Lithobius tetraspinus
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Ordo: Lithobiomorpha
Familia: Lithobiidae
Genus: Lithobius
Name
Lithobius tetraspinus Pei & Lu & Liu & Hou & Ma, 2018 sp. n. – Wikispecies link – ZooBank link – Pensoft Profile
Material examined
Holotype: ♂ (Fig. 1), body length 11.7 mm, cephalic plate 1.10 mm long, 1.17 mm broad, Balikun County, Hami City, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, 43°06'N, 93°00'E, 968 m, a.s.l., 25 July 2006, leg. H. Ma, F. Zhang, S. Liu (HUSLS). Paratypes: 8 ♀♀, 1 ♂, same data as holotype (HUSLS).
Etymology
The specific name refers to the second article of the female gonopods with four short, robust spines lying dorsally on the posterior part of the external margin.
Diagnosis
A Lithobius (Ezembius) species with body length 9.6–13.3 mm, antennae composed of 19–22 articles, commonly 20+20; 8–10 ocelli on each side, arranged in 3 irregular rows, posterior two ocelli comparatively large; Tömösváry’s organ small, subequal in size to the adjoining ocelli; 2+2 coxosternal teeth; porodonts moderately thick, posterolateral to the lateralmost tooth; posterior angles of all tergites without triangular projections; coxal pores 2–5, oval to round; female gonopods commonly with 3+3 moderately large, coniform spurs; second article of female gonopods with four short, robust spines lying dorsally on the posterior part of the external margin; gonopods with a simple terminal article; male gonopods short and small, with 1–2 long setae on the terminal segment.
Description
Body length 9.6–13.3 mm, cephalic plate 1.03–1.24 mm long, 1.06–1.31 mm wide.
Colour: basal antennal articles chocolate, distal articles gradually lighter, distalmost article yellow-brown. Tergites yellow-brown, TT 1 and 14 more darker. Cephalic plate and T 15 chocolate. Pleural region pale grey. Sternites pale yellow-brown. Distal part of forcipules red-brown, with basal and proximal parts of forcipules and forcipular coxosternite and sternite 15 yellow-brown. Legs 1–13 pale yellow-brown with greyish hue, legs 14 and 15 red-brown, tarsi of legs yellow-brown.
Antennae: 19–22 articles, commonly 20+20 (Fig. 1), only one specimen 20+25 articles; basal article longer than wide, second article markedly longer than wide, with following articles gradually shortening distally. Distalmost article 2.0–2.4 times as long as wide. Abundant setae on antennal surface, gradual increase in density of setae basally to distally to approx. 3–4th article. Cephalic plate smooth, convex, tiny setae emerging from pores scattered sparsely over the entire surface. Frontal marginal ridge of head with shallow anterior median furrow. Setae of various lengths scattered along the marginal ridge of the cephalic plate. Lateral marginal ridge discontinuous. Posterior margin continuous, straight (Fig. 1).
Eight to ten oval to rounded ocelli on each side (Fig. 2), arranged in three irregular rows; posterior two ocelli large; ocelli adjacent to the Tömösváry organ slightly small. Seriate ocelli domed, translucent, usually darkly pigmented.
Tömösváry organ at anterolateral margin of the cephalic plate, moderately smaller, subequal in size to the adjacent ocelli (Fig. 2-To).
Coxosternite subtrapezoidal (Fig. 3), anterior magin narrow, lateral margins of the coxosternite slightly longer than medial margins. Median diastema moderately deep, V-shaped; anterior margin with 2+2 subtriangular slightly acute teeth. Porodont thick and strong, just posterolateral and separated from the lateral tooth, hardly bulged at base (Fig. 3). Scattered short setae on the ventral side of coxosternite, longer setae near the dental margin, more longer setae near the porodont. Forcipules and forcipular coxosternite without obvious special modifications.
All tergites smooth, without wrinkles, dorsum slightly convex, tiny setae emerging from pores scattered sparsely over the entire surface, near the margin with few long setae; T 1 narrower posterolaterally than anterolaterally, generally trapezoidal, narrower than the cephalic plate and T 3, cephalic plate slightly wider than T 3. Lateral marginal ridges of all tergites continuous. Posterior marginal ridges of TT 1 and 3 slightly concave, continuous, posterior marginal ridges of TT 5, 8, 10, 12 and 14 shallow concave, discontinuous. Posterior angles of tergites generally rounded, without triangular projections. Miniscule setae scattered sparsely over the surface, more numerous setae on anterior and posterior angles of each tergite, with 2–4 long setae on anterior angles and 2–3 long setae on posterior angles of each tergite.
Sternites smooth, trapezoidal, posterior side narrower than anterior. Setae emerging from sparsely scattered pores on the surface, a pair of approximate symmetrically arranged long setae on both anterior part and posterior part of each sternite. The setae obviously increase in number on S 15, scattered evenly over the surface.
Legs robust, tarsal articulation ill-defined on legs 1–13, well defined on legs 14–15. All legs with fairly long curved claws. Legs 1–14 with anterior and posterior accessory spurs; anterior accessory spurs moderately long and slender, forming a moderately small angle with the claw, posterior accessory spurs slightly more robust, forming a comparatively large angle with the claw. Dense glandular pore on the surface of prefemur, femur, tibia, and tarsi of legs 14 and 15. Leg pair 15 lacking accessory spurs. Long setae sparsely scattered over the surface of prefemur, femur, tibia, and tarsi of legs 1–13; more setae on the tarsal surface, many thicker setae scattered evenly over the tarsal surface, setae arranged in one row on the ventral surface of tarsi of legs 1–13, with setae significantly reduced on legs 14 and 15, no thicker setae and setae arranged in one row on the ventral surface of tarsi present. Legs 14 and 15 slightly thicker than the anterior pairs in the female, tarsus 1 3.7–4.7 times as long as wide in legs 15. Legs 15 significantly thicker and stronger than the anterior pairs in the male, with a central longitudinal discontinuous shallow groove on the dorsal of femur, and a black vertical line at the bottom; tarsus 1 3.8–4.3 times as long as wide in legs 15. Leg plectrotaxy as in table 1.
Coxal pores 2–5, round or slightly oval, variable in sizes, arranged in a row; usually 4555, 4554, rarely 3454, 3455, 3343 in females and 2332, 2333 in males. Coxal pore field set in a relatively shallow groove, the coxal pore-field fringe with prominence. Prominence with short to moderately long setae sparsely scattered over the surface.
Male. S 15 posterior margin narrower than anterior, posteromedially slightly convex, sparsely covered with long setae, more than the anterior; sternite of genital segment obviously smaller than the female, usually well sclerotized; posterior margin deeply concave between the gonopods, without medial bulge. Long setae scattered on the ventral surface of the genital segment, fewer setae near S 15, fringed with longer setae along the posterior margin. Gonopods short, appearing as a small hemispherical bulge, with 1–2 long setae, apically slightly sclerotized (Fig. 7).
| Legs | Ventral | Dorsal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | Tr | P | F | Ti | C | Tr | P | F | Ti | |
| 1 | p | am | m | p | ap | a | ||||
| 2 | mp | amp | m | (a)p | ap | ap | ||||
| 3 | mp | amp | am | (a)p | ap | ap | ||||
| 4-10 | mp | amp | am | ap | ap | ap | ||||
| 11 | mp | amp | am | amp | ap | ap | ||||
| 12 | amp | amp | am | m | amp | p | ap | |||
| 13 | amp | amp | am | m | amp | p | p | |||
| 14 | m | amp | am | a | m | amp | p | p | ||
| 15 | m | amp | am | a | m | amp | p | |||
| Characters | anabilineatus | anasulcifemoralis | bidens | bilineatus | chekianus | gantoensis | giganteus | insolitus | irregularis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sources |
Ma et al., 2015 |
colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
Ma et al., 2013 |
colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Takakuwa, 1939 |
Pei et al., 2014 |
colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Chamberlin & Wang, 1952 | Takakuwa & Takashima, 1949 | Eason, 1986 | Eason, 1993 | Takakuwa & Takashima, 1949 |
| Distribution | China S (Guangxi) | China S (Guangxi) | China S (Taiwan) | China S (Guangxi) | China S (Zhengjiang and Taiwan) | China NW (Shanxi) | China N (Inner Mongolia Autonomous region) | China S (Hongkong) | China W (Shanxi) |
| Body length (mm) | 11.9–12.1 | 10.1–12.3 | 15.0 | 9.0–9.1 | 16.0 | 9.0 | 15.0–50.0 | 10.0–11.5 | 12.0 |
| Number of antennal articles | 23+23 articles in female, unkown in male | 19+19–24+24, commonly 20+20 | 20–21 | two specimens with 20+21, one specimen with 20+23 | 20+20 | 20–23 | 20+20 | 18+18–19+19 | 20+20 |
| Number, arrangement and shape of the ocelli | 5 – 6, in 2 rows | 6, in 3 rows | 7 | 5–6, in 2 rows | 5, in 3 rows | 6 | 6–10, in 2–3 rows | 6–8, in 2 rows | 7, in 2 rows |
| Posterior ocellus | round, large | oval to round, large | comparatively large | oval to rounded | oval to round, comparatively large | oval to round, comparatively large | oval to round, comparatively large | oval to round, comparatively large | round, comparatively large |
| Seriate ocelli | subequal, all ocelli domed, translucent, usually darkly pigmented. | the one near ventral margin moderately small, others almost equal | not reported | subequal, all ocelli domed, translucent,usually darkly pigmented | not reported | comparatively large | not reported | not reported | subequal |
| Tömösváry’s organ | round, smaller than the adjoining ocelli | moderately large, rounded, slightlylarger than the adjoining ocelli | at most same size as one ocellus | slightly larger than the adjoining ocelli | not reported | subequal in size to the adjoining medium large ocelli | slightly smaller than the adjoining ocelli | slightly smaller than the adjoining ocelli | same size as largest ocellus |
| Number and arrangement of coxosternal teeth | 2+2, subtriangular | 2+2, moderately blunt | 2+2 | 2+2, slightly triangular | 2+2 | 2+2, approximately sharp small | 2+2 | 2+2, approximately sharp small | 2+2, small |
| Porodont | long, lying posterolateral to the most lateral teeth | slender, lying posterolateral to the lateral most tooth, their basal moderately bulged | moderately long | thick and long, lying posterolateral to the lateral most tooth | not reported | not reported | not reported | slender, lying posterolateral to the lateral tooth, their basal slightly bulged | long, their basal slightly bulged |
| Tergites | smooth, backside slightly hunched | smooth | not reported | smooth, slightly hunched behind | not reported | smooth, without wrinkles | smooth, with slightly wrinkles | T1 smooth, other with wrinkles | smooth |
| Number of coxal pores | 3–5, female 4454, 3554; male 4443, 4453 | 3–6, usually 4663, 5654, 5553,5563 and 5565 | 5(6)555 | usually females 4554, 5565; males 4553, 4454 | 6655 or 7665 | 3333 | 3333, 4554, 4555, 4565, 5565 or 5566 | 3–6, male 3443; female 4454, 4555, 5555, 5565 | 3–10, female 3–6 in 12th leg, 4–6 in 13th leg, 7–10 in 14th and 15th leg |
| Shape of coxal pores | round or slightly ovate | round or slightly ovate | round | ovate | not reported | round | round | round | round |
| Tarsus 1–tarsus 2 articulation on legs 1–13 | not well–defined | not well–defined | well–defined | not well–defined | not reported | not reported | well–defined | not defined | well–defined |
| Male 14th leg | obvious thicker and stronger than other legs | markedly thicker and stronger than 1–13 legs, more thicker and stronger than female | not reported | distinctly thick and strong | not reported | not reported | not reported | distinctly thick and strong | not reported |
| Male 15th leg | obvious thicker and stronger than other legs | markedly thicker and stronger than 1–13 legs, more thicker and stronger than female | not reported | distinctly thick and strong | not reported | not reported | not reported | distinctly thick and strong, with dark zones on dorsal of tibia | not reported |
| Dorsal sulci on male 14th legs | absent | absent | not reported | with two, shallow longitudinal sulci | not reported | not reported | not reported | absent | not reported |
| Dorsal sulci on male 15th legs | two distinct, shallow, dorsal sulci on the femur and tibia | with a distinct, shallow, dorsalsulci on the tibia | not reported | with two, shallow longitudinal sulci | not reported | not reported | not reported | absent | not reported |
| DaC spine | on 14th–15th legs | on 14th–15th legs | absent | on 4th–15th legs | on 14th–15th legs | absent | on 12th–15th legs (on 11th and 12th legs sometimes present) | absent | on 13th–15th legs |
| 14th accessory spur | anterior accessory spur reduced in size, only half the length of the posterior accessory spur | absent | not reported | anterior accessory spur absent | present | present | present | not reported | not reported |
| 15th accessory spur | absent | absent | not reported | anterior accessory absent | present | present | absent | absent | not reported |
| Number and shape of spurs on female gonopods | 2+2 moderately small, blunt, coniform spurs, inner spur slightly smaller than the outer | 2+2 moderately blunt, with conical spurs, inner spur slightly smaller | 3+3 or 4+4, sharp | 2+2 moderately small, blunt, coniform spurs, inner spur slightly smaller than the outer one | not reported | 1+1, conical spurs | 2+2 | 3+3, coniform spurs | 2+2 or 2+3, moderately small, blunt, coniform spurs |
| Dorsal side of the second article of female gonopods | with one spine lying dorsally on its external margin | no striking features | not reported | with three short, robust setae lying dorsally on its external margin | not reported | not reported | with eight spines in two irregular rows lying dorsally on its external margin | not reported | not reported |
| Apical claw of female gonopods (and lateral denticles) | simple, there a small subtriangular teeth in the inner | apical claw dimidiate | simple, there a small sharply teeth in the inner | apical claw bipartite, and its inner aspect broader | not reported | simple | simple | simple | simple and broad |
| Male gonopods | short and small bulge, with one to two long setae, apically slightly sclerotised | with a small bulge, without setae and apically less sclerotised | hemispherical, with two long setae | short and small bulge, having a long seta, apically slightly sclerotised | not reported | not reported | not reported | not reported | not reported |
| Characters | laevidentata | lineatus | mandschreiensis | multispinipes | parvicornis | rhysus | sulcipes | sulcifemoralis | zhui | tetraspinus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sources |
Pei et al., 2015 |
colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Takakuwa, 1939 | Takakuwa, 1940 |
Pei et al., 2016 |
colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
Zapparoli 1991 |
colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Attems, 1934 | Attems, 1927 | Takakuwa & Takashima, 1949 | Pei et al., 2011 | This paper |
| Distribution | China NW (Xinjiang Uygur) | China S (Taiwan) | China (Taiwan, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning) | China NW (Xinjiang Uygur) | China S (Taiwan) | China S (Fujian and Taiwan) | China S (Taiwan) | China W (Shanxi) | China NW (Xinjiang Uygur) | China NW (Xinjiang Uygur) |
| Body length (mm) | 9.6–13.3 | 18.0 | 22.0–23.0 | 11.6–22.6 | 16.0 | 15.0 | Not reported | 12.0 | 8.1–15.0 | 9.6–13.3 |
| Number of antennal articles | 19+19–21+21 commonly 20+20 | 19+19–21+21 | 20–28 | commonly 20+20, (three specimens with 20+21, one specimen with 20+26 of 134 specimens) | 20+20, 21+21 | 20+20 in female, 20+21 in male | 19–22 | 20+20 | 20–24, commonly 20 | 19–22, commonly 20 |
| Number, arrangement and shape of the ocelli | 8–10, in 3 rows | 8–11, in 3 rows | 9–13, in 3 rows | 8, in 3 rows | 3–4, in 1 or 2 rows | 8, in 4 rows | 7, in 2 rows | 6 | 10–13, in 3–4 rows | 8–10, in 3 rows |
| Posterior ocellus | posterior two ocelli bigger than the seriate ocelli | comparatively small | comparatively large | two ocelli large, oval to rounded | comparatively large | comparatively large | comparatively large | all ocelli same size | comparatively large | two ocelli comparatively large |
| Seriate ocelli | other seriate ocelli slightly larger than theocelli adjoining to the ventral | not reported | same size of wath | the two near ventral margin moderately small, others almost equal | not reported | not reported | not reported | same size of wath | dorsal ones moderately large, those near ventral margin of ocellar field moderately small, others of moderate size | the adjoining Tömösváry organ slightly small |
| Tömösváry’s organ | subequal in size to the adjoining ocelli | same size as the adjoining ocelli | larger than the adjoining ocelli | slightly smaller than the adjoining ocelli | not reported | not reported | not reported | same size as ocelli | slightly larger than the adjoining ocelli | subequal in size to the adjoining ocelli |
| Number and arrangement of coxosternal teeth | 2+2, approximately blunt | 2+2, comparatively large | 2+2, small and sharp | 3+3, slightly triangular | 2+2 | 2+2 | 2+2 | 2+2, small and sharp | 2+2 moderately small and pointed | 2+2 subtriangular slightly acute |
| Porodont | thick and long, lying posterolateral to the most lateral teeth | long and strong | lying posterolateral to the lateral most tooth | thick and long, lying posterolateral to thelateral most tooth | lying posterolateral to the most lateral teeth | not obvious | not reported | slender and long | moderately thick in basal, moderately pointed, just posterolateral to the lateral tooth | Porodonts thick and strong, just posterolateral and separated from the lateral tooth, |
| Tergites | smooth, without wrinkles, backside slightly hunched | smooth | smooth, without wrinkles | smooth, without wrinkles and slightly hunched behind | smooth | With shallow wrinkles | Smooth, posterior angles slightly triangular in T14 | not reported | smooth, without wrinkles, backside slightly hunched | smooth, without wrinkles, dorsum slightly convex |
| Number of coxal pores | 2–5, female commonly 4555, 4554, sometime 3454, 3455, 3343. male commonly 2332, 2333, sometime 3444, 3333 | 6–7, usually 66(7)6 | 776(7)5(6) | 3–5, 4555, 5555, 4444, 4455 (females) and 4444, 3344 (males) | 3334 | 6554 | 4554 | 5555 | 2–4, 3444, 3344, 3443, 3333 in female, and 3443, 2343, 2433, 2333 in male. | usually 4555, 4554, rarely 3454, 3455, 3343 in females and usually 2332, 2333, rarely 3444, 3333 in males |
| Shape of coxal pores | round or slightly ovate | round to ovate | round or ovate | round to ovate | not reported | round | round | round | round or slightly ovate | round or slightly oval |
| Tarsus 1–tarsus 2 articulation on legs 1–13 | not well–defined | well–defined | well–defined | well–defined | not reported | not reported | well–defined | well–defined | well–defined | ill–defined |
| Male 14th leg | remarkably thicker and stronger than 1–13 legs, | not reported | not reported | thick and strong | not reported | not reported | not reported | thick and strong | moderately thicker and stronger | significantly thicker and stronger |
| Male 15th leg | markedly thicker and stronger than in 1–13 legs | not reported | not reported | thick and strong | not reported | femur and tibia thicker | femur and tibia thicker | thick and strong | thicker and stronger, with a circular protuberance on distal end of tibia | significantly thicker and stronger |
| Dorsal sulci on male 14th legs | absent | absent | not reported | absent | not reported | not reported | present on the femur | present on the femur and tibia | absent | absent |
| Dorsal sulci on male 15th legs | with a distinct, shallow, dorsal sulci on the tibia | not reported | not reported | absent | not reported | not reported | present on the femur and tibia | present on the femur and tibia | absent | present on the femur |
| DaC spine | on 12th–15th legs | on 14th–15th legs | on 12th–15th legs | on 11th–15th legs, 9th–10th sometimes present | not reported | on 15th legs present | on 15th legs present | absent | on 13th–15th legs, 12th sometimes present | on 12th–15th legs |
| 14th accessory spur | present | present | not reported | present | not reported | not reported | not reported | not reported | present | present |
| 15th accessory spur | anterior absent | present | not reported | absent | not reported | absent | not reported | not reported | absent | absent |
| Number and shape of spurs on female gonopods | 3+4, or 4+4 small, blunt, coniform spurs, commonly with 3+3, inner spur smaller than the outer one | 3+3 moderately sharp, slender conical spurs | 3+3, same size | 2+2, blunt, coniform spurs, with inner spur smaller than the outer one | 2+2 | 2+2, slender | 2+2, thick spurs | 2+2, strong, long and sharp | 2fl 2 moderately long, coniform spurs, inner spur slightly smaller and more anterior than outer | 3+3, few 3+4, only one 4+4 coniform spurs |
| dorsal side of the second article of female gonopods | with three long setae lying dorsally on its anterior external margin | not reported | not reported | with 3–4 long setae and 5–6 spines lying dorsally on its external margin | not reported | not reported | not reported | not reported | three spurs arranged in one irregular row on the dorsal terminal part | 3 long setae and four short, robust spines lying dorsally on the posterior part of the external margin |
| Apical claw of female gonopods (and lateral denticles) | simple and broad | simple | simple | simple | simple | simple | dimidiate | simple | broad, and tridentate | simple, with a very small subtriangular blunt denticle on inner margin |
| Male gonopods | small bulge, with one to two long setae apically slightly sclerotised | hemispherical bulge, | without setae | hemispherical bulge, having a long seta, and apically slightly sclerotised | not reported | not reported | not reported | not reported | small bulge, with 1–2 long setae on surface, and terminal slightly sclerotised | small hemispherical bulge, with 1–2 long setae |
Remarks
The new species with 2+2 coxosternal teeth, 9–10 ocelli on each side of head, female gonopods with 3–4 moderately large, coniform spurs, and leg pair 15 lacking accessory spurs, is morphologically similar to Lithobius (Ezembius) sibiricus Gerstfeldt, 1858 from Mongolia and Russia, but is readily distinguished by having coxal pores arranged in a 2–5-formula in contrast to L. (E.) sibiricus with a coxal pore formula 5–8; the second article of the female gonopods with four short, robust spines lying dorsally on the posterior part of the external margin versus with eight short, robust spines lying dorsally on the posterior part of the external margin; lacking accessory spurs on legs 15th versus having small accessory spurs on legs 15th; moreover, leg 14 plectrotaxy is distinctly different, 10311 (dorsal) and 01321 (ventral) compared to 10311 (dorsal) and 01332 (ventral).
Habitat
The specimens were collected in a Larix forest at 950–1000 m alt. It inhabits moderately moist habitats under roadside stones and litter of the forest floor.
To assist in the identification of the Chinese species of Lithobius (Ezembius), the range and main morphological characters of the known species of the subgenus in the area is presented (Table 2). These characters are specific only to adults of the taxa occurring in China.
Original Description
- Pei, S; Lu, Y; Liu, H; Hou, X; Ma, H; 2018: Lithobius (Ezembius) tetraspinus, a new species of centipede from northwest China (Lithobiomorpha, Lithobiidae) ZooKeys, (741): 203-217. doi
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