Buthus

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Sousa P, Arnedo M, Harris D (2017) Updated catalogue and taxonomic notes on the Old-World scorpion genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones, Buthidae). ZooKeys (686) : 15–84, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2017-07-24, version 160743, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Buthus&oldid=160743 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

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@article{Sousa2017ZooKeys,
author = {Sousa, Pedro AND Arnedo, Miquel A. AND Harris, D. James},
journal = {ZooKeys},
publisher = {Pensoft Publishers},
title = {Updated catalogue and taxonomic notes on the Old-World scorpion genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones, Buthidae)},
year = {2017},
volume = {},
issue = {686},
pages = {15--84},
doi = {10.3897/zookeys.686.12206},
url = {https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=12206},
note = {Versioned wiki page: 2017-07-24, version 160743, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Buthus&oldid=160743 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.}

}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Updated catalogue and taxonomic notes on the Old-World scorpion genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones, Buthidae)
A1 - Sousa P
A1 - Arnedo M
A1 - Harris D
Y1 - 2017
JF - ZooKeys
JA -
VL -
IS - 686
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.686.12206
SP - 15
EP - 84
PB - Pensoft Publishers
M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2017-07-24, version 160743, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Buthus&oldid=160743 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

M3 - doi:10.3897/zookeys.686.12206

Wikipedia/ Citizendium:

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| author = Sousa P, Arnedo M, Harris D
| title = Updated catalogue and taxonomic notes on the Old-World scorpion genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones, Buthidae)
| journal = ZooKeys
| year = 2017
| volume =
| issue = 686
| pages = 15--84
| pmid =
| publisher = Pensoft Publishers
| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.686.12206
| url = https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=12206
| pmc =
| accessdate = 2025-04-03

}} Versioned wiki page: 2017-07-24, version 160743, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Buthus&oldid=160743 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.</ref>

See also the citation download page at the journal.


Taxonavigation

Ordo: Scorpiones
Familia: Buthidae

Name

Buthus Leach, 1815 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

  • Buthus: Leach 1815[1]: 391; Latreille 1817[2]: 310; Gervais 1844b[3]: 203; Peters 1861[4] (part): 513; Thorell 1876a[5] (part): 82; Thorell 1876b[6]: 7; Simon 1879[7]: 95–96; Karsch 1886[8] (part): 77; Pocock 1890[9] (part): 122; Karsch 1891[10]: 18; Kraepelin 1891[11] (part): 35–42; Pocock 1893[12] (part): 312; Kraepelin 1895[13] (part): 79–80; Laurie 1896[14]b: 131; Lönnberg 1897[15]b (part): 194; Kraepelin 1899[16] (part): 9; Pocock 1900a[17] (part): 13; Simon 1910[18]: 67–68; Birula 1917a[19] (part): 20–24, 164; Birula 1917b[20] (part): 55; Pavlovsky 1924[21] (part): 77; Kastner 1941 (part): 230; Vachon 1948a[22]: 206–208; Vachon 1949a[23]: 155–162; Vachon 1952a[24]: 155, 241–246, fig. 579; Vachon 1963[25]b: 164, fig. 10; Bücherl 1964[26]: 57; Stahnke 1972[27]: 132, fig. 20; Vachon 1974[28]: 906; Levy and Amitai 1980[29]: 14–15; Francke 1985[30]: 6, 15; Sissom 1990[31]: 101; Nenilin and Fet 1992[32]: 17; Kovařík 1998[33]: 106; Fet and Lowe 2000[34]: 91; Lourenço 2016b[35]: 3–4.

Type species

(by original designation). Scorpio occitanus Amoreux, 1789 [=Buthus occitanus (Amoreux, 1789)].

Etymology

Leach did not provide an explanation for his selection of the genus name. A search on the original usage of the word may shed some light on the intended meaning. Buthus is the Latin form of the Greek name βοῦθος (Bouthos), an unusual name of a winning athlete of the ancient Pythian Games, mentioned by Hesychius and Aristotle (Müller 1848[36], Christesen 2007[37]). The name was more familiar in antiquity when used in the adage “Βοῦθος περιφοιτᾷ”, translated to the Latin as “Buthus obambulat”, which translates into “Buthus who wanders”, which apparently was applied to stupid and simple people (Müller 1848[36], Christesen 2007[37]). In Hofmann et al. (1698)[38] the entry for Buthus reads “athleta nobilis, qui bovem integrum unô die devorare solebat; unde natum proverbium in edaces, Buthus obambulat” which roughly translates to “a noble athlete, who used to devour a great ox in a day, and who gave rise to the proverb, Buthus obambulat”. Noël (1824)[39] entry for Buthus also refers to an athlete that devoured an ox in a single day, and that this voracity was the origin of the proverb “Buthus obambulat”, which according to the author refers to gluttony. Interestingly Noël also states that Buthus, in combination with “βῦς, θúιεν (thuein)”, also refers to sacrifice. This opinion shares roots with the meaning of two other words with similar etymology, būthysĭa (used by Nero) that translates to “sacrifice of an ox” and būthytēs (used by Pliny the Elder), that translates to a “sacrificed ox”, according to the Gaffiot Latin-French dictionary (Various 2016). Recently Dupré (2016)[40] reached a similar conclusion, although he states that Buthus originates from the composition of the Greek word “Gr. bous, ox; - thouéin [Greek suffix?], killer”. Potentially therefore, Buthus refers to a stupid or voracious animal, an ox killer or to a sacrifice of an ox, from the latter two we can interpret it as a powerful and dangerous animal. In our opinion the later makes more sense and agrees well with what was known at the time about the potent venom of Buthus scorpions. As such, it is our opinion that Buthus is a singular masculine Latin word (of Greek origin), which Leach intended as homage to an ancient hero (a trend at that time), and that refers to an animal so venomous that it could kill an ox.

Distribution

AFRICA: Algeria, Cameroon, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco (including Western Sahara), Niger, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia. ?Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, ?Gambia, Ghana, ?Djibouti. ASIA: Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Yemen. ?Iraq, ?Lebanon, ?Saudi Arabia, ?Turkey. EUROPE: France, Italy (Sicily), Spain, Portugal. ?Malta, ?Greece (Corfu, Thessaly). All currently valid records of Buthus species per country are presented in Table 2. Figure 10 offers an additional zoom to the most diverse region of Buthus species diversity, the Maghreb.

Table 2. List of the countries for which there are valid records of the occurrence of Buthus species. The ID corresponds to the numbers used in Figures 1 and 10, and on the Catalogue. C.A.R. is the abbreviation of the Central African Republic.
ID Taxa France Italy Portugal Spain Algeria Cameroon C.A.R. Chad Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Guinea Lybia Mauritania Morocco Niger Senegal Somalia S. Sudan Sudan Tunisia Cyprus Israel Jordan Yemen Total (by taxa)
01 B. adrianae X 1
02 B. albengai X 1
03 B. amri X 1
04 B. atlantis X 1
05 B. aures X 1
06 B. awashensis X 1
07 B. barcaeus X 1
08 B. berberensis X X X X 4
09 B. bonito X 1
10 B. boumalenii X 1
11 B. brignolii X 1
12 B. centroafricanus X 1
13 B. chambiensis X 1
14 B. confluens X 1
15 B. draa X 1
16 B. dunlopi X 1
17 B. duprei X 1
18 B. egyptiensis X 1
19 B. elhennawyi X X 2
20 B. elizabethae X X 2
21 B. elmoutaouakili 1 1
22 B. elongatus X 1
23 B. hassanini X 1
24 B. ibericus X X 2
25 B. intermedius X 1
26 B. intumescens X 1
27 B. israelis X1 X 2
28 B. jianxinae X 1
29 B. karoraensis X 1
30 B. kunti X 1
31 B. labuschagnei X 1
32 B. lienhardi X 1
33 B. lourencoi X 1
34 B. malhommei X 1
35 B. mardochei X 1
36 B. mariefranceae X 1
37 B. maroccanus X 1
38 B. montanus X 1
39 B. nigrovesiculosus X2 1
40 B. occidentalis X 1
41 B. occitanus X X 2
42 B. orientalis X 1
43 B. paris X X X 3
44 B. parroti X 1
45 B. prudenti X 1
46 B. pusillus X 1
47 B. rochati X 1
48 B. saharicus X 1
49 B. tassili X X 2
50 B. trinacrius X3 1
51 B. tunetatus X X X X 4
52 B. yemenensis X 1
Total (by country) 1 1 1 4 6 1 1 2 1 5 1 2 1 4 1 17 1 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 2

Remarks

There are several old records of Buthus, marked with a question mark above, which have never been found again (independently of the material in which they were based being lost or not). As such, many have not been checked since the genus was reduced in scope by Vachon (1949), or those localities remain doubtful because no Buthus has been collected there since. This is of special significance in countries like Greece and Turkey that have been in recent years reasonably well prospected. Type specimens for several Buthus species described early on were not designated or have since become lost, but this does not necessarily represent a taxonomic problem. For example B. occitanus has no type specimen (Fet and Lowe 2000[34]), but its type locality is well established and no other Buthus species occurs nearby. In this case the designation of a neotype is not justified under the ICZN (article 75.2). However, this is not the case for other species that have neither type specimens nor localities, and that we will further discuss below.

Taxon Treatment

  • Sousa, P; Arnedo, M; Harris, D; 2017: Updated catalogue and taxonomic notes on the Old-World scorpion genus Buthus Leach, 1815 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) ZooKeys, (686): 15-84. doi

Images

Figure 1. Buthus mariefranceae, from south of Morocco. Photo by Arie van der Meijden.
Figure 1. Buthus mariefranceae, from south of Morocco. Photo by Arie van der Meijden. 
Figure 10. Graphical representation of the variation in pectinal teeth number of Buthus species arranged by geographical areas to facilitate comparison. All known Buthus species are represented, although female and male are ordered independently, from smaller to largest. ª Species for which the bibliographic ranges are conflicting.
Figure 10. Graphical representation of the variation in pectinal teeth number of Buthus species arranged by geographical areas to facilitate comparison. All known Buthus species are represented, although female and male are ordered independently, from smaller to largest. ª Species for which the bibliographic ranges are conflicting. 

Other References

  1. ↑ Leach W (1815) A tabular View of the external Characters of Four Classes of Animals, which Linné arranged under INSECTA; with the Distribution of the Genera composing Three of these Classes into Orders, andc. and Descriptions of several New Genera and Species. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 11: 306–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1813.tb00065.x
  2. ↑ Latreille P (1817) Tome III. Contenant les Crustacés, les Arachnides et les Insectes. In: Cuvier G (Ed.) Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparée. Imprimerie de A. Belin, Paris, 653.
  3. ↑ Gervais P (1844b) Remarques sur la famille des scorpions et description de plusieurs espèces nouvelles de la collection du Muséum. Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 4: 201–240.
  4. ↑ Peters W (1861) Ueber eine neue Eintheilung der Skorpione und ueber die von ihm in Mossambique gesammelten Arten von Skorpionen, aus welchem hier ein Auszug mitgetheilt wird. Monatsberichte der Königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: 507–516.
  5. ↑ Thorell T (1876a) Études scorpiologiques. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali 19: 75–272.
  6. ↑ Thorell T (1876b) I.— On the classification of Scorpions. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4th series) 17: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937608681889
  7. ↑ Simon E (1879) 3e Ordre. Scorpiones Thorell. In: Les Arachnides de France. VII. Les ordes des Chernetes, Scorpiones et Opiliones. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, 79–115.
  8. ↑ Karsch F (1886) Skorpionologische Beiträge. I. Ueber einen sizilianischen Skorpion. II. Uebersicht der Gruppe Buthinae (Androctonina). III. Ueber einen neuen Opisthacanthus (Peters). Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift 30: 75–79.
  9. ↑ Pocock R (1890) A revision of the genera of Scorpions of the family Buthidae with descriptions of some South-African species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 10: 114–141.
  10. ↑ Karsch F (1891) Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. III. Ordo Scorpiones. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift 36: 305–307.
  11. ↑ Kraepelin K (1891) Revision der Skorpione. I. Die familie der Androctonidae. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 8: 143–286.
  12. ↑ Pocock R (1893) Notes on the classification of Scorpions, followed by some observations upon synonymy, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6: 303–330.
  13. ↑ Kraepelin K (1895) Nachtrag zu Theil I der Revision der Scorpione. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 12: 73–96.
  14. ↑ Laurie M (1896) Further notes on the anatomy and development of scorpions, and their bearing on the classification of the Order. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 18: 121–133.
  15. ↑ Lönnberg E (1897) Om Skorpionernas och Pedipalpernas geografiska utbredning. Entomologisk Tidskrift 18: 193–211.
  16. ↑ Kraepelin K (1899) Scorpiones und Pedipalpi. Das Tierreich. Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft. Dahl F (Ed). Friedländer und Sohn Verlag, Berlin, 265 pp. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=enandbtnG=Searchandq=intitle:Scorpiones+und+Pedipalpi#0.
  17. ↑ Pocock R (1900a) Arachnida. Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor and Francis, London, 279 pp.
  18. ↑ Simon E (1910) Révision des Scorpions d'Egypte. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de d'Egypte 2: 57–87.
  19. ↑ Birula A (1917a) [authored as Byalynitskii-Birulya, A. A.] Arachnoidea Arthrogastra Caucasica. Pars I. Scorpiones. Zapiski Kavkazskogo Muzeya, Seriia A [Mémoires du Musée du Caucase, Série A] 5: 1–253. [English translation: Byalynitskii-Birulya AA, 1964. Arthrogastric Arachnids of Caucasia. Part I. Scorpions. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 170 pp.]
  20. ↑ Birula A (1917b) [authored as Byalynitskii-Birulya AA] Faune de la Russie et des pays limitrophes fondee principalement sur les collections du Musée Zoologique de l'Académie des Sciences de Russie. Arachnides (Arachnoidea), Petrograd, 227 pp. [English translation: Byalynitskii-Birulya AA, 1965. Fauna of Russia and Adjacent Countries. Arachnoidea. Vol. I. Scorpions. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 154 pp.]
  21. ↑ Pavlovsky E (1924) On the morphology of the male genital apparatus in scorpions. Trudy Leningradskogo Obshchestva Yestestvoispytatelei 53: 17–86.
  22. ↑ Vachon M (1948a) Études sur les Scorpions. III. Déscription des Scorpions du Nord de l'Afrique. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algérie 26: 162–208.
  23. ↑ Vachon M (1949a) Études sur les Scorpions. III (suite). Déscription des Scorpions du Nord de l'Afrique. Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algérie 27: 134–169.
  24. ↑ Vachon M (1952a) Études sur les scorpions. (published 1948–1951 in Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, 1948, 26: 25–90, 162–208, 288–316, 441–481; 1949, 27: 66–100, 134–169, 281–288, 334–396; 1950, 28: 152–216, 382–413; 1951, 29: 46–104). Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Alger, 482 pp. https://www.ntnu.no/ub/scorpion-files/vachon.php.
  25. ↑ Vachon M (1963) De l'utilité, en systématique, d'une nomenclature des dents de chelicères chez les Scorpions. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 2e Série 35: 161–166.
  26. ↑ Bücherl W (1964) Distribuição geográfica dos Aracnóides peçonhentos temíveis. Memórias do Instituto Butantan 31: 55–66.
  27. ↑ Stahnke H (1972) A key to the genera of Buthidae (Scorpionida). Entomological News 83: 121–133.
  28. ↑ Vachon M (1974) Étude des caractères utilisés pour classer les familles et les genres de Scorpions (Arachnides). 1. La trichobothriotaxie en Arachnologie. Sigles trichobothriaux et types de trichobothriotaxie chez les Scorpions. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 3e Série Zoologie 104: 857–958. http://bibliotheques.mnhn.fr/medias/doc/EXPLOITATION/IFD/BMZOO_S003_1973_T140_N104/bulletin-du-museum-national-d-histoire-naturelle-zoologie.
  29. ↑ Levy G, Amitai P (1980) Fauna Palaestina. Arachnida I: Scorpiones. The Israel Academy of Sciences an d Humanit es, Jerusalem, 172 pp.
  30. ↑ Francke O (1985) Conspectus genericus scorpionorum 1758–1982 (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Occasional Papers of the Museum, Texas Tech University 98: 1–32.
  31. ↑ Sissom W (1990) Systematics, biogeography and paleontology. In: Polis G (Ed.) Biology of scorpions. Stanford University Press, Stanford, 64–160.
  32. ↑ Nenilin A, Fet V (1992) Zoogeographical analysis of the world scorpion fauna (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Arthropoda Selecta 1: 3–31.
  33. ↑ Kovařík F (1998) Štiří. Madagaskar, Jihlava, 176 pp.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Fet V, Lowe G (2000) Genus Buthus Leach, 1815. In: Fet V Sissom W Lowe G Braunwalder M (Eds) Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758-1998). The New York Entomological Society, New York, 91–97.
  35. ↑ Lourenço W (2016b) Scorpion incidents, misidentification cases and possible implications for the final interpretation of results. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases 22: 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40409-016-0075-6
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Müller K (1848) Fragmenta Historicum Graecorum. Ambrosio Firmin Didot, Paris, 630 pp.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Christesen P (2007) Olympic victor lists and Ancient Greek history. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 580 + XX pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
  38. ↑ Hofmann J, Hackius J, Boutesteyn C, Vander A, Luchtmans J (1698) Lexicon Universale, Historiam Sacram Et Profanam Omnis aevi, omniumque Gentium; Chronologiam Ad Haec Usque Tempora; Geographiam Et Veteris Et Novi Orbis; Principum Per Omnes Terras Familiarum [...] Genealogiam; Tum Mythologiam, Ritus, Caerimonias, Omnemqu. Editio abs. Hofmann JJ (Ed. ) Johannes du Vivié, Leyden, 1072 pp. http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann.html.
  39. ↑ Noël F (1824) Dictionnaire historique des personnages célèbres de l'antiquité, princes, généraux, philosophes, poëtes, artistes, artistes etc.; des dieux, héros de la fable; des villes, fleuves, etc. Seconde Éd. Le Normant Père, Paris, 581 pp.
  40. ↑ Dupré G (2016) Dictionary of scientific scorpion names. Arachnides 78: 1–68.
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