Pseudomalus violaceus\according to Paukkunen et al 2015
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Ordo: Hymenoptera
Familia: Chrysididae
Genus: Pseudomalus
Name
Pseudomalus violaceus (Scopoli, 1763) – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Sphex violacea Scopoli, 1763: 298.
- Chrysis micans Olivier, 1791: 677.
- Chrysis fuscipennis Dahlbom, 1829: 15.
- Chrysis coerulea Dahlbom, 1831: 33.
- Pseudomalus violaceus: Kimsey and Bohart 1991[1]: 270.
Diagnosis
Length 5–8 mm. The species differs from other species of the genus by its completely violet-blue (female) or black-green to black-blue (male) body, and a wide and shallow apical notch on T3. The scapal basin is also higher and dorsally deeply angled. Exceptionally small and worn specimens can be confused with Omalus puncticollis (or Omalus aeneus), but the mesopleuron of Pseudomalus violaceus always strongly projects ventrally (as in Fig. 28) and the mesoscutum has large punctures, which are clumped postero-medially (as in Fig. 27).
Distribution
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden. Relatively rare. – Trans-Palearctic (?). Europe, Middle East, Siberia, Manchuria (Linsenmaier 1997[2]). Eastern records could be related to Pseudomalus bergi Semenov, 1932 (Rosa et al. 2014[3]) or other similar central Asiatic species, e.g. Pseudomalus bogojavlenskii Semenov, 1932 or Pseudomalus saturatus Semenov, 1932.
Biology
Habitat: forest margins and clearings. Often found on leaves of sun-exposed deciduous trees and bushes. Flight period: June to August. Adults are attracted to honeydew of aphids (Gauss 1987[4]). Host: Pemphredon lugubris (Fabricius), more rarely also Passaloecus corniger Shuckard and Passaloecus eremita Kohl (Crabronidae) (Nielsen 1900[5], Morgan 1984[6], Gathmann and Tscharntke 1999[7], our own obs.). Host records of other species (e.g. Trypoxylon Latreille) are doubtful, because of their deviant biology compared to other hosts. In Finland, the species has been reared from an old gall of Saperda populnea (Linnaeus) (Cerambycidae) on a Populus branch (M. Pentinsaari pers. obs.) and a rotten Alnus stump containing host nests.
Taxon Treatment
- Paukkunen, J; Berg, A; Soon, V; Ødegaard, F; Rosa, P; 2015: An illustrated key to the cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) of the Nordic and Baltic countries, with description of a new species ZooKeys, (548): 1-116. doi
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Other References
- ↑ Kimsey L, Bohart R (1991) [1990] The Chrysidid Wasps of the World. Oxford Press, New York, 652 pp.
- ↑ Linsenmaier W (1997) Die Goldwespen der Schweiz. Veröffentlichungen aus dem Natur-Museum Luzern 9: 1–139.
- ↑ Rosa P, Wei N, Xu Z (2014) An annotated checklist of the chrysidid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) from China. ZooKeys 455: 1–128. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.455.6557
- ↑ Gauss R (1987) Varietäten, Abnormitaten und Raritaten bei Hautflüglern (Hymenoptera Aculeata), gleichzeitig dritter Nachtrag zur Hautflüglerfauna im badischen Raum. Mitteilungen des Badischen Landesvereins für Naturkunde und Naturschutz, Neue Folge 14: 361–371.
- ↑ Nielsen I (1900) Biologiske Studier over Gravehvepse. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjøbenhavn for 1900: 255–280.
- ↑ Morgan D (1984) Cuckoo-wasps, Hymenoptera, Chrysididae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, Vol. 6, Part 5. Royal Entomological Society of London, London, 37 pp.
- ↑ Gathmann A, Tscharntke T (1999) Landschafts-Bewertung mit Bienen und Wespen in Nisthilfen: Artenspectrum, Interactionen und Bestimmungschlüssel. Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege Baden-Württemberg 73: 277–305.
