1.0 times vein 2-SR (Fig. 28); vein 2-SR+M of fore wing distinctly widened (Fig. 28); antenna largely brownish yellow    4
–		Vein r of fore wing 0.3–0.5 times vein 2-SR (Figs 2, 35, 55, 66); vein 2-SR+M of fore wing hardly or not widened (Figs 2, 55, 78); antenna (except scapus and pedicellus) dark brown or brown    6
4		Vein 2-SR+M of fore wing 3.5–4.0 times as long as wide (Fig. 28); vein m-cu of fore wing weakly curved or straight (Fig. 28)     Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri, 1916)
–		Vein 2-SR+M of fore wing about twice as long as wide; vein m-cu of fore wing strongly curved    5
5		Vein r of fore wing about 0.8 times vein 2-SR; vein 1-CU1 of fore wing about as long as vein cu-a     Psyttalia makii (Sonan, 1932)
–		Vein r of fore wing about as long as vein 2-SR; vein 1-CU1 of fore wing at most 0.7 times as long as vein cu-a     Psyttalia fletcheri (Silvestri, 1916)
6		Head directly narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view, eye 3–6 times longer than temple (Figs 8, 50); wing membrane subhyaline (Fig. 1); hypopygium of ♀ pale yellowish or pale brown medio-ventrally (Figs 12, 51); length of fore wing 2.8–3.4 mm; antenna of ♀ with 36–44 segments    7
–		Head gradually narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view, eye 1.8–2.5 times longer than temple (Figs 72, 84); wing membrane weakly to distinctly infuscate (Figs 66, 78); hypopygium of ♀ dark brown or brown medio-ventrally (Figs 73, 85); length of fore wing 4.5–5.5 mm; antenna of ♀ with 44–47 segments    9
7		Vein 1-CU1 of fore wing strongly widened and nearly as long as vein 2-CU1 (Figs 34–35); ocelli large (Fig. 40); frons smooth laterally; mesoscutum of ♂ with well-defined V-shaped pale yellow area (Fig. 37)     Psyttalia latinervis Wu & van Achterberg, sp. n.
–		Vein 1-CU1 of fore wing at most moderately widened and much shorter than vein 2-CU1 (Figs 2, 55); ocelli smaller (Fig. 8); if rather large (Fig. 61) then frons punctate laterally (Fig. 61); mesoscutum of ♂ without distinct V-shaped area medio-posteriorly (Fig. 58), at most mesoscutum with rectangular yellowish brown area medially    8
8		OOL 2.0–2.4 times diameter of posterior ocellus and POL slightly longer than diameter of ocellus (Fig. 8); frons and vertex laterally largely smooth, except some punctulation (Fig. 8); medio-posterior triangular areola of propodeum short (Fig. 5); pterostigma dark brown medially (Fig. 2); vein 2-SR+M of fore wing about 0.4 times as long as vein m-cu (Fig. 2); base of hind tibia and hind tarsus brownish yellow (Fig. 12)     Psyttalia carinata (Thomson, 1895)
–		OOL 1.2–1.7 times diameter of posterior ocellus and POL 0.8–1.0 times diameter of ocellus (Figs 50, 61); frons and vertex punctate laterally (Fig. 50); medio-posterior triangular areola of propodeum variable, often longer (Figs 48, 63, 64); pterostigma pale brown medially (Figs 44, 54, 55); vein 2-SR+M of fore wing 0.6–0.8 times as long as vein m-cu (Figs 45, 54, 55); base of hind tibia often and hind tarsus largely dark brown (Fig. 57)     Psyttalia majocellata Wu & van Achterberg, sp. n.
9		Mesosoma orange brown, contrasting with mainly black metasoma (Fig. 65); hind femur robust and 2.9–3.3 times as long as wide (Fig. 73); fore wing distinctly infuscate (Fig. 66); vein 2-SR+M of fore wing rather widened (Fig. 66); legs yellowish brown (Fig. 65); vein 3-SR of fore wing 1.4–1.8 times as long as vein 2-SR (Fig. 66)     Psyttalia romani (Fahringer, 1935)
–		Mesosoma mainly black or dark brown as metasoma (Fig. 77); hind femur slenderer and 3.5–3.9 times as long as wide (Fig. 85); fore wing slightly infuscate (Fig. 78); vein 2-SR+M of fore wing slightly widened (Fig. 78); legs brownish yellow (Fig. 77); vein 3-SR of fore wing 1.4–1.5 times as long as vein 2-SR (Fig. 78)     Psyttalia sakhalinica (Tobias, 1998)

Taxon Treatment

• Wu, Q; Achterberg, C; Tan, J; Chen, X; 2016: Review of the East Palaearctic and North Oriental Psyttalia Walker, with the description of three new species (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Opiinae) ZooKeys, (629): 103-151. doi

Images

Figure 1. Psyttalia carinata (Thomson), ♀, holotype of Opius brevitemporalis Tobias, habitus lateral.  Figures 2–12. Psyttalia carinata (Thomson), ♀, holotype of Opius brevitemporalis Tobias. 2 wings 3 head and mesosoma lateral 4 mesosoma dorsal 5 propodeum and first–third metasomal tergites dorsal 6 base of antenna 7 head anterior 8 head dorsal 9 antenna 10 apex of antenna 11 mandible lateral 12 hind leg and hypopygium lateral.  Figure 13. Psyttalia cyclogaster (Thomson), ♀, China, Ningshan, habitus lateral.  Figures 14–24. Psyttalia cyclogaster (Thomson), ♀, China, Ningshan. 14 wings 15 mesosoma lateral 16 mesosoma dorsal 17 propodeum and first–third metasomal tergites dorsal 18 base of antenna 19 head anterior 20 head dorsal 21 detail of posterior part of head and pronotum dorsal 22 antenna 23 apex of antenna 24 mandible antero-lateral.  Figures 25–27. Psyttalia cyclogaster (Thomson), ♀, China, Ningshan. 25 hind leg lateral 26 hypopygium lateral 27 head lateral.  Figures 28–32. Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri), ♂, China, Fujian. 28 wings 29 first metasomal tergite dorsal 30 propodeum dorsal 31 head anterior 32 head dorsal.  Figure 33. Psyttalia latinervis sp. n., ♂, holotype, habitus lateral.  Figures 34–43. Psyttalia latinervis sp. n., ♂, holotype. 34 wings 35 detail of middle third of fore wing 36 mesosoma lateral 37 mesosoma dorsal 38 propodeum and first–third metasomal tergites dorsal 39 head anterior 40 head dorsal 41 head lateral 42 hind leg 43 antenna.  Figure 44. Psyttalia majocellata sp. n., ♀, holotype, habitus lateral.  Figures 45–52. Psyttalia majocellata sp. n., ♀, holotype. 45 wings 46 head and mesosoma lateral 47 mesosoma dorsal 48 propodeum and first–third metasomal tergites dorsal 49 head anterior 50 head dorsal 51 hind femur and hypopygium lateral 52 base of antenna.  Figure 53. Psyttalia majocellata sp. n., ♂ paratype, habitus lateral.  Figures 54–64. Psyttalia majocellata sp. n., ♂ paratype, but 64 of ♀ holotype. 54 wings 55 detail of middle third of fore wing 56 mesosoma lateral 57 hind leg 58 mesosoma dorsal 59 propodeum and first–third metasomal tergites dorsal 60 head anterior 61 head dorsal 62 antenna 63–64 metanotum and propodeum dorsal.  Figure 65. Psyttalia romani (Fahringer), ♀, Russia, Novorossijka, habitus lateral.  Figures 66–76. Psyttalia romani (Fahringer), ♀, Russia, Novorossijka. 66 wings 67 head and mesosoma lateral 68 mesosoma dorsal 69 first–third metasomal tergites dorsal 70 apex of antenna 71 head anterior 72 head dorsal 73 hind leg and hypopygium lateral 74 mandible lateral 75 antenna 76 base of antenna.  Figure 77. Psyttalia sakhalinica (Tobias), ♀, holotype, habitus lateral.  Figures 78–88. Psyttalia sakhalinica (Tobias), ♀, holotype. 78 wings 79 head and mesosoma lateral 80 mesosoma dorsal 81 first–third metasomal tergites dorsal 82 base of antenna 83 head anterior 84 head dorsal 85 hind leg and hypopygium lateral 86 mandible lateral 87 apex of antenna 88 antenna.  Figure 89. Psyttalia spectabilis sp. n., ♀, holotype, habitus lateral.  Figures 90–99. Psyttalia spectabilis sp. n., ♀, holotype. 90 wings 91 head and mesosoma lateral 92 mesosoma dorsal 93 propodeum and first–third metasomal tergites dorsal 94 hypopygium lateral 95 head anterior 96 head dorsal 97 base of antenna 98 antenna 99 hind leg and hypopygium lateral.  Figure 100. Rhogadopsis mediocarinata (Fischer), ♀, holotype of Opius vacuus Tobias, habitus lateral.  Figures 101–110. Rhogadopsis mediocarinata (Fischer), ♀, holotype of Opius vacuus Tobias. 101 wings 102 head and mesosoma lateral 103 mesosoma dorsal 104 first–third metasomal tergites dorsal 105 base of antenna 106 head anterior 107 head dorsal 108 mandible lateral 109 hind leg and hypopygium lateral 110 antenna.