Leucothoe kawesqari
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Ordo: Amphipoda
Familia: Leucothoidae
Genus: Leucothoe
Name
Leucothoe kawesqari Esquete & Aldea, 2015 sp. n. – Wikispecies link – ZooBank link – Pensoft Profile
Material examined
Holotype: female, 8 mm length, MNHNCL AMP-15038; Paratypes: female, dissected, 5 mm length, MNHNCL AMP-15039; 2 females, MNCN 20.04/10146, MNCN 20.04/10147; All, 51°04'04.7"S, 74°08'29.5"W, 5–15 m depth, rocks, 27 January 2010. Other material examined: 8 females and neuters, 51°04'04.7"S, 74°08'29.5"W, 5–15 m depth, rocks, 27 January 2010; 16 neuters, 49°36'16.7"S, 75°23'31.4"W, 5–15 m depth, rocks with macroalgae, 19 March 2010, 1 female, 49°11'27.1"S, 75°23'30.8"W, 5–15 m depth, rocks with macroalgae, 19 March 2010. All coll. R. Barría, E. Newcombe, M. Hüne and T. Césped.
Diagnosis
Head anterior margin rounded, mid-cephalic keel quadrate but not prominent. Eyes present. Epimeral plates with no setae, epimeron 3 posterior margin excavate, postero-ventral corner blunt, with right angle. Coxae 1-3 not acutely produced, nor excavated, coxa 3 longer than broad, coxa 5 slightly bilobed. Antenna 1 main flagellum of 11–12 articles, accessory flagellum present, minute, of two unequal segments. Antenna 2 flagellum of 6 articles. Mandibular palp article 3 shorter than ½ of article 2. Ganthopod 1 propodus palm with minute serrations. Dactylus reaching 0.4 of propodus length. Gnathopod 2 basis posterior margin smooth, carpus smooth, without tooth or process, setose, reaching 0.3 of propodus length, propodus with short, blunt distal prolongation and three medial rows of setae. Pereopods 5–7 bases expanded, ovoid, posterior margin weakly crenulate. Telson apex irregularly truncated.
Derivatio nominis
Named after the Alacalufe people Kawésqar, whose ancestral territory extends through the Magellan Region, from the Gulf of Penas to the Strait of Magellan.
Description.
Body (Fig. 1A) length 5–8 mm. Head (Fig. 1A) anterior margin rounded, anterodistal margin rounded. Mid cephalic keel quadrate but not prominent, eyes present, rounded.
Antenna 1 (Fig. 1B) 0.4 times as long as body; peduncle article 1 2.3 times as long as broad; article 2 subequal in length, 4.3 times as long as broad; article 3 half as long as long article 2, 2.8 times as long as broad; accessory flagellum present, minute, about ½ as long as main flagellum article 1, biarticulated, first article about three times as long as second; main flagellum of 11 articles, about as long as peduncle article 1, aesthetascs present, flagellum article 1 as long as articles 2–3 and half of 4 together.
Antenna 2 (Fig. 1B) slightly shorter than antenna 1; peduncular article 5 0.8 times as long as article 4; flagellum of 6 articles.
Mouthparts. Upper lip (Fig. 2A) asymmetrically lobate, anterior margin setose. Mandibles (Fig. 2B, C) lacking molars; mandibular palp (Fig. 2D) article 2 with 9 lateral and 3 distal setae, article 3 about 1/3 of article 2, with two unequal distal setae; incisor dentate, spine row of 12 serrate spines; left lacinia mobilis (Fig. 2B) large, distally as long as incisor; right lacinia mobilis (Fig. 2C) small, weakly dentate, Maxilla 1 (Fig. 2E) palp two-articulate, distal article with three distal spines; outer plate with four distal spines, three distal slender spines and three subdistal fine setae; inner plate with one distal small seta. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 2F) outer plate with three distal spines, outer margin subdistally setulose; inner plate with nine spines along inner margin. Maxilliped (Fig. 2G) inner plate distal margin with three setae, three short spines on inner corner and one slender spine on outer corner; palp articles 2–4 similar in length. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 3A) coxa naked, anterior margin 1.4 as long as posterior; basis anterior and posterior margins with sparse short setae; ischium naked; carpus linear, naked; propodus 3.6 times as long as broad, palm with minute serrations and row of 7 short setae; dactylus smooth, reaching 0.4 length of propodus. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 3B) coxa subquadrate, naked; basis anterior margin with 4–5 setae, posterodistal corner with one seta; carpus reaching 0.3 of propodus length, curved, distally rounded, densely setose; propodus twice as long as broad, anterodistal margin with short, blunt prolongation bearing a tuft of setae, with three facial rows of setae, osp. n.rse and near palm, one mediofacial and reaching 2/3 the length of propodus, and one displaced dorsally, reaching from distal corner to 1/3 length of propodus, palm convex, slightly crenulated; dactylus smooth, reaching 0.6 length of propodus.
Pereopod 3 (Fig. 4A) coxa longer than broad, distal margin rounded, naked; basis very narrow, naked; merus with anterodistal spine; propodus with a row of six ventral, short spines. Pereopod 4 (Fig. 4B) coxa naked, anterior margin longer than posterior, distal margin rounded and oblique, posterior margin tapered; propodus with a row of nine ventral, short spines; otherwise as pereopod 3.
Pereopod 5 (Fig. 4C) coxa naked, slightly bilobed; basis oval, 1.5 times as long as broad, anterior margin with spines, posterior margin weakly crenulated; merus anterior and posterior margins with spines, posterodistal corner lengthened; propodus anterior margin with a row of spinules.
Pereopod 6 (Fig. 4D) coxa bilobed; basis 1.4 times as long as broad; otherwise as pereopod 5.
Pereopod 7 (Fig. 4E) coxa shorter than broad, distal margin rounded; otherwise as pereopod 6.
Epimeral plates (Fig. 1A) naked; epimeron 2 posterior margin concave, posteroventral corner without cusp; epimeron 3 posterior margin excavate, postero-ventral corner blunt, with right angle.
Uropods. Uropod 1 (Fig. 4F) peduncle 0.7 times as long as outer ramus; outer ramus with 5 spines; rami with marginal spines, inner ramus slightly shorter than outer. Uropod 2 (Fig. 4G) somewhat shorter than uropod 1, peduncle 1.6 times as long as outer ramus, with spines on distal half of outer margin; rami with marginal spines, inner ramus slightly shorter. Uropod 3 (Fig. 4H) 1.1 times as long as uropod 1, peduncle 1.2 times as long as outer ramus; outer ramus with marginal spines; the shorter one 0.8 times as long as the longer one, naked.
Telson (Fig. 4I) 3.3 times as long as broad, distal tip minutely, irregularly truncate.
Remarks
As mentioned above, the only described species of Leucothoe found in the Magellan Region is Leucothoe weddellensis. Following Holman and Watling (1983)[1], Krapp-Schickel and De Broyer (2014)[2] divided the material of Leucothoe weddellensis in two groups, according to morphological differences, locations and size. The material from the Magellan Region (South of Tierra de Fuego) corresponds to the larger specimens (more than 14 mm long). From those, Leucothoe kawesqari differs (besides the length) in that the former lacks accessory flagellum, has a distinctively more slender gnathopod 1 propodus, coxa 5 is markedly bilobed, peropods 5–7 basis are pear-shaped oval (while in Leucothoe kawesqari are regularly oval) and more slender, the epimeron 1 is posteriorly serrate, the epimeron 2 has ventrodistal setae, and epimeron 3 as a posterodistal small prolongation. The smaller specimens differ in lacking accessory flagellum, having a longer mandibular palp article 3 (1/2 of the length of article 2), gnathopod 1 propodus anterior margin concave, gnathopod 2 basis more setose, pereopods 5–7 distinctly narrower, pereopods 5–6 with slightly concave hind margin.
Leucothoe kawesqari is most similar to Leucothoe antarctica Pfeffer, 1888 as redescribed by Krapp-Schickel and De Broyer (2014)[2]: they share a mandibular palp article 3 1/3 length of article 2, coxa 3 longer than broad with rounded distal margin, and 5–7 basis oval, but Leucothoe antarctica lacks accessory flagellum, has a coxa 5 distinctively bilobed, maxilliped palp article 4 and 5 more slender, setae on gnathopod 2 ischium and merus, pereopod 6 basis strongly serrated, epimeron 2–3 with ventrodistal setae, uropods more spinose and telson with a pair of distal setae.
Regarding other species from the Southern Ocean, Leucothoe merletta Krapp-Schickel & De Broyer, 2014 can be readily differentiated from Leucothoe kawesqari because of having coxae 2 and 4 with acute anterodistal angles, having mandibular palp article 3 about as long as article 2, pereopods 5–7 basis with regularly rounded hind margin, epimeron 1 distal margin rounded and epimeron 3 with rectangular posterodistal corner. Leucothoe campbelli Krapp-Schickel & De Broyer, 2014 has a longer mandibular palp article 3 (1/2 length of article 2), coxa 3 subtrapezoidal, gnathopod 1 propodus more robust, pereopods 5–7 basis posterior margin smoth and epimeral plate with posterodistally upturned corner. Leucothoe longimembris Krapp-Schickel & De Broyer, 2014 lacks eyes, no accessory flagellum, mandibular palp article 3 1/2 length of article 2, and basis of pereopods 5–7 slim, broadest proximally. Leucothoe macquariae Krapp-Schickel & De Broyer, 2014 lacks accessory flagellum, mandibular palp article 3 1/2 length of article 2, more robust gnathopods carpi, epimeron 3 distal posterior margin distal corner blunt and upturned, and telson tip acute. Leucothoe orkneyi Holman & Watling, 1983 can be immediately differentiated in having a very slender gnathopod 1 propodus, and having a very prominent mid-cephalic keel, no accessory flagellum, a very slender, pereopods 5–7 basis margin strongly serrated, and epimera distal margins with setae.
Leucothoe tolkieni Vinogradov, 1990 is the only other species described from the Southeastern Pacific, although it was found well offshore. It differs from the species described here mainly in having the head anterior margin truncate with eyes that cover most of the head, gnathopod 1 basis anteroproximally expanded, and propodus curved, proximally inflated, gnathopod 2 carpus distally truncate, spoon-like, pereopods 5–7 bases narrowly expanded and telson apex rounded.
Although previous reports of Leucothoe spinicarpa in the Magellan Region are probably wrong (De Broyer et al. 2007[3], White 2011[4]), it is worth mentioning the main differences with the present species. Based on the description provided by Crowe (2006)[5], unlike Leucothoe kawesqari, Leucothoe spinicarpa has a gnathopod 1 propodus ventral margin with more than 10 spines, coxa 5 markedly bilobed, gnathopod 2 carpus scarcely setose with a subdistal cusp, epimeron 1 with anterodistal tuft of setae, and telson apex bidentate with a pair of distal setae.
Ecology
Leucothoe kawesqari was one of the dominant species of amphipod found in unvegetated hard substrates in the southernmost sampling site, where the amphipods Polycheria antarctica (Stebbing, 1875) and Orchestia spp., were also abundant. Towards the north of BONP, Leucothoe kawesqari was found in subtrates dominated by kelp forest of Macrocystis pyrifera, where Andaniopsis integripes (Bellan-Santini & Ledoyer, 1986) was dominant and it also co-occurred with the tanaid Zeuxoides troncosoi Esquete & Bamber, 2012 and juveniles of the isopod family Janiridae. High abundances of other benthic taxa were found co-occurring with Leucothoe kawesqari: the polychaetes Platynereis australis (Schmarda, 1861) and Perinereis gualpensis Jeldes, 1963, the bivalve Aulacomya atra (Molina, 1782) the decapod Halicarcinus planatus (Fabricius, 1775) and unidentified species of Echinodermata (Ophiuroidea and Psolidae), Porifera and Ascidiacea. These specimens of Leucothoe kawesqari were likely associated with or endocommensal associates of the Porifera and Ascidacea specimens withinin the sample, since the sampling method (scraping substrate) dislodges the samples and everything was sorted through at one time (White 2011[4], White and Reimer 2012[6]).
Original Description
- Esquete, P; Aldea, C; 2015: Leucothoe kawesqari, a new amphipod from Bernardo O’Higgins National Park (Chile), with remarks on the genus in the Magellan Region (Crustacea, Peracarida) ZooKeys, (539): 83-95. doi
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Other References
- ↑ Holman H, Watling L (1983) Amphipoda from the Southern Ocean: families Colomastigidae, Dexaminidae, Leucothoidae, Liljeborgiidae, and Sebidae. Biology of the Antarctic Seas. 13. Antarctic Research Series 38(4): 215–262. doi: 10.1029/AR038p0215
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Krapp-Schickel T, De Broyer C (2014) Revision of Leucothoe (Amphipoda, Crustacea) from the Southern Ocean: a cosmopolitanism concept is vanishing. European Journal of Taxonomy 80: 1–55. doi: 10.5852/ejt.2014.80
- ↑ De Broyer C, Lowry J, Jazdzewski K, Robert H (2007) Catalogue of the Gammaridean and Corophiidean Amphipoda (Crustacea) of the Southern Ocean with distribution and ecological data. In: De Broyer C (Ed.) Census of Antarctic Marine Life: Synopsis of the Amphipoda of the Southern Ocean. Vol. 2. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 77 (Suppl. 1), 1–324.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 White K (2011) A taxonomic review of the Leucothoidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Zootaxa 3078: 1–113.
- ↑ Crowe S (2006) A redescription of Leucothoe spinicarpa (Abildgaard, 1789) based on material from the north Atlantic (Amphipoda, Leucothoidae). Zootaxa 1170: 57–68.
- ↑ White K, Reimer J (2012) Commensal Leucothoidae (Crustacea, Amphipoda) of the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Part II: sponge-dwellers. ZooKeys 166: 1–58. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.166.2313
