Difference between revisions of "Austrarchaea"

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  | author = Rix, Michael G. AND Harvey, Mark S.
 
  | author = Rix, Michael G. AND Harvey, Mark S.
 
  | author_abbreviated = Rix M AND Harvey M
 
  | author_abbreviated = Rix M AND Harvey M
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  | year = 2011
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  | year = 2012
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  | title = Australian Assassins, Part I: A review of the Assassin Spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) of mid-eastern Australia
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  | title = Australian Assassins, Part III: A review of the Assassin Spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) of tropical north-eastern Queensland
 
  | journal = ZooKeys
 
  | journal = ZooKeys
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  | volume = 123
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  | volume = 218
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  | pages = 1--100
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  | pages = 1--50
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  | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.123.1448
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  | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.218.3662
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  | citationurl = http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/1448/citation/  
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  | citationurl = http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/3662/citation/  
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  | url = http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/1448/abstract
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  | url = http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/3662/abstract
 
  | publisher = Pensoft Publishers
 
  | publisher = Pensoft Publishers
 
  | publisherurl = http://www.pensoft.net/
 
  | publisherurl = http://www.pensoft.net/
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  | Taxon authority = Forster & Platnick, 1984
 
  | Taxon authority = Forster & Platnick, 1984
 
  | Taxon status =  
 
  | Taxon status =  
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  | Nomenclature citation = {{Nomenclature citation |''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' Forster & Platnick, 1984: 21; Platnick 1991b<ref name="B24">{{aut|Platnick N}} (1991b) On Western Australian ''Austrarchaea'' (Araneae, Archaeidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society  8: 259-261.</ref >: 259; Main 1995<ref name="B18">{{aut|Main B}} (1995) Additional records of the Gondwanan spider ''Austrarchaea'' from southwestern Australia. Western Australian Naturalist  20: 151-154.</ref >: 151; Harvey 2002a<ref name="B8">{{aut|Harvey M}} (2002a) A new species of ''Austrarchaea'' (Araneae: Archaeidae) from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 21: 35-37.</ref >: 35.}}
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  | Nomenclature citation = {{Nomenclature citation |''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' Forster & Platnick, 1984: 21; Rix and Harvey 2011<ref name="B26">{{aut|Rix M}}, {{aut|Harvey M}} (2011) Australian Assassins, Part I: a review of the assassin spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) of mid-eastern Australia. ZooKeys 123: 1-100. doi: [http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.123.1448 10.3897/zookeys.123.1448]</ref >: 14.}}
 
  | Wikispecies page name = Austrarchaea
 
  | Wikispecies page name = Austrarchaea
 
  | Pensoft Profile = Austrarchaea
 
  | Pensoft Profile = Austrarchaea
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==Type species==
 
==Type species==
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''{{Taxon name|Archaea nodosa}}'' Forster, 1956, by original designation.
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''{{Taxon name|Archaea nodosa}}'' Forster, 1956, by original designation.<br />
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'''Diagnosis.''' Species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' can be distinguished from all southern Australian species of ''{{Taxon name|Zephyrarchaea}}'' by the significantly taller carapace (CH/CL ratio ≥ 2.0), by the presence of accessory setae on the distal bulge of the male cheliceral paturon, and by the fusion of the two conductor sclerites on the male pedipalp (Rix and Harvey 2012a<ref name="B27">{{aut|Rix M}}, {{aut|Harvey M}} (2012a) Australian Assassins, Part II: a review of the new assassin spider genus ''Zephyrarchaea'' (Araneae, Archaeidae) from southern Australia. ZooKeys 191: 1-62. doi: [http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.191.3070 10.3897/zookeys.191.3070]</ref >, fig. 4). Australian {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} are further distinguished from Old World taxa by the presence of numerous, clustered spermathecae in females (Fig. 7G), and by the presence of a long, wiry embolus on the pedipalp of males (Fig. 4).
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==Diagnosis==
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Species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' can be distinguished from all other extant {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} (i.e. Malagasy and African species of ''{{Taxon name|Eriauchenius}}'' and ''{{Taxon name|Afrarchaea}}'') by the presence of numerous, clustered spermathecae in females (Figs 5D, 10G, 14G) and by the presence of a long, wiry embolus on the pedipalp of males (Figs 10E, 15E, 27E) (Forster and Platnick 1984<ref name="B5">{{aut|Forster R}}, {{aut|Platnick N}} (1984) A review of the archaeid spiders and their relatives, with notes on the limits of the superfamily Palpimanoidea (Arachnida, Araneae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 178: 1-106.</ref >, Wood 2008<ref name="B38">{{aut|Wood H}} (2008) A revision of the assassin spiders of the ''Eriauchenius'' gracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152: 255-296. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x]</ref >). The remarkable, elevated shape of the carapace (Figs 4A-C, 10A-B) and the very long chelicerae (Figs 4B, 4D) will also immediately separate this genus from all other Australian spiders.
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==Description==
 
==Description==
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Small, haplogyne, araneomorph spiders; total length 2.5 to 5.0.<br />
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For a full generic description see Rix and Harvey (2011)<ref name="B26">{{aut|Rix M}}, {{aut|Harvey M}} (2011) Australian Assassins, Part I: a review of the assassin spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) of mid-eastern Australia. ZooKeys 123: 1-100. doi: [http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.123.1448 10.3897/zookeys.123.1448]</ref >. For notes on genitalia and morphological differences among lineages of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'', see Remarks (below).
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''Colouration'': Body colouration cryptic and relatively uniform across species, usually with only subtle intraspecific variation in abdominal patterning; carapace, sternum and chelicerae tan brown to dark reddish-brown, interspersed with darker regions of granulate cuticle (Fig. 5), covered in highly reflective setae; legs tan-brown to darker reddish-brown, with pattern of darker annulations on distal segments; abdomen mottled with beige and variable hues of grey-brown (Figs 5E-G), with darker sclerites, scutes and sclerotic spots (Figs 5A-B); paler beige markings due to reflective, subcuticular guanine crystals (Fig. 5B); antero-lateral face of abdomen always with large, humeral patch of reflective guanine crystals (Figs 5A, 5E-G).<br />
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''Cephalothorax'': Carapace greatly elevated anteriorly (CH/CL ratio usually 2.0–2.4; Fig. 6), with raised, highly modified pars cephalica forming ‘neck’ and bulbous ‘head’ (see Wood 2008<ref name="B38">{{aut|Wood H}} (2008) A revision of the assassin spiders of the ''Eriauchenius'' gracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152: 255-296. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x]</ref >) (Figs 4A-C); ‘neck’ with concomitantly long diastema (see Schütt 2002<ref name="B32">{{aut|Schütt K}} (2002) The limits and phylogeny of the Araneoidea (Arachnida, Araneae). PhD thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin.</ref >) between cheliceral bases and anterior margin of carapace, fused along entire length with sclerotised cuticle (Fig. 4C); cheliceral bases emanating from broad, fully-enclosed cheliceral foramen situated at front of ‘head’ (Figs 4A-B); posterior ‘head’ region usually also bearing two pairs of rudimentary protrusions or ‘horns’, each typically terminating in a short, thickened seta (Fig. 4A). Carapace with densely granulate cuticular microstructure (Fig. 4G), covered in larger setose tubercles arranged in clusters or distinct rows (Figs 4C, 4E); each tubercle bearing single densely plumose or ciliate seta; setose tubercles largest on ‘neck’ and pars thoracica (Figs 4C, 4E). Eight eyes present on anterior margin of ‘head’, in four widely separated diads (Figs 4A-B); AME largest, widely separated, directed antero-laterally on rounded ocular bulge (Fig. 4B); PME situated closely posterior to AME, directed obliquely on postero-lateral side of ocular bulge; lateral eyes contiguous, with shared raised bases, directed ventro-laterally on widest lateral margin of ‘head’ (Figs 4A-B). Sternum longer than wide, covered in setose tubercles; lateral margins separated from dorsal pleural sclerite extending between coxae I-IV. Labium subtriangular, not fused to sternum, directed antero-ventrally at oblique angle to sternum; labrum with pair of divergent projections on anterior surface. Maxillae large (Fig. 4C), straddling labium and labrum, converging distally; serrula a single row of teeth. Chelicerae very long, spear-like, distally divergent (Figs 4B, 4D, 4F), usually with proximal bulging projection (Fig. 4B); both sexes with oval, ectal stridulatory file adjacent to pedipalps (Fig. 4F); males usually also with brush (Figs 4F, 12C, 19C, 22C), short comb (Figs 14C, 18C) or dense tuft (Figs 16C, 17C) of accessory setae on anterior face of paturon. Chelicerae armed with three rows of peg teeth; anterior (prolateral) row with two peg teeth near tip of fang; posterior (retrolateral) row with single peg tooth near tip of fang; median (prolateral) row with more than 15 peg teeth extending along inner prolateral margin of paturon to near base of fang; median row with approximately nine porrect, comb-like peg teeth adjacent to fang, several larger, flattened, spiniform peg teeth near tip of fang, and additional progressively shorter, spiniform peg teeth along inner paturon (Fig. 4D); cheliceral retromargin also with four or five true teeth and prominent cheliceral gland mound.<br />
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''Legs and female pedipalp'': Legs (longest to shortest) 1–4–2–3, covered with short plumose setae; spines absent; patella I long, greater than one-third length of femur I. Trichobothria present on tibiae and metatarsi of legs; tibiae I-IV each with two trichobothria; metatarsi I-IV each with single trichobothrium; bothrial bases with strongly ridged hood. Tarsi shorter than metatarsi, with capsulate tarsal organ and three claws; tarsi, metatarsi and distal tibiae of legs I-II usually with ventral and pro-ventral rows of moveable, spatulate setae. Female pedipalp with long, porrect trochanter and small tarsal claw; tibia with two dorsal trichobothria.<br />
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''Abdomen'': Abdomen arched anteriorly, rounded-subtriangular in lateral view, usually with four to six large hump-like tubercles on dorsal surface (Figs 5A, 5E-G); cuticle covered with short plumose setae and numerous sclerotic spots (Figs 5A-B). Epigastric region with sclerotised (setose) book lung covers and dorsal and ventral plates surrounding pedicel (Fig. 5C) (plates fused in males); dorsal pedicel plate with transverse ridges; females with median genital plate and sclerotised lateral sigillae (Figs 5C-D); males with broad dorsal scute fused anteriorly to epigastric sclerites, with or without additional paired sclerites associated with hump-like tubercles (Fig. 5A). Six spinnerets, surrounded by thickened cuticle; ALS largest, PMS smallest; colulus absent. Posterior pair of divided tracheal spiracles situated anterior to spinnerets; males also with transverse row of epiandrous gland spigots situated closely anterior to epigastric furrow.<br />
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''Genitalia'': Female genitalia haplogyne, with sclerotised, strongly arched genital plate anterior to epigastric furrow (Figs 5C-D); internally with gonopore leading to large, spherical membranous bursa (Fig. 17G; see also Forster and Platnick 1984<ref name="B5">{{aut|Forster R}}, {{aut|Platnick N}} (1984) A review of the archaeid spiders and their relatives, with notes on the limits of the superfamily Palpimanoidea (Arachnida, Araneae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 178: 1-106.</ref >, fig. 57) overlying two separate, radiating clusters of sclerotised anterior spermathecae (Figs 5D, 10G, 14G, 19G). Male pedipalp with complex, expandable pyriform bulb (Figs 10E, 19E, 23E, 24E), consisting of smooth tegulum, proximal ‘subtegulum’ and associated tegular groove with basal haematodocha (Figs 10E, 23E, 27E) (similar to {{Taxon name|Mecysmaucheniidae}} and potentially analogous to the subtegular division of Entelegynae); distal tegulum with excavate, rimmed cavity surrounding massive, inflatable haematodochal complex incorporating distal embolus, basal embolic sclerite and multiple tegular sclerites (Figs 26D, 27E) (see below); distal haematodochal complex with balloon-like proximal portion (anchored by distal rim of tegulum) and sinuous, tapering embolic portion (anchored by flexible, hinged retro-ventral conductor) (Figs 26D, 27E). Unexpanded pedipalp with folded, wiry embolus abutting conductor (Fig. 17E); tegular sclerites embedded pro-distally (Fig. 20E); pedipalpal expansion and haematodochal inflation (e.g. see Figs 14E, 23E, 26D, 27E) resulting in significant conformational changes to shape of conductor, length and orientation of embolus, and relative position of tegular sclerites.<br />
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As noted by Wood (2008)<ref name="B38">{{aut|Wood H}} (2008) A revision of the assassin spiders of the ''Eriauchenius'' gracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152: 255-296. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00359.x]</ref >, the homology of the tegular sclerites among archaeid genera remains unclear, and this is especially true for ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' relative to Malagasy and African taxa. For the purposes of this revision, and for an easy comparison among species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' from mid-eastern Australia, the moveable tegular sclerites of the pedipalp are here numbered (1–3), relative to their pro-distal position within the unexpanded tegular cavity (e.g. see Figs 11F, 17F). Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) is a porrect, variably spiniform (Fig. 25F), rod-like (Fig. 20E) or filiform (Fig. 10F) process (breakable in some specimens; Fig. 21F) that originates near the prolateral base of the conductor, adjacent to the embedded base of the proximal embolic sclerite; during pedipalpal expansion this sclerite usually remains distally directed, positioned adjacent to the embolic haematodocha (Figs 26D, 27E). Tegular sclerite 2 (TS 2) is a distinctive, pointed, usually spur-like process, angled obliquely towards the conductor (Figs 11F, 25F), which is closely associated with the adjacent tegular sclerite 2a (TS 2a); in the unexpanded state, the sinuous, filiform TS 2a is usually obscured and ‘locked’ within a folded groove along the margin of TS 2 (see Forster and Platnick 1984<ref name="B5">{{aut|Forster R}}, {{aut|Platnick N}} (1984) A review of the archaeid spiders and their relatives, with notes on the limits of the superfamily Palpimanoidea (Arachnida, Araneae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 178: 1-106.</ref >, figs 60, 62). Tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) is the most disto-dorsally positioned of the tegular sclerites, with a broader, more plate-like morphology relative to TS 1–2, usually visible as a distally pointed or rod-like projection beyond the retro-distal rim of the tegulum (Figs 14E-F, 17E-F, 20D-E).
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==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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Assassin spiders occur in mesic habitats throughout south-eastern, south-western and north-eastern mainland Australia (Fig. 2), usually in montane rainforests (Figs 30C, 38C, 41C) and wet eucalypt forests (Figs 39C, 42C, 45C), but occasionally in temperate heathlands or lowland rainforests (Fig. 40C). In south-eastern Australia they occur on Kangaroo Island (South Australia) and along the Great Dividing Range, from Grampians National Park in south-western Victoria north to Kroombit Tops National Park in south-eastern Queensland. In south-western Western Australia they occur from the Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park east to Cape Le Grand National Park, with outlying populations in the Porongurup and Stirling Range National Parks. In north-eastern Queensland archaeids occur along the Great Dividing Range, from Eungella National Park near Mackay north to the Mount Finnigan Uplands, near Cooktown. Although this distribution is markedly concordant with the distribution of closed and tall open forests in Australia’s east and extreme south-west (see Specht 1981), assassin spiders appear to be notably absent from Tasmania, from the Australian Alps and from the ‘St Lawrence Gap’ (Webb and Tracey 1981) (Fig. 2), as evidenced by the lack of museum specimens and despite targeted searches by the senior author.
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Species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' occur in mesic habitats throughout eastern Queensland and New South Wales (Fig. 3), usually in montane rainforests (Figs 1E-F), but also in lowland rainforests or wet eucalypt forests on or adjacent to the Great Dividing Range (Rix and Harvey 2011<ref name="B26">{{aut|Rix M}}, {{aut|Harvey M}} (2011) Australian Assassins, Part I: a review of the assassin spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) of mid-eastern Australia. ZooKeys 123: 1-100. doi: [http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.123.1448 10.3897/zookeys.123.1448]</ref >). In north-eastern Queensland, archaeids occur throughout the Wet Tropics bioregion, from the Mount Finnigan Uplands (near Cooktown) south to Mount Elliot (near Townsville) (Figs 16–23, 25). In the Mackay and Whitsundays Hinterland region, archaeids can be found in the Eungella National Park (near Mackay), north to Mount Dryander (south of Bowen) (Figs 24–25). The genus is not known to occur south or west of the Australian Alps (Fig. 2), which may be a vicariant biogeographic barrier between populations of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' and ''{{Taxon name|Zephyrarchaea}}'' (Rix and Harvey 2012a<ref name="B27">{{aut|Rix M}}, {{aut|Harvey M}} (2012a) Australian Assassins, Part II: a review of the new assassin spider genus ''Zephyrarchaea'' (Araneae, Archaeidae) from southern Australia. ZooKeys 191: 1-62. doi: [http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.191.3070 10.3897/zookeys.191.3070]</ref >, 2012b<ref name="B28">{{aut|Rix M}}, {{aut|Harvey M}} (2012b) Phylogeny and historical biogeography of ancient assassin spiders (Araneae: Archaeidae) in the Australian mesic zone: evidence for Miocene speciation within Tertiary refugia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62: 375-396. doi: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.009 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.009]</ref >).
  
 
==Composition==
 
==Composition==
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Five described species – ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' Forster & Platnick, 1984, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea hickmani}}'' (Butler, 1929), ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea mainae}}'' Platnick, 1991b, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea nodosa}}'' (Forster, 1956) and ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea robinsi}}'' Harvey, 2002a – and the 17 new species from mid-eastern Australia: ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea alani}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea aleenae}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea binfordae}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea christopheri}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea clyneae}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea cunninghami}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea dianneae}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea harmsi}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea helenae}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea judyae}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea mascordi}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea mcguiganae}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea milledgei}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea monteithi}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea platnickorum}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea raveni}}'' sp. n. and ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea smithae}}'' sp. n.
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Nineteen described species – ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea alani}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea aleenae}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea binfordae}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea christopheri}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea clyneae}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea cunninghami}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' Forster & Platnick, 1984, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea dianneae}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea harmsi}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea helenae}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea judyae}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea mascordi}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea mcguiganae}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea milledgei}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea monteithi}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea nodosa}}'' (Forster, 1956), ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea platnickorum}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea raveni}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea smithae}}'' Rix & Harvey, 2011 – plus the eight new species from north-eastern Queensland: ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea griswoldi}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea hoskini}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea karenae}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea tealei}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea thompsoni}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea wallacei}}'' sp. n., ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea westi}}'' sp. n. and ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea woodae}}'' sp. n.
  
 
==Remarks==
 
==Remarks==
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At least three clades of {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} can be recognised in Australia (Fig. 3B; see also Wood et al. 2010<ref name="B39">{{aut|Wood H}}, {{aut|Griswold C}}, {{aut|Gillespie R}}, {{aut|Elias D}} (2010) Archaeid and mecysmaucheniid spiders and their relatives (Araneae: Archaeidae, Mecysmaucheniidae): phylogeny, biogeography and evolution of the carapace morphology. In: Żabka M (Ed) 18th International Congress of Arachnology, Book of Abstracts, July 2010. Akademia Podlaska, Siedlce, 480.</ref >): a mid-eastern Australian clade, distributed from southern New South Wales to south-eastern Queensland (including the enigmatic, basal species ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea monteithi}}'' sp. n.); a north-eastern Queensland clade, endemic to tropical Queensland; and a southern Australian clade, known from Victoria, South Australia and south-western Western Australia. For the purposes of this revision, mid-eastern Australian species are diagnosed relative only to other related species from mid-eastern Australia (i.e. ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea nodosa}}'' and its closest relatives; Fig. 3B), all of which possess five or six dorsal hump-like tubercles on the abdomen (Figs 5F-G) and have a carapace height to carapace length (CH/CL) ratio ≥ 2.00. ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' and related species from north-eastern Queensland have only two pairs of hump-like tubercles on the abdomen (Fig. 5E), and ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea hickmani}}'', ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea robinsi}}'' and ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea mainae}}'' from southern Australia have a carapace height to carapace length (CH/CL) ratio significantly less than 2.00 (M. Rix, pers. obs.).
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The genus ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' includes three major lineages in eastern Australia (Figs 3–4), each readily distinguished by the morphology of the abdomen and the structure of the male pedipalp (Fig. 4). The most widespread lineage (the ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea nodosa}}'' species-group) occurs south of the St Lawrence Gap, from Kroombit Tops National Park in central Queensland, south to the Badja State Forest in southern New South Wales (Fig. 3); species in this lineage possess six dorsal hump-like tubercles on the abdomen and an exposed tegular cavity with a variably scutiform conductor (Fig. 4). The second, most restricted lineage (the ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea monteithi}}'' lineage) is known only from the Gibraltar Range National Park in northern New South Wales (Fig. 3); the single known species, ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea monteithi}}'', possesses five dorsal hump-like tubercles on the abdomen and an exposed tegular cavity with a hooked conductor (Fig. 4). The third lineage (the ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' species-group; revised in this paper) occurs north of the St Lawrence Gap, from Eungella National Park north to Cooktown (Figs 3, 25); species in this lineage possess only four dorsal hump-like tubercles on the abdomen (recumbent in ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea woodae}}'' sp. n.) and a more enclosed tegular cavity with a very large, arched conductor (Figs 4, 6–15).<br />
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Although the derived pedipalpal morphology of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' and its relatives is strikingly different to that of congeners further south, the distal tegular sclerites can nonetheless be broadly homologised with those of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea nodosa}}'' and ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea monteithi}}'' on the basis of their shape and relative position in the unexpanded tegular cavity. The embolus in all nine known north-eastern Queensland species is a long, sinuous, strongly sclerotized process emerging from the distal bulb pro-ventrally, in some species bearing an additional accessory spur. Tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) is always a prominent, pro-ventrally directed process, which is fused to the retro-ventral margin of the tegular bulb (the latter of which is usually also concomitantly modified). Tegular sclerite 2 (plus 2a, i.e. TS 2-2a) is usually inserted just behind TS 3 in the unexpanded tegular cavity, forming a distinctive, mesally-looped and distally whip-like structure common to all taxa in the ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' species-group; the extent of this very long, whip-like TS 2a is usually proximate to the distal extension of the embolus in the unexpanded state. This TS 2-2a morphology is in stark contrast to that of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea monteithi}}'', ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea nodosa}}'' and related species, in which TS 2a is usually covered and largely obscured by a more spur-like TS 2 process. Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) – generally the most prominent sclerite in species of ''{{Taxon name|Zephyrarchaea}}'' and other species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' – is reduced and often obscured in most archaeid species from north-eastern Queensland, although a few taxa possess a larger, more distinctive TS 1 posterior to the TS 2-2a complex (e.g. Fig. 9D). Inter-specific variation among taxa in the ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' species-group is pronounced, with male pedipalp morphologies usually highly autapomorphic for each species. Five broad pedipalp types (Types A-E) can be distinguished among north-eastern Queensland taxa, with Type A being the most common form, shared between five of the nine known species, and Types B-E each currently unique to single species. Figure 6 highlights differences between these different pedipalp morphologies, which are further diagnosed in the Key to species (see below).
  
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==Key to the species of Austrarchaea known from mid-eastern Australia (males required)==
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==Key to the species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' known from north-eastern Queensland (males required)==
 
{{Key Start
 
{{Key Start
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| title = Key to the species of Austrarchaea known from mid-eastern Australia (males required)
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| title = Key to the species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' known from north-eastern Queensland (males required)
 
| description =
 
| description =
 
| flags = jkey-hidekeymetadata  
 
| flags = jkey-hidekeymetadata  
Line 73: Line 66:
 
| creators = M. Rix & M. Harvey
 
| creators = M. Rix & M. Harvey
 
}}
 
}}
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{{Lead | 1 | Abdomen with five dorsal hump-like tubercles (Fig. 5F)
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{{Lead | 1 | Distal embolus enclosed within conductor (Fig. 12D); pedipalp very small, width of bulb << 0.30 mm (Fig. 12D) ('''Type B''' pedipalp; Fig. 6)
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| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea monteithi}}'' sp. n.}}
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| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea westi}}'' sp. n.}}
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{{Lead | – | Abdomen with six dorsal hump-like tubercles, in three pairs (Fig. 5G)
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{{Lead | – | Distal embolus fully exposed, projecting distally, not enclosed within conductor (Figs 7E, 13D, 15E); pedipalp larger, width of bulb > 0.30 mm
 
| result text = 2}}
 
| result text = 2}}
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{{Lead | 2 | Male chelicerae with dense tuft of accessory setae on anterior face of paturon (Figs 16C, 17C, 23C)
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{{Lead | 2 | Conductor arched, directed prolaterally in ventral view (Fig. 14E); tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) very large, dagger-like, directed pro-ventrally across bulb (Figs 14E-F); embolus with prominent, rounded, fin-shaped spur (Fig. 14E) ('''Type D''' pedipalp; Fig. 6)
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| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea hoskini}}'' sp. n.}}
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{{Lead | – | Conductor directed retrolaterally in ventral view (Figs 7E, 8D, 10D); tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) not dagger-like; embolic spur, if present, with pointed apex (Figs 9E, 11F)
 
| result text = 3}}
 
| result text = 3}}
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{{Lead | – | Male chelicerae with uniform brush (Figs 12C, 19C, 22C) or comb (Figs 14C, 18C) of accessory setae on anterior face of paturon
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{{Lead | 3 | Distal bulb and proximal conductor strongly constricted laterally, forming uniquely apple-shaped pedipalpal profile in ventral view (Figs 13C–D); tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) large, flattened, with prominent, distally folded apex (Figs 13D-E) ('''Type C''' pedipalp; Fig. 6)
 +
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea woodae}}'' sp. n.}}
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{{Lead | – | Distal bulb and proximal conductor not constricted laterally; tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) not folded distally
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| result text = 4}}
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{{Lead | 4 | Ventro-distal rim of tegulum distally extended to form rectangular opercular plate, covering tegular sclerite 2a (TS 2a) for most of its length (Fig. 15E); tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) very large, flattened, extending along entire retrolateral edge of conductor (Fig. 15F) ('''Type E''' pedipalp; Fig. 6)
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| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea griswoldi}}'' sp. n.}}
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{{Lead | – | Ventro-distal rim of tegulum not forming rectangular opercular plate; tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) shorter, spur-like (Figs 7E, 8D, 9D, 10D, 11E); conductor arched, directed retrolaterally in ventral view, not abutting TS 3 (Figs 7E, 9D, 10D, 11E) ('''Type A''' pedipalp; Fig. 6)
 
| result text = 5}}
 
| result text = 5}}
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{{Lead | 3 | Tuft of accessory setae on anterior face of male paturon very strong, dorsally-directed, with ‘pick-like’ profile in lateral view (Fig. 16C)
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{{Lead | 5 | Embolus with triangular embolic spur (Figs 8D, 9E, 10D, 11F); embolus projecting beyond distal rim of conductor by > 1/3 length of exposed embolic portion (Figs 9D, 10D, 11E)
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| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea harmsi}}'' sp. n.}}
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−
{{Lead | – | Tuft of accessory setae on anterior face of male paturon less pronounced, with shorter, densely-bunched profile in lateral view (Figs 17C, 23C)
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−
| result text = 4}}
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{{Lead | 4 | Tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) very large, porrect (Figs 17D-F); TS 2 thin, spiniform (Fig. 17F)
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−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea aleenae}}'' sp. n.}}
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{{Lead | – | Tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) not enlarged, rounded-rectangular (Fig. 23E); TS 2 spur-like, not spiniform (Fig. 23E)
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−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea milledgei}}'' sp. n.}}
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{{Lead | 5 | Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) very long, rod-like, visible in retrolateral view, reaching to near distal apex of conductor, with broadly-rounded apex (Figs 20C-E)
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−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea christopheri}}'' sp. n.}}
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{{Lead | – | Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) usually relatively short, obscured by conductor in retrolateral view (Figs 18F, 25F); if TS 1 long, never with broadly-rounded apex (Figs 10F, 22F)
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| result text = 6}}
 
| result text = 6}}
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{{Lead | 6 | Highest point of male pars cephalica (HPC) near posterior margin of ‘head’ (with carapace sometimes almost horizontal anterior to HPC; Figs 8A, 8H), ratio of HPC to post-ocular length <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.84 (Figs 8A, 8C-D, 8H, 9D)
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{{Lead | – | Embolus without embolic spur (Fig. 7E); embolus projecting beyond distal rim of conductor by ~1/3 length of exposed embolic portion (Figs 7D-E)
 +
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' Forster & Platnick, 1984}}
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{{Lead | 6 | Embolic spur distally positioned, situated close to pro-distal margin of conductor (slightly proximal to distal-most curve of embolus tip) (Figs 9D, 11E); tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) relatively large, triangular, visible in ventral view posterior to TS 2-3 (Figs 8D, 9D, 11E)
 
| result text = 7}}
 
| result text = 7}}
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{{Lead | – | Highest point of male pars cephalica (HPC) closer to middle of ‘head’, ratio of HPC to post-ocular length < 0.75 (Figs 8F-G, 8I, 9C, 9F-I)
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{{Lead | – | Embolic spur more proximally positioned, situated near base of exposed embolic portion (Fig. 10D); tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) small, obscured by TS 2-3, not visible in ventral view (Fig. 10D)
−
| result text = 11}}
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| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea thompsoni}}'' sp. n.}}
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{{Lead | 7 | Male chelicerae with short comb of accessory setae on anterior face of paturon (Figs 14C, 18C)
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{{Lead | 7 | Tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) with sharply pointed, claw-like apex (Figs 9D–E, 11E-F)
 
| result text = 8}}
 
| result text = 8}}
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{{Lead | – | Male chelicerae with longer brush of accessory setae on anterior face of paturon (Figs 11C, 15C)
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{{Lead | – | Tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) with more bluntly pointed, triangular apex (Figs 8C–D)
−
| result text = 9}}
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| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea wallacei}}'' sp. n.}}
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{{Lead | 8 | Conductor ‘ear-shaped’, with large proximal lobe (Figs 14D-F); tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) triangular, with pointed apex (Fig. 14E)
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{{Lead | 8. | Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) broadly triangular in ventral view (Fig. 9D); tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) with single, sharply pointed process distally (Fig. 9D)
−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea raveni}}'' sp. n.}}
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| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea karenae}}'' sp. n.}}
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{{Lead | – | Conductor foliate, obliquely-angled (Figs 18D-E); tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) very large, porrect, with broadly-pointed rectangular apex (Figs 18D-F)
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{{Lead | – | Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) with more tapered, tooth-like triangular apex in ventral view (Fig. 11E); tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) with second short, pointed process distally (Fig. 11E)
−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea alani}}'' sp. n.}}
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| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea tealei}}'' sp. n.}}
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{{Lead | 9 | Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) very long, spiniform, visible in retrolateral view, reaching to near distal apex of conductor, with sharply-pointed apex (Figs 22E-F)
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−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea binfordae}}'' sp. n.}}
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−
{{Lead | – | Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) relatively short, shorter than TS 2, obscured by conductor in retrolateral view (Figs 11F, 15F)
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−
| result text = 10}}
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{{Lead | 10 | Conductor ‘spade-shaped’, with sharply-incised proximal margin (Figs 15D-F); male ‘head’ strongly elevated postero-dorsally, post-ocular ratio > 0.40 (Fig. 8C)
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−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea judyae}}'' sp. n.}}
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−
{{Lead | – | Conductor foliate, without sharply-incised proximal margin (Figs 11D-E); male ‘head’ not strongly elevated dorsally, post-ocular ratio < 0.30 (Fig. 8H)
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−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea dianneae}}'' sp. n.}}
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−
{{Lead | 11 | Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) very thin, filiform (Figs 10F, 24F)
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−
| result text = 12}}
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{{Lead | – | Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) broader, spiniform or rod-like (Figs 12F, 13E, 21F, 25F)
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−
| result text = 13}}
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{{Lead | 12 | Proximal portion of embolic sclerite very broad, flanged, overlying proximal conductor (Figs 10D-E).
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−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea nodosa}}'' (Forster, 1956)}}
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−
{{Lead | – | Proximal portion of embolic sclerite not flanged, fully-embraced by conductor (Figs 24D-E)
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−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea mascordi}}'' sp. n.}}
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−
{{Lead | 13 | Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) rod-like, without sharply-pointed apex (Fig. 27E)
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−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea mcguiganae}}'' sp. n.}}
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−
{{Lead | – | Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) usually spiniform, with sharply-pointed apex (Figs 12F, 13E, 21F, 25F, 26D)
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−
| result text = 14}}
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−
{{Lead | 14 | Male ‘head’ strongly elevated dorsally, post-ocular ratio > 0.38 (Fig. 9G); highest point of pars cephalica (HPC) approaching posterior quarter of ‘head’, ratio of HPC to post-ocular length ~0.70 (Fig. 9G)
+
−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea smithae}}'' sp. n.}}
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−
{{Lead | – | Male ‘head’ not strongly elevated dorsally, post-ocular ratio <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.35 (Figs 8F-G, 9C, 9I); highest point of pars cephalica (HPC) near middle of ‘head’, ratio of HPC to post-ocular length < 0.65 (Figs 8F-G, 9C, 9I)
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−
| result text = 15}}
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{{Lead | 15 | Male ‘head’ with concave depression near posterior margin (Fig. 8F)
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−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea clyneae}}'' sp. n.}}
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−
{{Lead | – | Male ‘head’ without concave depression near posterior margin (Figs 8G, 9C, 9I)
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−
| result text = 16}}
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{{Lead | 16 | Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) spiniform, with long, gently-tapered apex (Figs 21F, 26D)
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−
| result text = 17}}
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{{Lead | – | Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) relatively short, with rectangular base and sharply-tapered apex (Fig. 12F)
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−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea cunninghami}}'' sp. n.}}
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{{Lead | 17 | Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) with curled distal tip (Fig. 26D)
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−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea helenae}}'' sp. n.}}
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−
{{Lead | – | Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) straight, without curled distal tip (Fig. 21F)
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−
| result text = ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea platnickorum}}'' sp. n.}}
+
 
{{Key End}}
 
{{Key End}}
  
 
==Taxon Treatment==
 
==Taxon Treatment==
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*{{aut|Rix, M}}; {{aut|Harvey, M}}; 2011: Australian Assassins, Part I: A review of the Assassin Spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) of mid-eastern Australia [http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/ ''ZooKeys'',] '''123''': 1-100. {{doi|10.3897/zookeys.123.1448}}
+
*{{aut|Rix, M}}; {{aut|Harvey, M}}; 2012: Australian Assassins, Part III: A review of the Assassin Spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) of tropical north-eastern Queensland [http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/ ''ZooKeys'',] '''218''': 1-50. {{doi|10.3897/zookeys.218.3662}}
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==Images==
 +
{{Gallery | lines=5 | width=250
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|1= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g001.jpg|2= '''Figure 1.''' Habitus and habitat images of species {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} from north-eastern Queensland. '''A–D''', Habitus images of live paratype specimens of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea griswoldi}}'' sp. n. from Eungella National Park: '''A''' newly-moulted female with recently cast cuticle; '''B–C''', female, lateral view; '''D''', female carrying egg-sac. '''E–F''', Habitat images: '''E''', tropical rainforest at Broken River, Eungella National Park – type locality of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea griswoldi}}'' sp. n.; '''F''', dense tropical rainforest at Malaan National Park, Atherton Tableland – locality of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' Forster & Platnick.
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|3= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g002.jpg|4= '''Figure 2.''' Map showing the known distribution of {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} in Australia (circles for the genus ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}''; squares for ''{{Taxon name|Zephyrarchaea}}''), with locality records for north-eastern Queensland species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' in the ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' species-group highlighted in black. Note the three major biogeographic and phylogenetic disjunctions in the distribution of Australian {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} (see Rix and Harvey 2012b<ref name="B28">{{aut|Rix M}}, {{aut|Harvey M}} (2012b) Phylogeny and historical biogeography of ancient assassin spiders (Araneae: Archaeidae) in the Australian mesic zone: evidence for Miocene speciation within Tertiary refugia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62: 375-396. doi: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.009 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.009]</ref >), especially the St Lawrence Gap, separating mid-eastern Australian taxa in the ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea nodosa}}'' species-group (see Figs 3–4).
 +
|5= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g003.jpg|6= '''Figure 3.''' Distribution and phylogeny of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' species from Rix and Harvey (2011<ref name="B26">{{aut|Rix M}}, {{aut|Harvey M}} (2011) Australian Assassins, Part I: a review of the assassin spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) of mid-eastern Australia. ZooKeys 123: 1-100. doi: [http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.123.1448 10.3897/zookeys.123.1448]</ref >, 2012b<ref name="B27">{{aut|Rix M}}, {{aut|Harvey M}} (2012a) Australian Assassins, Part II: a review of the new assassin spider genus ''Zephyrarchaea'' (Araneae, Archaeidae) from southern Australia. ZooKeys 191: 1-62. doi: [http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.191.3070 10.3897/zookeys.191.3070]</ref >), showing the interrelationships of the three lineages from north-eastern Queensland (''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' species-group), mid-eastern Australia (''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea nodosa}}'' species-group) and the Gibraltar Range (''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea monteithi}}'' lineage), respectively. See Figure 4 for a comparison of morphological differences between these three clades.
 +
|7= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g004.jpg|8= '''Figure 4.''' Morphological differences between the three lineages of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' (see Fig. 3). Note the variation in the shape of the male pedipalp and the marked differences in the shape and orientation of the conductor (C), embolus (E) and the distal tegular sclerites. Note also the number of abdominal hump-like tubercles (1-6): four in the ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' species-group; five in ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea monteithi}}''; and six in the ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea nodosa}}'' species-group.
 +
|9= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g006.jpg|10= '''Figure 6.''' Morphological differences between the five pedipalp types (Types A-E) identified for species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}'' from north-eastern Queensland, with left bulbs illustrated in ventral view at scale-identical sizes. Type A pedipalps are shared among at least five species from the Wet Tropics bioregion; Types B-E are autapomorphic for single species. Note especially the variation in the size and shape of the bulb, and the shape and orientation of the conductor. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; ESp <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic spur; (TS)1-3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bar <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 +
|11= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g007.jpg|12= '''Figure 7.''' ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' Forster & Platnick, 1984. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', female (WAM T125183) from Malaan National Park, Atherton Tableland, NE. Queensland; '''B''', holotype male (QMB S1091) from Majors Mountain, Atherton Tableland, NE. Queensland. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Male (WAM T125183; from Malaan National Park, Atherton Tableland, NE. Queensland) pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, ventral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. '''G''', Female (WAM T125183) internal genitalia, postero-ventral view (genital plate removed). C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)2-3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A-B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 +
|13= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g008.jpg|14= '''Figure 8.''' ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea wallacei}}'' sp. n. '''A–D''', Holotype male (QMB S25964) from Mount Misery, Monkhouse Timber Reserve, NE. Queensland: '''A''', cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; '''B''', chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; '''C–D''', right pedipalpal bulb (expanded; flipped horizontal for inter-specific comparison), retrolateral view. bH <nowiki>=</nowiki> basal haematodocha; C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; ESp <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic spur; H <nowiki>=</nowiki> haematodocha; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1-3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bars: A <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; D <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 +
|15= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g009.jpg|16= '''Figure 9.''' ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea karenae}}'' sp. n. '''A–E''', Holotype male (QMB S43060) from Windsor Tableland, Windsor Tableland National Park, NE. Queensland: '''A''', cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; '''B''', chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; '''C–D''', pedipalpal bulb, ventral view; '''E''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; ESp <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic spur; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1-3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bars: A <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; D <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
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|17= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g010.jpg|18= '''Figure 10.''' ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea thompsoni}}'' sp. n. '''A–E''', Holotype male (QMB S30840) from Devils Thumb, Daintree National Park, NE. Queensland: '''A''', cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; '''B''', chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; '''C–D''', pedipalpal bulb, ventral view; '''E''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; ESp <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic spur; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)2-3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; D <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 +
|19= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g011.jpg|20= '''Figure 11.''' ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea tealei}}'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', female (ANIC) from Mossman Gorge, Daintree National Park, NE. Queensland; '''B''', holotype male (QMB S92210) from Mossman Gorge, Daintree National Park, NE. Queensland. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, ventral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. '''G''', Female (ANIC) internal genitalia, postero-ventral view (genital plate removed). C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; ESp <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic spur; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1-3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bars: A-B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 +
|21= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g012.jpg|22= '''Figure 12.''' ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea westi}}'' sp. n. '''A–E''', Holotype male (QMB S59537) from Mount Williams, Dinden National Park, NE. Queensland: '''A''', cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; '''B''', chelicerae, lateral view, showing lack of defined accessory setae; '''C–D''', pedipalpal bulb, ventral view; '''E''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)2-3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; D <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
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|23= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g013.jpg|24= '''Figure 13.''' ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea woodae}}'' sp. n. '''A–E''', Holotype male (QMB S72988) from Boulder Caves, Mount Bartle Frere, Wooroonooran National Park, NE. Queensland: '''A''', cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; '''B''', chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; '''C–D''', pedipalpal bulb, ventral view; '''E''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)2-3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; D <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
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|25= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g014.jpg|26= '''Figure 14.''' ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea hoskini}}'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (QMB S17937) from Mount Elliot, Bowling Green Bay National Park, NE. Queensland; '''B''', holotype male (QMB S30811) from Mount Elliot, Bowling Green Bay National Park, NE. Queensland. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, ventral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, postero-ventral view (as seen through posterior rim of genital plate). C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; ESp <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic spur; GP <nowiki>=</nowiki> genital plate; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)2-3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A-B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 +
|27= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g015.jpg|28= '''Figure 15.''' ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea griswoldi}}'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (QMB S92213) from Broken River, Eungella National Park, NE. Queensland; '''B''', holotype male (QMB S92212) from Broken River, Eungella National Park, NE. Queensland. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, ventral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, postero-ventral view (genital plate removed). C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1-3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bars: A-B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 +
|29= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g016.jpg|30= '''Figure 16.''' Distribution of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' Forster & Platnick, 1984: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' highlighted in yellow; '''B–C''', topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the central Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}''. AU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Atherton Uplands; BK <nowiki>=</nowiki> Bellenden Ker/Bartle Frere; HI <nowiki>=</nowiki> Hinchinbrook Island; KU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Kirrama Uplands; LE <nowiki>=</nowiki> Lee Uplands; LU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Lamb Uplands; MT <nowiki>=</nowiki> Malbon-Thompson Uplands.
 +
|31= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g017.jpg|32= '''Figure 17.''' Distribution of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea wallacei}}'' sp. n.: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea wallacei}}'' highlighted in yellow; '''B–C''', topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the northern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}''. BM <nowiki>=</nowiki> Black Mountain Corridor; CU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Carbine Uplands; FU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Mt Finnigan Uplands; TU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Thornton Uplands; WU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Windsor Uplands.
 +
|33= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g018.jpg|34= '''Figure 18.''' Distribution of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea karenae}}'' sp. n.: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea karenae}}'' highlighted in yellow; '''B–C''', topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the northern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}''. BM <nowiki>=</nowiki> Black Mountain Corridor; CU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Carbine Uplands; FU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Mt Finnigan Uplands; TU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Thornton Uplands; WU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Windsor Uplands.
 +
|35= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g019.jpg|36= '''Figure 19.''' Distribution of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea thompsoni}}'' sp. n.: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distrib ution of {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea thompsoni}}'' highlighted in yellow; '''B–C''', topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the northern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}''. BM <nowiki>=</nowiki> Black Mountain Corridor; CU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Carbine Uplands; FU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Mt Finnigan Uplands; TU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Thornton Uplands; WU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Windsor Uplands.
 +
|37= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g020.jpg|38= '''Figure 20.''' Distribution of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea tealei}}'' sp. n.: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea tealei}}'' highlighted in yellow; '''B-C''', topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the northern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}''. BM <nowiki>=</nowiki> Black Mountain Corridor; CU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Carbine Uplands; FU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Mt Finnigan Uplands; TU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Thornton Uplands; WU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Windsor Uplands.
 +
|39= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g021.jpg|40= '''Figure 21.''' Distribution of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea westi}}'' sp. n.: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea westi}}'' highlighted in yellow; '''B-C''', topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the central Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}''. AU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Atherton Uplands; BK <nowiki>=</nowiki> Bellenden Ker/Bartle Frere; HI <nowiki>=</nowiki> Hinchinbrook Island; KU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Kirrama Uplands; LE <nowiki>=</nowiki> Lee Uplands; LU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Lamb Uplands; MT <nowiki>=</nowiki> Malbon-Thompson Uplands.
 +
|41= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g022.jpg|42= '''Figure 22.''' Distribution of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea woodae}}'' sp. n.: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea woodae}}'' highlighted in yellow; '''B–C''', topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the central Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}''. AU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Atherton Uplands; BK <nowiki>=</nowiki> Bellenden Ker/Bartle Frere; HI <nowiki>=</nowiki> Hinchinbrook Island; KU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Kirrama Uplands; LE <nowiki>=</nowiki> Lee Uplands; LU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Lamb Uplands; MT <nowiki>=</nowiki> Malbon-Thompson Uplands.
 +
|43= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g023.jpg|44= '''Figure 23.''' Distribution of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea hoskini}}'' sp. n.: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea hoskini}}'' highlighted in yellow; '''B–C''', topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the southern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). EU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Elliot Uplands; HU <nowiki>=</nowiki> Halifax Uplands.
 +
|45= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g024.jpg|46= '''Figure 24.''' Distribution of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea griswoldi}}'' sp. n.: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of {{Taxon name|Archaeidae}} in the north-eastern Queensland Mackay and Whitsundays Hinterland, with collection localities for ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea griswoldi}}'' highlighted in yellow; '''B–C''', topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Small circles in (B–C) denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea}}''.
 +
|47= File:ZooKeys-218-001-g025.jpg|48= '''''' '''Figure 25.''' Summary distribution of the ''{{Taxon name|Austrarchaea daviesae}}'' species-group in tropical north-eastern Queensland, showing collections records for described species (labelled, with black circles) and unidentified juveniles or females (yellow circles) (see Table 1). Note the high proportion of unidentified specimens, especially within the Wet Tropics bioregion between Cooktown and Ingham.
 +
}}
  
 
==Other References==
 
==Other References==
  
 
<references />
 
<references />
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==Images==
 
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{{Gallery | lines=5 | width=250
 
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|1= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g001.jpg|2= '''Figure 1.''' Habitus images of live Archaeidae from mid-eastern Australia: '''A–B''', female ''Austrarchaea nodosa'' (Forster, 1956) from Binna Burra, Lamington National Park, Queensland; '''C–D''', female ''A. mascordi'' sp. n. from Coolah Tops National Park, New South Wales; '''E–F''', juvenile ''A. raveni'' sp. n. from Mount Glorious, Queensland. Images A–D by M. Rix; images E–F by Greg Anderson, used with permission.
 
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|3= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g002.jpg|4= '''Figure 2.''' Map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in Australia, with mid-eastern Australian localities highlighted in black. Note the absence of Archaeidae in central-eastern Queensland, the Australian Alps and Tasmania.
 
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|5= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g003.jpg|6= '''Figure 3.''' Molecular phylogenetic data analysed as part of this study. '''A''', Schematic map of the mitochondrial cytochrome ''c'' oxidase subunit I–II (COI–COII) gene complex in Archaeidae and other basal Araneomorphae, showing (i) the position of primers used to amplify and sequence 1.6 kilobases of mtDNA, and (ii) the inferred stop and initiation codons for COI and COII, respectively. Note the centralised, overlapping position of the two internal sequencing primer sites (SeqF2a/SeqR1), and the TTG initiation codon for COII, present in all but one of the spider species sequenced for this study. '''B''', Majority-rule consensus tree with re-estimated branch lengths, resulting from a combined, gene-partitioned Bayesian analysis of the COI–COII mtDNA data. Thickened branches represent clades with >95% posterior probability support, and individual support values are shown above other nodes.
 
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|7= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g004.jpg|8= '''Figure 4.''' Carapace morphology of ''Austrarchaea ''species. '''A–E''', ''A. alani'' sp. n.: '''A''', male pars cephalica, frontal view, showing dorsal ‘head’ region, posterior horns (H) and cheliceral foramen (CF); '''B''', female pars cephalica, antero-lateral view, showing ocular bulge (OB), cheliceral foramen (CF) and division of pars cephalica into ‘head’ and ‘neck’ regions; '''C''', male pars thoracica, ‘neck’ and fused cheliceral diastema (fCD), antero-lateral view; '''D''', female chelicerae and peg teeth, frontal view; '''E''', male ‘neck’, lateral view, showing setose tubercles (sT). '''F–G''', ''A. judyae'' sp. n.: '''F''', male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae (AS) and ectal stridulatory file (SF); '''G''', detail of female posterior pars cephalica, lateral view, showing field of densely granulate cuticle.
 
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|9= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g005.jpg|10= '''Figure 5.''' Abdominal morphology of ''Austrarchaea ''species. '''A–C''', ''A. judyae'' sp. n.: '''A''', male abdomen, antero-lateral view, showing dorsal scute (S) and additional dorsal sclerites (ds); '''B''', detail of female abdomen, lateral view, showing subcuticular guanine crystals (GC) and concentric arrangements of setae around sclerotic spots (ss); '''C''', female epigastric region, ventral view, showing setose book lung covers (BL) and genital plate (GP). '''D''', Cleared epigastric region of female ''A. nodosa'' (Forster), postero-ventral view, showing position of clustered spermathecae under posterior rim of genital plate. '''E–G''', Female abdomens, postero-lateral view, showing arrangement of dorsal hump-like tubercles (HT) in different taxa: '''E''', ''A''. sp. nr. ''daviesae'' (QMB S72989, from Mount Bartle Frere, NE. Queensland); '''F''', ''A. monteithi'' sp. n.; '''G''', ''A. aleenae'' sp. n. Note the presence of only a single posterior hump-like tubercle (HT 5) in ''A. monteithi''.
 
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|11= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g006.jpg|12= '''Figure 6.''' Graphs depicting the relationship between carapace length (CL) and carapace height (CH) for species of ''Austrarchaea'' from mid-eastern Australia. Overall body size variation is quantified by the relative lengths of the carapace, whereas carapace shape variation is reflected by the CH/CL ratio; taxa with a very tall, greatly elevated pars cephalica have a CH/CL ratio > 2.20. Circles ● denote New South Wales and southern Queensland species; and triangles ▲ denote Queensland species (from north of the Border Ranges). Note the relatively small body sizes of ''A. judyae ''sp. n., ''A. binfordae'' sp. n. and ''A. alani ''sp. n., and the relatively tall carapaces of most Queensland taxa. Note also the smaller body sizes and lower variance in carapace length among males relative to females.
 
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|13= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g008.jpg|14= '''Figure 8.''' Lateral ‘head’ profiles of males of species of ''Austrarchaea'' from south-eastern Queensland and extreme north-eastern New South Wales (including the Border Ranges), showing variation in carapace shape as quantified by the post-ocular ratio (P.O. Ratio) and ratio of highest point of carapace relative to post-ocular length (HPC Ratio): '''A''', holotype ''A. alani'' sp. n.; '''B''', holotype ''A. aleenae'' sp. n.; '''C''', holotype ''A. judyae'' sp. n.; '''D''', holotype ''A. raveni'' sp. n.; '''E''', holotype ''A. harmsi'' sp. n.; '''F''', holotype ''A. clyneae'' sp. n.; '''G''', holotype ''A. cunninghami'' sp. n.; '''H''', holotype ''A. dianneae'' sp. n.; '''I''', ''A. nodosa'' (Forster, 1956) (QMB S75416). Asterisks (*) denote concave depressions.
 
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|15= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g009.jpg|16= '''Figure 9.''' Lateral ‘head’ profiles of males of species of ''Austrarchaea'' from New South Wales (excluding the Border Ranges), showing variation in carapace shape as quantified by the post-ocular ratio (P.O. Ratio) and ratio of highest point of carapace relative to post-ocular length (HPC Ratio): '''A''', holotype ''A. monteithi'' sp. n.; '''B''', holotype ''A. christopheri'' sp. n.; '''C''', holotype ''A. platnickorum'' sp. n.; '''D''', holotype ''A. binfordae'' sp. n.; '''E''', holotype ''A. milledgei'' sp. n.; '''F''', holotype ''A. mascordi'' sp. n.; '''G''', holotype ''A. smithae'' sp. n.; '''H''', holotype ''A. mcguiganae'' sp. n.; '''I''', holotype ''A. helenae'' sp. n. Asterisks (*) denote concave depressions.
 
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|17= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g010.jpg|18= '''Figure 10.''' ''Austrarchaea nodosa'' (Forster, 1956). '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', female (QMB S75416) from Lamington National Park, Queensland; '''B''', male (QMB S75416) from Lamington National Park, Queensland. '''C''', Male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Male (WAM T89592) pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, retrolateral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. '''G''', Female (QMB S75416) internal genitalia, dorsal view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
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|19= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g011.jpg|20= '''Figure 11.''' ''Austrarchaea dianneae'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (QMB S90186) from Tamborine National Park, Queensland; '''B''', holotype male (QMB S90185) from Tamborine National Park, Queensland. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, retrolateral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
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|21= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g012.jpg|22= '''Figure 12.''' ''Austrarchaea cunninghami'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (QMB S90183) from Main Range National Park, Queensland; '''B''', holotype male (QMB S90184) from Main Range National Park, Queensland. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male right pedipalp (flipped horizontal for inter-specific comparison): '''D–E''', bulb, retrolateral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
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|23= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g013.jpg|24= '''Figure 13.''' ''Austrarchaea clyneae'' sp. n. '''A–E''', Holotype male (QMB S20425) from Mount Clunie National Park, New South Wales: '''A''', cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; '''B''', chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; '''C–D''', pedipalpal bulb, retrolateral view; '''E''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; D <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
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|25= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g014.jpg|26= '''Figure 14.''' ''Austrarchaea raveni'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (QMB S90192) from D’Aguilar National Park, Queensland; '''B''', holotype male (QMB S90193) from D’Aguilar National Park, Queensland. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male pedipalp (partially expanded): '''D–E''', bulb, retrolateral view (inset shows conductor and embolus on unexpanded pedipalp of male from Mt Mee Forest Reserve, Queensland); '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
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|27= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g015.jpg|28= '''Figure 15.''' ''Austrarchaea judyae'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (QMB S90191) from Conondale National Park, Queensland; '''B''', holotype male (QMB S90190) from Conondale National Park, Queensland. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, retrolateral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
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|29= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g016.jpg|30= '''Figure 16.''' ''Austrarchaea harmsi'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (QMB S90187) from Bunya Mountains National Park, Queensland; '''B''', holotype male (QMB S90189) from Bunya Mountains National Park, Queensland. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, retrolateral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
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|31= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g017.jpg|32= '''Figure 17.''' ''Austrarchaea aleenae'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (QMB S1094) from Bulburin National Park, Queensland; '''B''', holotype male (QMB S90182) from Bulburin National Park, Queensland. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, retrolateral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view, showing membranous bursa overlying clustered spermathecae. B <nowiki>=</nowiki> bursa; C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
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|33= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g018.jpg|34= '''Figure 18.''' ''Austrarchaea alani'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (QMB S90194) from Kroombit Tops National Park, Queensland; '''B''', holotype male (QMB S90195) from Kroombit Tops National Park, Queensland. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, retrolateral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
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|35= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g019.jpg|36= '''Figure 19.''' ''Austrarchaea monteithi'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (AMS KS114976) from Gibralter Range National Park, New South Wales; '''B''', holotype male (AMS KS114977) from Gibralter Range National Park, New South Wales. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, retrolateral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
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|37= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g020.jpg|38= '''Figure 20.''' ''Austrarchaea christopheri'' sp. n. '''A–E''', Holotype male (AMS KS114968) from Dorrigo National Park, New South Wales: '''A''', cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; '''B''', chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; '''C–D''', pedipalpal bulb, retrolateral view; '''E''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; D <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
−
|39= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g021.jpg|40= '''Figure 21.''' ''Austrarchaea platnickorum'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (AMS KS114970) from New England National Park, New South Wales; '''B''', holotype male (AMS KS114971) from New England National Park, New South Wales. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, retrolateral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. Note the broken left tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) in (F), highlighted (*) at the point of breakage, compared to the long, sharply-pointed right TS 1 (see inset). C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
−
|41= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g022.jpg|42= '''Figure 22.''' ''Austrarchaea binfordae'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (AMS KS13891) from Kerewong State Forest, New South Wales; '''B''', holotype male (AMS KS114969) from Kerewong State Forest, New South Wales. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, retrolateral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
−
|43= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g023.jpg|44= '''Figure 23.''' ''Austrarchaea milledgei'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', female (WAM T112568) from Barrington Tops National Park, New South Wales; '''B''', holotype male (AMS KS103905) from Barrington Tops State Forest, New South Wales. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–E''', Holotype male pedipalpal bulb (expanded), retro-ventral view. '''F''', Female (WAM T112568) internal genitalia, dorsal view. bH <nowiki>=</nowiki> basal haematodocha; C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; Cy <nowiki>=</nowiki> cymbium; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
−
|45= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g024.jpg|46= '''Figure 24.''' ''Austrarchaea mascordi'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (AMS KS114974) from Coolah Tops National Park, New South Wales; '''B''', holotype male (AMS KS114972) from Coolah Tops National Park, New South Wales. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, retrolateral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
−
|47= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g025.jpg|48= '''Figure 25.''' ''Austrarchaea smithae'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (AMS KS114979) from Blue Mountains National Park, New South Wales; '''B''', holotype male (AMS KS114978) from Blue Mountains National Park, New South Wales. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–F''', Holotype male pedipalp: '''D–E''', bulb, retrolateral view; '''F''', detail of distal tegular sclerites, prodistal view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
−
|49= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g026.jpg|50= '''Figure 26.''' ''Austrarchaea helenae'' sp. n. '''A–D''', Holotype male (AMS KS62774) from Macquarie Pass National Park, New South Wales: '''A''', cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; '''B''', chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; '''C–D''', pedipalpal bulb (expanded), retro-ventral view. C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; Cy <nowiki>=</nowiki> cymbium; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; eH <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic portion of distal haematodocha; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; pH <nowiki>=</nowiki> proximal portion of distal haematodocha; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; D <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
−
|51= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g027.jpg|52= '''Figure 27.''' ''Austrarchaea mcguiganae'' sp. n. '''A–B''', Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: '''A''', allotype female (AMS KS114975) from Monga National Park, New South Wales; '''B''', holotype male (AMS KS62790) from Monga National Park, New South Wales. '''C''', Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. '''D–E''', Holotype male pedipalpal bulb (fully expanded), retro-ventral view. '''G''', Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. bH <nowiki>=</nowiki> basal haematodocha; C <nowiki>=</nowiki> conductor; Cy <nowiki>=</nowiki> cymbium; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolus; eH <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic portion of distal haematodocha; Es <nowiki>=</nowiki> embolic sclerite; pH <nowiki>=</nowiki> proximal portion of distal haematodocha; T <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegulum; (TS)1–3 <nowiki>=</nowiki> tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B <nowiki>=</nowiki> 1.0 mm; E <nowiki>=</nowiki> 0.2 mm.
 
−
|53= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g030.jpg|54= '''Figure 30.''' ''Austrarchaea cunninghami ''sp. n., distribution and habitat: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in south-eastern Queensland and eastern New South Wales, with collection localities for ''A. cunninghami'' highlighted in yellow (red highlighted localities denote juvenile specimens of tentative identification); '''B''', satellite image showing detail of inset (A); '''C''', subtropical rainforest at the type locality – Cunningham’s Gap, Main Range National Park, Queensland (April 2010). Image (C) by M. Rix.
 
−
|55= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g038.jpg|56= '''Figure 38.''' ''Austrarchaea christopheri'' sp. n., distribution and habitat: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in south-eastern Queensland and eastern New South Wales, with collection localities for ''A. christopheri'' highlighted in yellow; '''B''', satellite image showing detail of inset (A); '''C''', subtropical rainforest at the type locality – The Never Never, Dorrigo National Park, New South Wales (April 2010). Image (C) by M. Rix.
 
−
|57= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g039.jpg|58= '''Figure 39.''' ''Austrarchaea platnickorum'' sp. n., distribution and habitat: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in south-eastern Queensland and eastern New South Wales, with collection localities for ''A. platnickorum'' highlighted in yellow; '''B''', satellite image showing detail of inset (A); '''C''', snow gum woodland adjacent to cool-temperate ''Nothofagus moorei'' rainforest at the type locality – Banksia Point, New England National Park, New South Wales (April 2010). Image (C) by M. Rix.
 
−
|59= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g040.jpg|60= '''Figure 40.''' ''Austrarchaea binfordae'' sp. n., distribution and habitat: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in south-eastern Queensland and eastern New South Wales, with collection localities for ''A. binfordae'' highlighted in yellow (orange localities denote genotyped juvenile specimens of tentative identification); '''B''', satellite image showing detail of inset (A); '''C''', lowland subtropical rainforest at the type locality – McLeods Creek Road, Kerewong State Forest, New South Wales (April 2010). Image (C) by M. Rix.
 
−
|61= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g041.jpg|62= '''Figure 41.''' ''Austrarchaea milledgei'' sp. n., distribution and habitat: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in south-eastern Queensland and eastern New South Wales, with collection localities for ''A. milledgei'' highlighted in yellow (red highlighted localities denote specimens of tentative identification); '''B''', satellite image showing detail of inset (A); '''C''', cool-temperate ''Nothofagus moorei'' rainforest near the type locality – Barrington Tops National Park, New South Wales (April 2010). Image (C) by M. Rix.
 
−
|63= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g042.jpg|64= '''Figure 42.''' ''Austrarchaea mascordi'' sp. n., distribution and habitat: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in south-eastern Queensland and eastern New South Wales, with collection localities for ''A. mascordi'' highlighted in yellow; '''B''', satellite image showing detail of inset (A); '''C''', open eucalypt forest near the type locality – Breeza Lookout, Coolah Tops National Park, New South Wales (April 2010). Image (C) by M. Rix.
 
−
|65= File:ZooKeys-123-001-g045.jpg|66= '''Figure 45.''' ''Austrarchaea mcguiganae'' sp. n., distribution and habitat: '''A''', topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in south-eastern Queensland and eastern New South Wales, with collection localities for ''A. mcguiganae'' highlighted in yellow (red highlighted localities denote specimens of tentative identification; orange highlighted localities denote genotyped juvenile specimens of tentative identification); '''B''', satellite image showing detail of inset (A); '''C''', wet eucalypt forest at the type locality – Link Road, Monga National Park, New South Wales (April 2010). Image (C) by M. Rix.
 
−
}}
 

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Rix M, Harvey M (2012) Australian Assassins, Part III: A review of the Assassin Spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) of tropical north-eastern Queensland. ZooKeys 218 : 1–50, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2012-08-30, version 27037, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Austrarchaea&oldid=27037 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

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@article{Rix2012ZooKeys218,
author = {Rix, Michael G. AND Harvey, Mark S.},
journal = {ZooKeys},
publisher = {Pensoft Publishers},
title = {Australian Assassins, Part III: A review of the Assassin Spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) of tropical north-eastern Queensland},
year = {2012},
volume = {218},
issue = {},
pages = {1--50},
doi = {10.3897/zookeys.218.3662},
url = {http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/3662/abstract},
note = {Versioned wiki page: 2012-08-30, version 27037, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Austrarchaea&oldid=27037 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.}

}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Australian Assassins, Part III: A review of the Assassin Spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) of tropical north-eastern Queensland
A1 - Rix M
A1 - Harvey M
Y1 - 2012
JF - ZooKeys
JA -
VL - 218
IS -
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.218.3662
SP - 1
EP - 50
PB - Pensoft Publishers
M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2012-08-30, version 27037, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Austrarchaea&oldid=27037 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

M3 - doi:10.3897/zookeys.218.3662

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<ref name="Rix2012ZooKeys218">{{Citation
| author = Rix M, Harvey M
| title = Australian Assassins, Part III: A review of the Assassin Spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) of tropical north-eastern Queensland
| journal = ZooKeys
| year = 2012
| volume = 218
| issue =
| pages = 1--50
| pmid =
| publisher = Pensoft Publishers
| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.218.3662
| url = http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/3662/abstract
| pmc =
| accessdate = 2024-12-23

}} Versioned wiki page: 2012-08-30, version 27037, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Austrarchaea&oldid=27037 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.</ref>

See also the citation download page at the journal.


Taxonavigation

Ordo: Araneae
Familia: Archaeidae

Name

Austrarchaea Forster & Platnick, 1984 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

  • Austrarchaea Forster & Platnick, 1984: 21; Rix and Harvey 2011[1]: 14.

Type species

Archaea nodosa Forster, 1956, by original designation.
Diagnosis. Species of Austrarchaea can be distinguished from all southern Australian species of Zephyrarchaea by the significantly taller carapace (CH/CL ratio ≥ 2.0), by the presence of accessory setae on the distal bulge of the male cheliceral paturon, and by the fusion of the two conductor sclerites on the male pedipalp (Rix and Harvey 2012a[2], fig. 4). Australian Archaeidae are further distinguished from Old World taxa by the presence of numerous, clustered spermathecae in females (Fig. 7G), and by the presence of a long, wiry embolus on the pedipalp of males (Fig. 4).

Description

For a full generic description see Rix and Harvey (2011)[1]. For notes on genitalia and morphological differences among lineages of Austrarchaea, see Remarks (below).

Distribution

Species of Austrarchaea occur in mesic habitats throughout eastern Queensland and New South Wales (Fig. 3), usually in montane rainforests (Figs 1E-F), but also in lowland rainforests or wet eucalypt forests on or adjacent to the Great Dividing Range (Rix and Harvey 2011[1]). In north-eastern Queensland, archaeids occur throughout the Wet Tropics bioregion, from the Mount Finnigan Uplands (near Cooktown) south to Mount Elliot (near Townsville) (Figs 16–23, 25). In the Mackay and Whitsundays Hinterland region, archaeids can be found in the Eungella National Park (near Mackay), north to Mount Dryander (south of Bowen) (Figs 24–25). The genus is not known to occur south or west of the Australian Alps (Fig. 2), which may be a vicariant biogeographic barrier between populations of Austrarchaea and Zephyrarchaea (Rix and Harvey 2012a[2], 2012b[3]).

Composition

Nineteen described species – Austrarchaea alani Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea aleenae Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea binfordae Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea christopheri Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea clyneae Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea cunninghami Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea daviesae Forster & Platnick, 1984, Austrarchaea dianneae Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea harmsi Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea helenae Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea judyae Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea mascordi Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea mcguiganae Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea milledgei Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea monteithi Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea nodosa (Forster, 1956), Austrarchaea platnickorum Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea raveni Rix & Harvey, 2011, Austrarchaea smithae Rix & Harvey, 2011 – plus the eight new species from north-eastern Queensland: Austrarchaea griswoldi sp. n., Austrarchaea hoskini sp. n., Austrarchaea karenae sp. n., Austrarchaea tealei sp. n., Austrarchaea thompsoni sp. n., Austrarchaea wallacei sp. n., Austrarchaea westi sp. n. and Austrarchaea woodae sp. n.

Remarks

The genus Austrarchaea includes three major lineages in eastern Australia (Figs 3–4), each readily distinguished by the morphology of the abdomen and the structure of the male pedipalp (Fig. 4). The most widespread lineage (the Austrarchaea nodosa species-group) occurs south of the St Lawrence Gap, from Kroombit Tops National Park in central Queensland, south to the Badja State Forest in southern New South Wales (Fig. 3); species in this lineage possess six dorsal hump-like tubercles on the abdomen and an exposed tegular cavity with a variably scutiform conductor (Fig. 4). The second, most restricted lineage (the Austrarchaea monteithi lineage) is known only from the Gibraltar Range National Park in northern New South Wales (Fig. 3); the single known species, Austrarchaea monteithi, possesses five dorsal hump-like tubercles on the abdomen and an exposed tegular cavity with a hooked conductor (Fig. 4). The third lineage (the Austrarchaea daviesae species-group; revised in this paper) occurs north of the St Lawrence Gap, from Eungella National Park north to Cooktown (Figs 3, 25); species in this lineage possess only four dorsal hump-like tubercles on the abdomen (recumbent in Austrarchaea woodae sp. n.) and a more enclosed tegular cavity with a very large, arched conductor (Figs 4, 6–15).
Although the derived pedipalpal morphology of Austrarchaea daviesae and its relatives is strikingly different to that of congeners further south, the distal tegular sclerites can nonetheless be broadly homologised with those of Austrarchaea nodosa and Austrarchaea monteithi on the basis of their shape and relative position in the unexpanded tegular cavity. The embolus in all nine known north-eastern Queensland species is a long, sinuous, strongly sclerotized process emerging from the distal bulb pro-ventrally, in some species bearing an additional accessory spur. Tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) is always a prominent, pro-ventrally directed process, which is fused to the retro-ventral margin of the tegular bulb (the latter of which is usually also concomitantly modified). Tegular sclerite 2 (plus 2a, i.e. TS 2-2a) is usually inserted just behind TS 3 in the unexpanded tegular cavity, forming a distinctive, mesally-looped and distally whip-like structure common to all taxa in the Austrarchaea daviesae species-group; the extent of this very long, whip-like TS 2a is usually proximate to the distal extension of the embolus in the unexpanded state. This TS 2-2a morphology is in stark contrast to that of Austrarchaea monteithi, Austrarchaea nodosa and related species, in which TS 2a is usually covered and largely obscured by a more spur-like TS 2 process. Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) – generally the most prominent sclerite in species of Zephyrarchaea and other species of Austrarchaea – is reduced and often obscured in most archaeid species from north-eastern Queensland, although a few taxa possess a larger, more distinctive TS 1 posterior to the TS 2-2a complex (e.g. Fig. 9D). Inter-specific variation among taxa in the Austrarchaea daviesae species-group is pronounced, with male pedipalp morphologies usually highly autapomorphic for each species. Five broad pedipalp types (Types A-E) can be distinguished among north-eastern Queensland taxa, with Type A being the most common form, shared between five of the nine known species, and Types B-E each currently unique to single species. Figure 6 highlights differences between these different pedipalp morphologies, which are further diagnosed in the Key to species (see below).

Key to the species of Austrarchaea known from north-eastern Queensland (males required)

Key to the species of Austrarchaea known from north-eastern Queensland (males required) — M. Rix , M. Harvey
1
Distal embolus enclosed within conductor (Fig. 12D); pedipalp very small, width of bulb << 0.30 mm (Fig. 12D) (Type B pedipalp; Fig. 6) 
  Austrarchaea westi sp. n.
–
Distal embolus fully exposed, projecting distally, not enclosed within conductor (Figs 7E, 13D, 15E); pedipalp larger, width of bulb > 0.30 mm 
  2
2
Conductor arched, directed prolaterally in ventral view (Fig. 14E); tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) very large, dagger-like, directed pro-ventrally across bulb (Figs 14E-F); embolus with prominent, rounded, fin-shaped spur (Fig. 14E) (Type D pedipalp; Fig. 6) 
  Austrarchaea hoskini sp. n.
–
Conductor directed retrolaterally in ventral view (Figs 7E, 8D, 10D); tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) not dagger-like; embolic spur, if present, with pointed apex (Figs 9E, 11F) 
  3
3
Distal bulb and proximal conductor strongly constricted laterally, forming uniquely apple-shaped pedipalpal profile in ventral view (Figs 13C–D); tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) large, flattened, with prominent, distally folded apex (Figs 13D-E) (Type C pedipalp; Fig. 6) 
  Austrarchaea woodae sp. n.
–
Distal bulb and proximal conductor not constricted laterally; tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) not folded distally 
  4
4
Ventro-distal rim of tegulum distally extended to form rectangular opercular plate, covering tegular sclerite 2a (TS 2a) for most of its length (Fig. 15E); tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) very large, flattened, extending along entire retrolateral edge of conductor (Fig. 15F) (Type E pedipalp; Fig. 6) 
  Austrarchaea griswoldi sp. n.
–
Ventro-distal rim of tegulum not forming rectangular opercular plate; tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) shorter, spur-like (Figs 7E, 8D, 9D, 10D, 11E); conductor arched, directed retrolaterally in ventral view, not abutting TS 3 (Figs 7E, 9D, 10D, 11E) (Type A pedipalp; Fig. 6) 
  5
5
Embolus with triangular embolic spur (Figs 8D, 9E, 10D, 11F); embolus projecting beyond distal rim of conductor by > 1/3 length of exposed embolic portion (Figs 9D, 10D, 11E) 
  6
–
Embolus without embolic spur (Fig. 7E); embolus projecting beyond distal rim of conductor by ~1/3 length of exposed embolic portion (Figs 7D-E) 
  Austrarchaea daviesae Forster & Platnick, 1984
6
Embolic spur distally positioned, situated close to pro-distal margin of conductor (slightly proximal to distal-most curve of embolus tip) (Figs 9D, 11E); tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) relatively large, triangular, visible in ventral view posterior to TS 2-3 (Figs 8D, 9D, 11E) 
  7
–
Embolic spur more proximally positioned, situated near base of exposed embolic portion (Fig. 10D); tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) small, obscured by TS 2-3, not visible in ventral view (Fig. 10D) 
  Austrarchaea thompsoni sp. n.
7
Tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) with sharply pointed, claw-like apex (Figs 9D–E, 11E-F) 
  8
–
Tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) with more bluntly pointed, triangular apex (Figs 8C–D) 
  Austrarchaea wallacei sp. n.
8.
Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) broadly triangular in ventral view (Fig. 9D); tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) with single, sharply pointed process distally (Fig. 9D) 
  Austrarchaea karenae sp. n.
–
Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) with more tapered, tooth-like triangular apex in ventral view (Fig. 11E); tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) with second short, pointed process distally (Fig. 11E) 
  Austrarchaea tealei sp. n.

Taxon Treatment

  • Rix, M; Harvey, M; 2012: Australian Assassins, Part III: A review of the Assassin Spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) of tropical north-eastern Queensland ZooKeys, 218: 1-50. doi

Images

Figure 1. Habitus and habitat images of species Archaeidae from north-eastern Queensland. A–D, Habitus images of live paratype specimens of Austrarchaea griswoldi sp. n. from Eungella National Park: A newly-moulted female with recently cast cuticle; B–C, female, lateral view; D, female carrying egg-sac. E–F, Habitat images: E, tropical rainforest at Broken River, Eungella National Park – type locality of Austrarchaea griswoldi sp. n.; F, dense tropical rainforest at Malaan National Park, Atherton Tableland – locality of Austrarchaea daviesae Forster & Platnick.
'Figure 1. Habitus and habitat images of species Archaeidae from north-eastern Queensland. A–D, Habitus images of live paratype specimens of Austrarchaea griswoldi sp. n. from Eungella National Park: A newly-moulted female with recently cast cuticle; B–C, female, lateral view; D, female carrying egg-sac. E–F, Habitat images: E, tropical rainforest at Broken River, Eungella National Park – type locality of Austrarchaea griswoldi sp. n.; F, dense tropical rainforest at Malaan National Park, Atherton Tableland – locality of Austrarchaea daviesae Forster & Platnick. 
Figure 2. Map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in Australia (circles for the genus Austrarchaea; squares for Zephyrarchaea), with locality records for north-eastern Queensland species of Austrarchaea in the Austrarchaea daviesae species-group highlighted in black. Note the three major biogeographic and phylogenetic disjunctions in the distribution of Australian Archaeidae (see Rix and Harvey 2012b[3]), especially the St Lawrence Gap, separating mid-eastern Australian taxa in the Austrarchaea nodosa species-group (see Figs 3–4).
Figure 2. Map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in Australia (circles for the genus Austrarchaea; squares for Zephyrarchaea), with locality records for north-eastern Queensland species of Austrarchaea in the Austrarchaea daviesae species-group highlighted in black. Note the three major biogeographic and phylogenetic disjunctions in the distribution of Australian Archaeidae (see Rix and Harvey 2012b[3]), especially the St Lawrence Gap, separating mid-eastern Australian taxa in the Austrarchaea nodosa species-group (see Figs 3–4). 
Figure 3. Distribution and phylogeny of Austrarchaea species from Rix and Harvey (2011[1], 2012b[2]), showing the interrelationships of the three lineages from north-eastern Queensland (Austrarchaea daviesae species-group), mid-eastern Australia (Austrarchaea nodosa species-group) and the Gibraltar Range (Austrarchaea monteithi lineage), respectively. See Figure 4 for a comparison of morphological differences between these three clades.
Figure 3. Distribution and phylogeny of Austrarchaea species from Rix and Harvey (2011[1], 2012b[2]), showing the interrelationships of the three lineages from north-eastern Queensland (Austrarchaea daviesae species-group), mid-eastern Australia (Austrarchaea nodosa species-group) and the Gibraltar Range (Austrarchaea monteithi lineage), respectively. See Figure 4 for a comparison of morphological differences between these three clades. 
Figure 4. Morphological differences between the three lineages of Austrarchaea (see Fig. 3). Note the variation in the shape of the male pedipalp and the marked differences in the shape and orientation of the conductor (C), embolus (E) and the distal tegular sclerites. Note also the number of abdominal hump-like tubercles (1-6): four in the Austrarchaea daviesae species-group; five in Austrarchaea monteithi; and six in the Austrarchaea nodosa species-group.
Figure 4. Morphological differences between the three lineages of Austrarchaea (see Fig. 3). Note the variation in the shape of the male pedipalp and the marked differences in the shape and orientation of the conductor (C), embolus (E) and the distal tegular sclerites. Note also the number of abdominal hump-like tubercles (1-6): four in the Austrarchaea daviesae species-group; five in Austrarchaea monteithi; and six in the Austrarchaea nodosa species-group. 
Figure 6. Morphological differences between the five pedipalp types (Types A-E) identified for species of Austrarchaea from north-eastern Queensland, with left bulbs illustrated in ventral view at scale-identical sizes. Type A pedipalps are shared among at least five species from the Wet Tropics bioregion; Types B-E are autapomorphic for single species. Note especially the variation in the size and shape of the bulb, and the shape and orientation of the conductor. C = conductor; E = embolus; ESp = embolic spur; (TS)1-3 = tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
Figure 6. Morphological differences between the five pedipalp types (Types A-E) identified for species of Austrarchaea from north-eastern Queensland, with left bulbs illustrated in ventral view at scale-identical sizes. Type A pedipalps are shared among at least five species from the Wet Tropics bioregion; Types B-E are autapomorphic for single species. Note especially the variation in the size and shape of the bulb, and the shape and orientation of the conductor. C = conductor; E = embolus; ESp = embolic spur; (TS)1-3 = tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. 
Figure 7. Austrarchaea daviesae Forster & Platnick, 1984. A–B, Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: A, female (WAM T125183) from Malaan National Park, Atherton Tableland, NE. Queensland; B, holotype male (QMB S1091) from Majors Mountain, Atherton Tableland, NE. Queensland. C, Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. D–F, Male (WAM T125183; from Malaan National Park, Atherton Tableland, NE. Queensland) pedipalp: D–E, bulb, ventral view; F, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. G, Female (WAM T125183) internal genitalia, postero-ventral view (genital plate removed). C = conductor; E = embolus; T = tegulum; (TS)2-3 = tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A-B = 1.0 mm; E = 0.2 mm.
Figure 7. Austrarchaea daviesae Forster & Platnick, 1984. A–B, Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: A, female (WAM T125183) from Malaan National Park, Atherton Tableland, NE. Queensland; B, holotype male (QMB S1091) from Majors Mountain, Atherton Tableland, NE. Queensland. C, Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. D–F, Male (WAM T125183; from Malaan National Park, Atherton Tableland, NE. Queensland) pedipalp: D–E, bulb, ventral view; F, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. G, Female (WAM T125183) internal genitalia, postero-ventral view (genital plate removed). C = conductor; E = embolus; T = tegulum; (TS)2-3 = tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A-B = 1.0 mm; E = 0.2 mm. 
Figure 8. Austrarchaea wallacei sp. n. A–D, Holotype male (QMB S25964) from Mount Misery, Monkhouse Timber Reserve, NE. Queensland: A, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; B, chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; C–D, right pedipalpal bulb (expanded; flipped horizontal for inter-specific comparison), retrolateral view. bH = basal haematodocha; C = conductor; E = embolus; ESp = embolic spur; H = haematodocha; T = tegulum; (TS)1-3 = tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; D = 0.2 mm.
Figure 8. Austrarchaea wallacei sp. n. A–D, Holotype male (QMB S25964) from Mount Misery, Monkhouse Timber Reserve, NE. Queensland: A, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; B, chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; C–D, right pedipalpal bulb (expanded; flipped horizontal for inter-specific comparison), retrolateral view. bH = basal haematodocha; C = conductor; E = embolus; ESp = embolic spur; H = haematodocha; T = tegulum; (TS)1-3 = tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; D = 0.2 mm. 
Figure 9. Austrarchaea karenae sp. n. A–E, Holotype male (QMB S43060) from Windsor Tableland, Windsor Tableland National Park, NE. Queensland: A, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; B, chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; C–D, pedipalpal bulb, ventral view; E, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. C = conductor; E = embolus; ESp = embolic spur; T = tegulum; (TS)1-3 = tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; D = 0.2 mm.
Figure 9. Austrarchaea karenae sp. n. A–E, Holotype male (QMB S43060) from Windsor Tableland, Windsor Tableland National Park, NE. Queensland: A, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; B, chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; C–D, pedipalpal bulb, ventral view; E, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. C = conductor; E = embolus; ESp = embolic spur; T = tegulum; (TS)1-3 = tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; D = 0.2 mm. 
Figure 10. Austrarchaea thompsoni sp. n. A–E, Holotype male (QMB S30840) from Devils Thumb, Daintree National Park, NE. Queensland: A, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; B, chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; C–D, pedipalpal bulb, ventral view; E, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. C = conductor; E = embolus; ESp = embolic spur; T = tegulum; (TS)2-3 = tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; D = 0.2 mm.
Figure 10. Austrarchaea thompsoni sp. n. A–E, Holotype male (QMB S30840) from Devils Thumb, Daintree National Park, NE. Queensland: A, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; B, chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; C–D, pedipalpal bulb, ventral view; E, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. C = conductor; E = embolus; ESp = embolic spur; T = tegulum; (TS)2-3 = tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; D = 0.2 mm. 
Figure 11. Austrarchaea tealei sp. n. A–B, Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: A, female (ANIC) from Mossman Gorge, Daintree National Park, NE. Queensland; B, holotype male (QMB S92210) from Mossman Gorge, Daintree National Park, NE. Queensland. C, Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. D–F, Holotype male pedipalp: D–E, bulb, ventral view; F, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. G, Female (ANIC) internal genitalia, postero-ventral view (genital plate removed). C = conductor; E = embolus; ESp = embolic spur; T = tegulum; (TS)1-3 = tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bars: A-B = 1.0 mm; E = 0.2 mm.
Figure 11. Austrarchaea tealei sp. n. A–B, Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: A, female (ANIC) from Mossman Gorge, Daintree National Park, NE. Queensland; B, holotype male (QMB S92210) from Mossman Gorge, Daintree National Park, NE. Queensland. C, Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. D–F, Holotype male pedipalp: D–E, bulb, ventral view; F, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. G, Female (ANIC) internal genitalia, postero-ventral view (genital plate removed). C = conductor; E = embolus; ESp = embolic spur; T = tegulum; (TS)1-3 = tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bars: A-B = 1.0 mm; E = 0.2 mm. 
Figure 12. Austrarchaea westi sp. n. A–E, Holotype male (QMB S59537) from Mount Williams, Dinden National Park, NE. Queensland: A, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; B, chelicerae, lateral view, showing lack of defined accessory setae; C–D, pedipalpal bulb, ventral view; E, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. C = conductor; E = embolus; T = tegulum; (TS)2-3 = tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; D = 0.2 mm.
Figure 12. Austrarchaea westi sp. n. A–E, Holotype male (QMB S59537) from Mount Williams, Dinden National Park, NE. Queensland: A, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; B, chelicerae, lateral view, showing lack of defined accessory setae; C–D, pedipalpal bulb, ventral view; E, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. C = conductor; E = embolus; T = tegulum; (TS)2-3 = tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; D = 0.2 mm. 
Figure 13. Austrarchaea woodae sp. n. A–E, Holotype male (QMB S72988) from Boulder Caves, Mount Bartle Frere, Wooroonooran National Park, NE. Queensland: A, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; B, chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; C–D, pedipalpal bulb, ventral view; E, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. C = conductor; E = embolus; T = tegulum; (TS)2-3 = tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; D = 0.2 mm.
Figure 13. Austrarchaea woodae sp. n. A–E, Holotype male (QMB S72988) from Boulder Caves, Mount Bartle Frere, Wooroonooran National Park, NE. Queensland: A, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; B, chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; C–D, pedipalpal bulb, ventral view; E, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. C = conductor; E = embolus; T = tegulum; (TS)2-3 = tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; D = 0.2 mm. 
Figure 14. Austrarchaea hoskini sp. n. A–B, Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: A, allotype female (QMB S17937) from Mount Elliot, Bowling Green Bay National Park, NE. Queensland; B, holotype male (QMB S30811) from Mount Elliot, Bowling Green Bay National Park, NE. Queensland. C, Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. D–F, Holotype male pedipalp: D–E, bulb, ventral view; F, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. G, Allotype female internal genitalia, postero-ventral view (as seen through posterior rim of genital plate). C = conductor; E = embolus; ESp = embolic spur; GP = genital plate; T = tegulum; (TS)2-3 = tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A-B = 1.0 mm; E = 0.2 mm.
Figure 14. Austrarchaea hoskini sp. n. A–B, Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: A, allotype female (QMB S17937) from Mount Elliot, Bowling Green Bay National Park, NE. Queensland; B, holotype male (QMB S30811) from Mount Elliot, Bowling Green Bay National Park, NE. Queensland. C, Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. D–F, Holotype male pedipalp: D–E, bulb, ventral view; F, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. G, Allotype female internal genitalia, postero-ventral view (as seen through posterior rim of genital plate). C = conductor; E = embolus; ESp = embolic spur; GP = genital plate; T = tegulum; (TS)2-3 = tegular sclerites 2-3. Scale bars: A-B = 1.0 mm; E = 0.2 mm. 
Figure 15. Austrarchaea griswoldi sp. n. A–B, Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: A, allotype female (QMB S92213) from Broken River, Eungella National Park, NE. Queensland; B, holotype male (QMB S92212) from Broken River, Eungella National Park, NE. Queensland. C, Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. D–F, Holotype male pedipalp: D–E, bulb, ventral view; F, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. G, Allotype female internal genitalia, postero-ventral view (genital plate removed). C = conductor; E = embolus; Es = embolic sclerite; T = tegulum; (TS)1-3 = tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bars: A-B = 1.0 mm; E = 0.2 mm.
Figure 15. Austrarchaea griswoldi sp. n. A–B, Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: A, allotype female (QMB S92213) from Broken River, Eungella National Park, NE. Queensland; B, holotype male (QMB S92212) from Broken River, Eungella National Park, NE. Queensland. C, Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. D–F, Holotype male pedipalp: D–E, bulb, ventral view; F, detail of distal tegular sclerites, retrolateral view. G, Allotype female internal genitalia, postero-ventral view (genital plate removed). C = conductor; E = embolus; Es = embolic sclerite; T = tegulum; (TS)1-3 = tegular sclerites 1-3. Scale bars: A-B = 1.0 mm; E = 0.2 mm. 
Figure 16. Distribution of Austrarchaea daviesae Forster & Platnick, 1984: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea daviesae highlighted in yellow; B–C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the central Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. AU = Atherton Uplands; BK = Bellenden Ker/Bartle Frere; HI = Hinchinbrook Island; KU = Kirrama Uplands; LE = Lee Uplands; LU = Lamb Uplands; MT = Malbon-Thompson Uplands.
Figure 16. Distribution of Austrarchaea daviesae Forster & Platnick, 1984: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea daviesae highlighted in yellow; B–C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the central Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. AU = Atherton Uplands; BK = Bellenden Ker/Bartle Frere; HI = Hinchinbrook Island; KU = Kirrama Uplands; LE = Lee Uplands; LU = Lamb Uplands; MT = Malbon-Thompson Uplands. 
Figure 17. Distribution of Austrarchaea wallacei sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea wallacei highlighted in yellow; B–C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the northern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. BM = Black Mountain Corridor; CU = Carbine Uplands; FU = Mt Finnigan Uplands; TU = Thornton Uplands; WU = Windsor Uplands.
Figure 17. Distribution of Austrarchaea wallacei sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea wallacei highlighted in yellow; B–C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the northern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. BM = Black Mountain Corridor; CU = Carbine Uplands; FU = Mt Finnigan Uplands; TU = Thornton Uplands; WU = Windsor Uplands. 
Figure 18. Distribution of Austrarchaea karenae sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea karenae highlighted in yellow; B–C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the northern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. BM = Black Mountain Corridor; CU = Carbine Uplands; FU = Mt Finnigan Uplands; TU = Thornton Uplands; WU = Windsor Uplands.
Figure 18. Distribution of Austrarchaea karenae sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea karenae highlighted in yellow; B–C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the northern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. BM = Black Mountain Corridor; CU = Carbine Uplands; FU = Mt Finnigan Uplands; TU = Thornton Uplands; WU = Windsor Uplands. 
Figure 19. Distribution of Austrarchaea thompsoni sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distrib ution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea thompsoni highlighted in yellow; B–C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the northern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. BM = Black Mountain Corridor; CU = Carbine Uplands; FU = Mt Finnigan Uplands; TU = Thornton Uplands; WU = Windsor Uplands.
Figure 19. Distribution of Austrarchaea thompsoni sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distrib ution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea thompsoni highlighted in yellow; B–C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the northern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. BM = Black Mountain Corridor; CU = Carbine Uplands; FU = Mt Finnigan Uplands; TU = Thornton Uplands; WU = Windsor Uplands. 
Figure 20. Distribution of Austrarchaea tealei sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea tealei highlighted in yellow; B-C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the northern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. BM = Black Mountain Corridor; CU = Carbine Uplands; FU = Mt Finnigan Uplands; TU = Thornton Uplands; WU = Windsor Uplands.
Figure 20. Distribution of Austrarchaea tealei sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea tealei highlighted in yellow; B-C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the northern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. BM = Black Mountain Corridor; CU = Carbine Uplands; FU = Mt Finnigan Uplands; TU = Thornton Uplands; WU = Windsor Uplands. 
Figure 21. Distribution of Austrarchaea westi sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea westi highlighted in yellow; B-C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the central Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. AU = Atherton Uplands; BK = Bellenden Ker/Bartle Frere; HI = Hinchinbrook Island; KU = Kirrama Uplands; LE = Lee Uplands; LU = Lamb Uplands; MT = Malbon-Thompson Uplands.
Figure 21. Distribution of Austrarchaea westi sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea westi highlighted in yellow; B-C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the central Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. AU = Atherton Uplands; BK = Bellenden Ker/Bartle Frere; HI = Hinchinbrook Island; KU = Kirrama Uplands; LE = Lee Uplands; LU = Lamb Uplands; MT = Malbon-Thompson Uplands. 
Figure 22. Distribution of Austrarchaea woodae sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea woodae highlighted in yellow; B–C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the central Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. AU = Atherton Uplands; BK = Bellenden Ker/Bartle Frere; HI = Hinchinbrook Island; KU = Kirrama Uplands; LE = Lee Uplands; LU = Lamb Uplands; MT = Malbon-Thompson Uplands.
Figure 22. Distribution of Austrarchaea woodae sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea woodae highlighted in yellow; B–C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the central Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). Small squares in (B–C) denote unidentified juvenile specimens; small circles denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. AU = Atherton Uplands; BK = Bellenden Ker/Bartle Frere; HI = Hinchinbrook Island; KU = Kirrama Uplands; LE = Lee Uplands; LU = Lamb Uplands; MT = Malbon-Thompson Uplands. 
Figure 23. Distribution of Austrarchaea hoskini sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea hoskini highlighted in yellow; B–C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the southern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). EU = Elliot Uplands; HU = Halifax Uplands.
Figure 23. Distribution of Austrarchaea hoskini sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, with collection localities for Austrarchaea hoskini highlighted in yellow; B–C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Labelled boundaries in (B) denote upland subregional zones of faunal endemism identified by Winter et al. (1984), Williams et al. (1996) and other authors for the southern Wet Tropics (modified from Edward 2011). EU = Elliot Uplands; HU = Halifax Uplands. 
Figure 24. Distribution of Austrarchaea griswoldi sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Mackay and Whitsundays Hinterland, with collection localities for Austrarchaea griswoldi highlighted in yellow; B–C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Small circles in (B–C) denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea.
Figure 24. Distribution of Austrarchaea griswoldi sp. n.: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in the north-eastern Queensland Mackay and Whitsundays Hinterland, with collection localities for Austrarchaea griswoldi highlighted in yellow; B–C, topographic and satellite maps showing detail of inset (A). Small circles in (B–C) denote unidentified female specimens; large circles denote described species of Austrarchaea. 
' Figure 25.' Summary distribution of the Austrarchaea daviesae species-group in tropical north-eastern Queensland, showing collections records for described species (labelled, with black circles) and unidentified juveniles or females (yellow circles) (see Table 1). Note the high proportion of unidentified specimens, especially within the Wet Tropics bioregion between Cooktown and Ingham.
' Figure 25. Summary distribution of the Austrarchaea daviesae species-group in tropical north-eastern Queensland, showing collections records for described species (labelled, with black circles) and unidentified juveniles or females (yellow circles) (see Table 1). Note the high proportion of unidentified specimens, especially within the Wet Tropics bioregion between Cooktown and Ingham. 

Other References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Rix M, Harvey M (2011) Australian Assassins, Part I: a review of the assassin spiders (Araneae, Archaeidae) of mid-eastern Australia. ZooKeys 123: 1-100. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.123.1448
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Rix M, Harvey M (2012a) Australian Assassins, Part II: a review of the new assassin spider genus Zephyrarchaea (Araneae, Archaeidae) from southern Australia. ZooKeys 191: 1-62. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.191.3070
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rix M, Harvey M (2012b) Phylogeny and historical biogeography of ancient assassin spiders (Araneae: Archaeidae) in the Australian mesic zone: evidence for Miocene speciation within Tertiary refugia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62: 375-396. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.009
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