Discocerinini

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This page is derived from the original publication listed below, whose author(s) should always be credited. Further contributors may edit and improve the content of this page and, consequently, need to be credited as well (see page history). Any assessment of factual correctness requires a careful review of the original article as well as of subsequent contributions. If you are uncertain whether your planned contribution is correct or not, we suggest that you use the associated discussion page instead of editing the page directly. This page should be cited as follows (rationale): Costa D, Mathis W, Marinoni L (2016) A revision of the shore-fly genus Lamproclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae). ZooKeys (631) : 1–99, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2016-11-14, version 103798, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Discocerinini&oldid=103798 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers. Citation formats to copy and paste BibTeX: @article{Costa2016ZooKeys, author = {Costa, Daniel N. R. AND Mathis, Wayne N. AND Marinoni, Luciane}, journal = {ZooKeys}, publisher = {Pensoft Publishers}, title = {A revision of the shore-fly genus Lamproclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae)}, year = {2016}, volume = {}, issue = {631}, pages = {1--99}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.631.10718}, url = {http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=10718}, note = {Versioned wiki page: 2016-11-14, version 103798, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Discocerinini&oldid=103798 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.} } RIS/ Endnote: TY - JOUR T1 - A revision of the shore-fly genus Lamproclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae) A1 - Costa D A1 - Mathis W A1 - Marinoni L Y1 - 2016 JF - ZooKeys JA - VL - IS - 631 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.631.10718 SP - 1 EP - 99 PB - Pensoft Publishers M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2016-11-14, version 103798, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Discocerinini&oldid=103798 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers. M3 - doi:10.3897/zookeys.631.10718 Wikipedia/ Citizendium: <ref name="Costa2016ZooKeys">{{Citation | author = Costa D, Mathis W, Marinoni L | title = A revision of the shore-fly genus Lamproclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae) | journal = ZooKeys | year = 2016 | volume = | issue = 631 | pages = 1--99 | pmid = | publisher = Pensoft Publishers | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.631.10718 | url = http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=10718 | pmc = | accessdate = 2025-03-06 }} Versioned wiki page: 2016-11-14, version 103798, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Discocerinini&oldid=103798 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.</ref> See also the citation download page at the journal.

Taxonavigation

Ordo: Diptera
Familia: Ephydridae

Name

Cresson – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

• Discocerinini Cresson 1925a: 228 [as Discocerini]. Type genus: Discocerina Macquart 1835. Cresson 1942: 104 [correct spelling, as a “new tribe” in key]. Mathis and Zuyin 1989: 435 [diagnosis, monophyly]. Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995: 163-186 [world catalog]. Zatwarnicki and Mathis 2001: 5-51 [tribal revision]. Zatwarnicki et al. 2016: 1-34 [phylogenetic review of tribe].

Diagnosis

A tribe of Gymnomyzinae that is distinguished from other tribes of the subfamily by the following combination of characters:
Head: Frontal vitta (or ocellar triangle) mostly bare of setulae, not conspicuously setulose; ocellar setae well developed, inserted anterolaterad of anterior ocellus; reclinate fronto-orbital seta inserted anteromediad of proclinate fronto-orbital (if 2 proclinate fronto-orbital setae, reclinate seta inserted anteromediad of larger, posterior, proclinate seta); pseudopostocellar setae well developed, proclinate, slightly divergent, usually at least half length of ocellar setae. Pedicel bearing a large seta anterodorsally; arista bearing 4-6 dorsal rays, inserted along length of arista; conical process of basal flagellomere in lateral view finger-like. Face generally shallowly arched, frequently more prominent at level of dorsal facial setae, not conspicuously pitted, rugose, tuberculate, or carinate. Gena generally short (secondarily high in some species), bearing setulae (including midportion) and 1 large seta, its posterior (postgenal) margin rounded, not sharp. Oral opening and clypeus narrow; mouthparts generally dark colored; proboscis with number of pseudotracheae quite variable; lacinia Y-shaped with narrow posteromedial arm, dorsal arm spatulate; 2 different kinds of cibarium: (1) primitive type with dispersed medial sensillae arranged sparsely in a horizontal line; (2) advanced type with medial sensillae arranged densely in a sinuous line.
Thorax: Mesonotum generally microtomentose, frequently densely so, although variable; mesonotal setae weakly developed, only posteriormost pair of dorsocentral and acrostichal conspicuous; postsutural supra-alar seta usually evident although sometimes reduced or absent; prescutellar acrostichal setae inserted approximate and posterior of alignment of posteriormost dorsocentral setae; scutellar disc usually densely setulose; scutellum bearing 2 large, marginal setae: notopleural setae 2, inserted at same level near ventral margin, in some genera notopleuron bears setulae in addition to the two large notopleural setae (Figs 2, 9); anepisternum with 2 subequal setae inserted along posterior margin. Wing with vein R2+3 moderately long. Foreleg normally developed, not raptorial with greatly enlarged femur. Abdomen: Five tergites visible, usually not densely covered with microtomentum. Male terminalia: Epandrium as inverted U, encircling cerci, anterior margin rounded, in lateral view with setae mainly on dorsum and along anteroventral margin; cerci paired, hemispherical, setose; presurstylus lacking or fused indistinguishably with ventral margin of epandrium; anterolateral arms of epandrium attached with ventral apex of gonites, middle of posterior margin a base for phallapodeme; phallapodeme situated under aedeagus, associated with hypandrium and with ventral part of base of aedeagus, ventral margin with lobate appendix providing attachment for genital muscles that move aedeagus; gonite paired, connecting sides of base of aedeagus and laterodorsal margin of epandrium, bearing 1 or some setulae; aedeagus tubular, tapered anteriorly; ejaculatory apodeme usually lacking, if present as a spatula (Zatwarnicki et al. 2016, Figs 99–100).

Discussion

Several of the characters noted in the diagnosis are synapomorphies and establish the tribe’s monophyly (Zatwarnicki et al. 2016). These are as follows: (1) ocellar setae inserted slightly in front of alignment of anterior ocellus; (2) reclinate fronto-orbital seta inserted in front of proclinate fronto-orbital seta; (3) conical process of basal flagellomere in lateral view finger-like; (4) prescutellar acrostichal setae small and inserted close together and behind the transverse alignment of the posteriormost dorsocentral setae (secondarily lacking in some species); and (5) presurstylus of the male terminalia either lacking or fused indistinguishably with the ventral margin of the epandrium. Larvae are microphagous and in other aspects are similar to those of Hyadinini (Ilytheinae).
As currently characterized, the tribe Discocerinini is one of the richest tribes within the family Ephydridae (225 species), and numerous additional species, especially from tropical zones, remain to be described. Many of the undescribed species are already in collections, and undoubtedly numerous others await collection. With the recent phylogenetic review of the tribe (Zatwarnicki et al. 2016) and description of additional genera and subgenera, there are now 13 genera and two subgenera. Two genera are monotypic and have relatively localized distributions: Galaterina in the Solomon and Andaman Islands and Pectinifer limited to the Neotropics (Mathis et al. 2016). Other genera are more speciose and widespread. Aquachasma (24 species), Facitrichophora (4 species), Hydrochasma (10 species), and Polytrichophora (nominate subgenus) (22 species) are found in the New World. The distributions of Lamproclasiopa (24 species) and Orasiopa (15 species) extend from the New World into the Australasian and Oriental Regions. Diclasiopa (4 species), Gymnoclasiopa (25 species), Hecamedoides (26 species) and Ditrichophora (39 species) have been recorded from all Regions except the Neotropics. Two genera, Discocerina (20 species) and Polytrichophora (subgenus Sklodowskopa) (10 species), are essentially cosmopolitan.

Phylogenetic considerations

Zatwarnicki et al. (2016) proposed division of Discocerinini into four groups of genera (their proposed synapomorphies are provided in parentheses): The Gymnoclasiopa group with Gymnoclasiopa (aedeagus with lateromedial appendices and facial setae arranged close to eye margin); The Diclasiopa group with Diclasiopa, Ditrichophora, Hecamedoides and Pectinifer (gonite elongated, that is tapered apically); The Lamproclasiopa group with Galaterina, Lamproclasiopa, and Orasiopa (subgenera Orasiopa and Reymontopa) (palpal setae with papilla-like bases); and The Discocerina group with Aquachasma, Discocerina, Facitrichophora, Hydrochasma and Polytrichophora (nominate subgenus and subgenus Sklodowskopa) (reduced number of pseudotracheae, modified cibarium and the ventral receptacle bearing anterodorsal projection). Zatwarnicki et al. (2016) acknowledged that groups three and four together (Aquachasma, Discocerina, Galaterina, Hydrochasma, Lamproclasiopa, Orasiopa, and Polytrichophora) form a clade that is the best supported lineage within the tribe, being based on (1) notopleuron setulose and (2) gonites elongated and bar-like without an anterior projection or the gonite is fused with the hypandrium (character 32.1-2). As such, we prefer the continued recognition of these seven genera as a single group, the Discocerina group, and use subgroups for further division of this group (the Lamproclasiopa and the Discocerina groups of Zatwarnicki et al. 2016).
In the classification that Zatwarnicki et al. (2016) proposed (their character numbers are in parentheses), the Lamproclasiopa-subgroup has palpal setae with papilla-like bases (character 13). Within the Lamproclasiopa subgroup, the monophyly of the genus Lamproclasiopa is established by two characters (autapomorphies): (1) postsutural supra-alar (character 11 in Zatwarnicki et al. 2016) and (2) prescutellar acrostichal setae greatly reduced or lacking (character 22 in Zatwarnicki et al. 2016). The monophyly of its sister group, the combined Galaterina + Orasiopa, is confirmed by an increased number of pseudotracheae (convergent with Pectinifer). Thus, in the most recent classification, Lamproclasiopa is the sister-group of the combined lineage of Galaterina + Orasiopa, and these three genera together form an assemblage that is now the Lamproclasiopa subgroup.

Key to genera of Discocerinini

Key to genera of Discocerinini — D. Costa , W. Mathis , L. Marinoni

1		Notopleuron bare of setulae    2
–		Notopleuron setulose in addition to 2 large setae    6
2		Forefemur bearing distinct row of stout, short setae along apical half of posteroventral surface    3
–		Forefemur lacking row of short, stout setae along posteroventral surface    4
3		Face metallic shiny bearing white microtomentose spots laterally; forefemur slightly enlarged     Pectinifer Cresson
–		Whole face shiny or completely covered with microtomentum; forefemur normally developed     Ditrichophora Cresson
4		Postsutural supra-alar seta strong, distinct, longer than posterior notopleural seta. Face with dorsoclinate seta at lower lateral extremity     Diclasiopa Hendel
–		Postsutural supra-alar seta very short or absent, if distinguishable distinctly shorter than posterior notopleural seta. Face without dorsoclinate seta at lower lateral extremity    5
5		Hindtibia with a preapical, ventral, spur-like seta; face rather prominent at level of dorsal facial setae, sometimes transversely carinate; facial series of setae inserted in some distance to parafacial, comprising 2-3 large setae; dorsal seta inserted slightly medially from other setae and arising from distinct, shiny papilla, with a small, slightly dorsoclinate seta laterad of dorsal seta     Hecamedoides Hendel
–		Hindtibia lacking a preapical, ventral spur-like seta; face rather flattened, antennal grooves not always sharply defined ventrally; facial series of setae inserted very close to parafacial, comprised of 2 large setae; dorsal seta not arising from a shiny papilla and lacking a smaller seta laterad of dorsal seta     Gymnoclasiopa Hendel
6		Mesonotum bearing numerous, long setulae     Galaterina Zatwarnicki & Mathis
–		Mesonotum lacking numerous, long setulae    7
7		Face with 2 or more conspicuous rows of setae/setulae on each side, parallel to facial suture setal row medial, with a row(s) of setulae between setal row and parafacial    8
–		Face with a single row of setae laterally    10
8		Face with setae and setulae of rows inclinate or ventroinclinate     Facitrichophora Mathis & Zatwarnicki
–		Face with secondary series of dorsolaterally inclined setae laterad to primary series (Polytrichophora Cresson)    9
9		Parafacials becoming 3-4 times wider ventrally; gena high, at least 1/4 eye height    subgenus Polytrichophora Cresson
–		Parafacials 2-3 times wider ventrally; gena narrow, less than 1/4 eye height    subgenus Sklodowskopa Zatwarnicki
10		Gena and lower part of parafacial broad; lateral margin of abdomen usually with gray to whitish microtomentose areas, these usually wedge shaped    11
–		Gena and parafacial rather narrow; abdomen lacking wedge-shaped, light-colored areas laterally    12
11		Head subglobose, oral opening comparatively large; dorsum of tergites darker dorsomedially than on lateral margins, but without contrasting areas     Hydrochasma Hendel
–		Head not subglobose, oral opening comparatively small; dorsum of tergites 2-4 extensively dark gray to black with sharply contrasted gray lateral margin or with wedge-shaped silvery-gray areas     Aquachasma Zatwarnicki
12		Parafacial bearing setulae     Discocerina Macquart
–		Parafacial lacking setulae    13
13		Facial series of setae 2, these well separated, distance between subequal to length of basal flagellomere; parafacial very narrow at anteroventral margin of eye; postsutural supra-alar and prescutellar acrostichal setae greatly reduced or lacking     Lamproclasiopa Hendel
–		Facial series of setae 3-4, distance between setae conspicuously less than length of basal flagellomere; parafacial evenly wide throughout length; postsutural supra-alar and prescutellar acrostichal setae present (Orasiopa Zatwarnicki & Mathis)    14
14		Species slender; antenna largely yellow; arista bearing 5 dorsal rays; palpus yellow; knob of halter dark; thorax and abdomen gray microtomentose; legs mostly yellow (sometimes midfemur dark)    subgenus Orasiopa Zatwarnicki & Mathis
–		Species compact; antenna dark brown or black; arista bearing usually 7–11 dorsal rays; palpus brownish or black; knob of halter white; coloration of thorax and abdomen dark brown or black; legs mostly dark brown to black    subgenus Reymontopa Zatwarnicki

Taxon Treatment

• Costa, D; Mathis, W; Marinoni, L; 2016: A revision of the shore-fly genus Lamproclasiopa Hendel (Diptera, Ephydridae) ZooKeys, (631): 1-99. doi

Images

Figures 1–2. Lamproclasiopa laevior (Cresson). (Sri Lanka. N. E. District: Horton Plains) 1 head, anterior view 2 habitus, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.  Figures 8–9. Lamproclasiopa brunnea sp. n., male paratype (Costa Rica. San José. Moravia) 8 head, anterior view 9 habitus, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.  Figures 98–99. Lamproclasiopa argentipicta sp. n., male paratype (Costa Rica. San José: Moravia) 98 head, anterior view. 99 habitus, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.  Figures 100–103. Lamproclasiopa argentipicta sp. n., male paratype (Costa Rica. San José: Moravia) 100 epandrium and cerci, posterior view 101 same, lateral view 102 internal structures of male terminalia (aedeagus [shaded], phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium), ventral view 103 same, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.