Zephyrarchaea

Notice:

This page is derived from the original publication listed below, whose author(s) should always be credited. Further contributors may edit and improve the content of this page and, consequently, need to be credited as well (see page history). Any assessment of factual correctness requires a careful review of the original article as well as of subsequent contributions. If you are uncertain whether your planned contribution is correct or not, we suggest that you use the associated discussion page instead of editing the page directly. This page should be cited as follows (rationale): Rix M, Harvey M (2012) Australian Assassins, Part II: A review of the new assassin spider genus Zephyrarchaea (Araneae, Archaeidae) from southern Australia. ZooKeys 191 : 1–62, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2012-05-07, version 24305, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Zephyrarchaea&oldid=24305 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers. Citation formats to copy and paste BibTeX: @article{Rix2012ZooKeys191, author = {Rix, Michael G. AND Harvey, Mark S.}, journal = {ZooKeys}, publisher = {Pensoft Publishers}, title = {Australian Assassins, Part II: A review of the new assassin spider genus Zephyrarchaea (Araneae, Archaeidae) from southern Australia}, year = {2012}, volume = {191}, issue = {}, pages = {1--62}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.191.3070}, url = {http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/3070/abstract}, note = {Versioned wiki page: 2012-05-07, version 24305, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Zephyrarchaea&oldid=24305 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.} } RIS/ Endnote: TY - JOUR T1 - Australian Assassins, Part II: A review of the new assassin spider genus Zephyrarchaea (Araneae, Archaeidae) from southern Australia A1 - Rix M A1 - Harvey M Y1 - 2012 JF - ZooKeys JA - VL - 191 IS - UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.191.3070 SP - 1 EP - 62 PB - Pensoft Publishers M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2012-05-07, version 24305, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Zephyrarchaea&oldid=24305 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers. M3 - doi:10.3897/zookeys.191.3070 Wikipedia/ Citizendium: <ref name="Rix2012ZooKeys191">{{Citation | author = Rix M, Harvey M | title = Australian Assassins, Part II: A review of the new assassin spider genus Zephyrarchaea (Araneae, Archaeidae) from southern Australia | journal = ZooKeys | year = 2012 | volume = 191 | issue = | pages = 1--62 | pmid = | publisher = Pensoft Publishers | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.191.3070 | url = http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/3070/abstract | pmc = | accessdate = 2024-12-22 }} Versioned wiki page: 2012-05-07, version 24305, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Zephyrarchaea&oldid=24305 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.</ref> See also the citation download page at the journal.

Taxonavigation

Ordo: Araneae
Familia: Archaeidae

Name

Zephyrarchaea Rix & Harvey gen. n. – Wikispecies link – ZooBank link – Pensoft Profile

Type species

Austrarchaea mainae Platnick, 1991b.

Etymology

The generic name is derived from the Latin ‘zephyrus’, meaning ‘west wind’ (Brown 1956), in reference to the diversity of this genus in south-western Australia, and the windy, coastal habitats occupied by several species, including the type species.

Diagnosis

Species of Zephyrarchaea can be distinguished from all eastern Australian species of Austrarchaea by the significantly shorter carapace (CH/CL ratio << 2.0) (Fig. 4B cf. Fig. 4A, 7), by the presence of accessory setae on or adjacent to the proximal (rather than the distal) bulge of the male cheliceral paturon (Fig. 4B cf. Fig. 4A), and by the shape of the two conductor sclerites on the male pedipalp, which are hinged, unfused and moveable (Fig. 4D cf. Fig. 4C), together forming a fully articulated cradle for the unexpanded embolus (Fig. 10E). Like species of Austrarchaea, the genus can be further distinguished from Malagasy and African species of Eriauchenius and Afrarchaea by the presence of numerous, clustered spermathecae in females (Fig. 16G) and by the presence of a long, wiry embolus on the pedipalp of males (Figs 10E, 16E) (Forster and Platnick 1984, Wood 2008, Rix and Harvey 2011).

Description

Small, haplogyne, araneomorph spiders; total length 2.5 to 4.5.
Colouration: Body colouration cryptic and relatively uniform across species, usually with only subtle intraspecific variation in abdominal patterning; carapace, sternum and chelicerae tan brown to reddish-brown in males, interspersed with darker regions of granulate cuticle (Figs 5F–G), covered in highly reflective setae; legs tan-brown to darker reddish-brown, with pattern of darker annulations on distal segments; abdomen mottled with beige and variable hues of grey-brown (Fig. 6), with reddish-brown sclerites, scutes and sclerotic spots (Fig. 6); paler beige markings due to reflective, subcuticular guanine crystals; antero-lateral face of abdomen always with large, humeral patch of reflective guanine crystals (Figs 6A–B, 17A–B).
Cephalothorax: Carapace elevated anteriorly (CH/CL ratio usually 1.55–1.75; Fig. 7), with raised, highly modified pars cephalica forming ‘neck’ and bulbous ‘head’ (see Wood 2008; Rix and Harvey 2011) (Figs 5A–D); ‘neck’ with concomitantly long diastema (see Schütt 2002) between cheliceral bases and anterior margin of carapace, fused along entire length with sclerotised cuticle; cheliceral bases emanating from broad, fully-enclosed cheliceral foramen situated at front of ‘head’ (Figs 5B, 5D). Carapace with densely granulate cuticular microstructure, covered in larger setose tubercles arranged in clusters or distinct rows (Figs 5F–G); each tubercle bearing single densely plumose or ciliate seta; setose tubercles largest on ‘neck’ and pars thoracica (Figs 5C, 5F–G). Eight eyes present on anterior margin of ‘head’, in four widely separated diads (Figs 5A–D); AME largest, widely separated, directed antero-laterally on rounded ocular bulge (Fig. 5B); PME situated closely posterior to AME, directed obliquely on postero-lateral side of ocular bulge; lateral eyes contiguous, with shared raised bases, directed ventro-laterally on widest lateral margin of ‘head’ (Figs 5A–D). Sternum longer than wide, covered in setose tubercles; lateral margins separated from dorsal pleural sclerite extending between coxae I–IV. Labium subtriangular, not fused to sternum, directed antero-ventrally at oblique angle to sternum; labrum with pair of divergent projections on anterior surface. Maxillae large, straddling labium and labrum, converging distally; serrula a single row of teeth. Chelicerae very long, spear-like, distally divergent (Figs 5C–E), usually with proximal bulging projection in males (Figs 5A, 5E); both sexes with oval, ectal stridulatory file adjacent to pedipalps (Fig. 5E); males also with tuft (Figs 4B, 5A, 5E, 18B), brush (Figs 14C, 15C) and/or comb (Figs 5C, 16C, 17C) of accessory setae on anterior face of paturon. Chelicerae armed with three rows of peg teeth; anterior (prolateral) row with two peg teeth near tip of fang; posterior (retrolateral) row with single peg tooth near tip of fang; median (prolateral) row with more than 15 peg teeth extending along inner prolateral margin of paturon to near base of fang; median row with approximately eight porrect, comb-like peg teeth adjacent to fang, several larger, flattened, spiniform peg teeth near tip of fang, and additional progressively shorter, spiniform peg teeth along inner paturon; cheliceral retromargin also with four or five true teeth and prominent cheliceral gland mound.
Legs and female pedipalp: Legs (longest to shortest) 1–4–2–3, covered with short plumose setae; spines absent; patella I long, greater than one-third length of femur I. Trichobothria present on tibiae and metatarsi of legs; tibiae I–IV each with two trichobothria; metatarsi I–IV each with single trichobothrium. Tarsi shorter than metatarsi, with three claws; tarsi, metatarsi and distal tibiae of legs I–II usually with ventral and pro-ventral rows of moveable, spatulate setae. Female pedipalp with long, porrect trochanter and small tarsal claw; tibia with two dorsal trichobothria.
Abdomen: Abdomen arched anteriorly, rounded-subtriangular or spherical in lateral view (Figs 6A–B), sometimes with six large hump-like tubercles on dorsal surface (Figs 6A, 10A–B, 11A–B); cuticle covered with short plumose setae and numerous sclerotic spots (Figs 6C–F). Epigastric region with sclerotised (setose) book lung covers and dorsal and ventral plates surrounding pedicel (Figs 6C–D) (plates fused in males); dorsal pedicel plate with transverse ridges; females with median genital plate and sclerotised lateral sigillae (Fig. 6C); males with broad dorsal scute fused anteriorly to epigastric sclerites, with (Fig. 6A) or usually without (Fig. 6B) additional paired sclerites associated with hump-like tubercles. Six spinnerets, surrounded by thickened cuticle (Fig. 6F); ALS largest, PMS smallest; colulus absent. Posterior pair of divided tracheal spiracles situated closely anterior to spinnerets; males also with epiandrous gland spigots situated closely anterior to epigastric furrow.
Genitalia: Female genitalia haplogyne, with sclerotised, subtriangular genital plate anterior to epigastric furrow (Fig. 6C); internally with gonopore leading to large, membranous bursa (Figs 13B–C; see also Harvey 2002a, fig. 2) overlying two separate, radiating clusters of sclerotised, sausage-shaped anterior spermathecae (Figs 13B–D, 15G, 16G). Male pedipalp with complex, expandable spherical or pyriform bulb (Figs 4D, 10E, 16E, 18D), consisting of smooth tegulum, proximal ‘subtegulum’ and associated tegular groove with basal haematodocha (Fig. 4D); distal tegulum with excavate, rimmed cavity surrounding massive, inflatable haematodochal complex, incorporating distal embolus, basal embolic sclerite, two articulating conductor sclerites and three additional tegular sclerites (Figs 4D, 10E, 18D) (see below). Unexpanded pedipalp with folded, curved embolus abutting paired conductor sclerites (Fig. 10E); other tegular sclerites embedded pro-distally (Fig. 10F); pedipalpal expansion and haematodochal inflation (e.g. see Figs 4D, 18D) resulting in significant conformational changes to length and orientation of embolus, and relative position of tegular sclerites.
As noted by Wood (2008) and Rix and Harvey (2011), the homology of the tegular sclerites among archaeid genera remains unclear. Rix and Harvey (2011) used a numbering system for comparing the moveable tegular sclerites among species of Austrarchaea from mid-eastern Australia, identifying four separate sclerites (TS 1, 2, 2a and 3) according to their relative position within the unexpanded tegular cavity (see Fig. 4C). These four sclerites can be broadly homologised with the tegular sclerites of species of Zephyrarchaea, although at least one sclerite appears to be absent or otherwise highly modified in the latter, with no evidence for an interlocking, differentiated TS 2–2a complex (as in Austrarchaea; Fig. 4C cf. Fig. 4D). Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) is a prominent and strongly developed process in all species of Zephyrarchaea (Figs 4D, 10F, 16F), originating proventrally adjacent to the base of conductor sclerite 1. Two additional tegular sclerites (here labelled collectively TS 2–3) are closely contiguous and not easily distinguished in the unexpanded state, usually embedded pro-distally adjacent to the retro-distal rim of the tegulum. The larger of these two sclerites, presumably homologous to tegular sclerite 3 (TS 3) in species of Austrarchaea, has a shorter and broader, more plate-like morphology relative to TS 1, and is usually (but not always) visible as a pointed projection beyond the retro-distal rim of the tegulum (Figs 10E, 16E).

Distribution

Species of Zephyrarchaea occur in mesic habitats throughout southern Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria (Fig. 2), usually in coastal (Figs 20C, 22C), sub-coastal or montane (Figs 23C, 24C) temperate heathlands, but also in wet eucalypt forests (Figs 21C, 29C) and temperate rainforests (Figs 26C, 27C). In Victoria they occur along the Great Dividing Range, from Grampians National Park and the Otway Range in south-western Victoria east to the Yarra and Strzelecki Ranges east of Melbourne (Figs 26–29). In South Australia they occur on Kangaroo Island, at a single known locality north of Flinders Chase (Fig. 30). In south-western Western Australia they occur in the southern high rainfall and south-eastern coastal provinces (see Hopper and Gioia 2004; Figs 20–25), from the Wellington and Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Parks (near Bunbury) east to Cape Le Grand National Park, with outlying populations in the Porongurup and Stirling Range National Parks.

Composition

Two described species – Zephyrarchaea mainae (Platnick, 1991b) and Zephyrarchaea robinsi (Harvey, 2002a) – and the nine new species from southern Australia: Zephyrarchaea austini sp. n., Zephyrarchaea barrettae sp. n., Zephyrarchaea grayi sp. n., Zephyrarchaea janineae sp. n., Zephyrarchaea marae sp. n., Zephyrarchaea marki sp. n., Zephyrarchaea melindae sp. n., Zephyrarchaea porchi sp. n. and Zephyrarchaea vichickmani sp. n. The previously described species Archaea hickmani Butler, 1929 is here recognised as a nomen dubium.

Remarks

The genus Zephyrarchaea forms a monophyletic and highly divergent clade sister to all other Archaeidae from mid-eastern and north-eastern Australia (see Rix and Harvey 2011, 2012; Fig. 3). Three main lineages have been recognised within the genus, for species from south-eastern Australia (South Australia and Victoria), from the Stirling Range National Park and from elsewhere in south-western Western Australia (see Rix and Harvey 2012; Fig. 3). The genus is not known to occur north or east of the Australian Alps, which may be a vicariant biogeographic barrier between populations of Zephyrarchaea and Austrarchaea.

Key to the Australian species of

Zephyrarchaea
Note that males of Zephyrarchaea austini sp. n., Zephyrarchaea grayi sp. n. and Zephyrarchaea robinsi are unknown; females of Zephyrarchaea marki sp. n. and Zephyrarchaea porchi sp. n. are unknown.

Key to the Australian species of — M. Rix , M. Harvey

1		Males    2
–		Females    9
2		Abdomen with six pronounced dorsal hump-like tubercles (HT 1–6), in three pairs, HT 3–6 each with small dorsal sclerite posterior to dorsal scute (Figs 6A, 10B, 11B)    3
–		Abdomen spherical, or nearly so, without pronounced hump-like tubercles and without additional sclerites posterior to dorsal scute (Figs 1B, 1D, 6B, 12A, 14B, 15B, 16B, 17B, 18A)    4
3		Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) with flattened, rounded apex (Figs 10D–F)    Zephyrarchaea mainae (Platnick, 1991b)
–		Tegular sclerite 1 (TS 1) with more tapered, spiniform apex (Figs 11D–F)    Zephyrarchaea janineae sp. n.
4		Chelicerae with proximal bulging projection bearing tuft or brush of accessory setae (Figs 12B, 14C, 15C, 18B)    5
–		Chelicerae without tuft of accessory setae on proximal bulging projection (Figs 16C, 17C)    8
5		Tegular sclerites 2–3 (TS 2–3) not projecting beyond retro-distal margin of tegulum (Figs 14D–E, 15D–E)    6
–		Tegular sclerites 2–3 (TS 2–3) projecting well beyond retro-distal margin of tegulum (Figs 12C–D, 18C–D)    7
6		Anterior margin of diastema adjacent to ‘neck’ almost straight, only slightly concave in lateral view (Fig. 14B)    Zephyrarchaea melindae sp. n.
–		Anterior margin of diastema adjacent to ‘neck’ curved, strongly concave in lateral view (Fig. 15B)    Zephyrarchaea barrettae sp. n.
7		Proximal bulging projection on chelicerae strongly protuberant (Fig. 12B); dorsal scute on abdomen extending posteriorly (in lateral view) to roughly in-line with epigastric furrow (Fig. 12A)    Zephyrarchaea marki sp. n.
–		Proximal bulging projection on chelicerae indistinct, only slightly protuberant (Fig. 18B); dorsal scute on abdomen larger, extending posteriorly (in lateral view) to beyond line of epigastric furrow (Fig. 18A)    Zephyrarchaea porchi sp. n.
8		Conductor sclerite 2 (C2) relatively slender, with sinuous, S-shaped proximal portion (Figs 17D–E); anterior margin of diastema adjacent to ‘neck’ slightly convex in lateral view (Fig. 17B)    Zephyrarchaea marae sp. n.
–		Conductor sclerite 2 (C2) without sinuous, S-shaped proximal portion (Figs 16D–E); anterior margin of diastema adjacent to ‘neck’ slightly concave in lateral view (Fig. 16B)    Zephyrarchaea vichickmani sp. n.
9		Abdomen with six pronounced dorsal hump-like tubercles (HT 1–6), in three pairs (Figs 1C, 1E–F, 10A, 11A)    10
–		Abdomen spherical, or nearly so, without pronounced dorsal hump-like tubercles (Figs 1A, 13A, 14A, 15A, 16A, 17A, 19A, 19C)    11
10		‘Head’ not strongly elevated dorsally, post-ocular ratio < 0.25 (Fig. 9E); highest point of pars cephalica (HPC) near posterior third of ‘head’, ratio of HPC to post-ocular length ≤ 0.66 (Fig. 9E)    Zephyrarchaea mainae (Platnick, 1991b)*
–		‘Head’ more strongly elevated dorsally, post-ocular ratio ≥ 0.25 (Fig. 9F); highest point of pars cephalica (HPC) approaching posterior quarter of ‘head’, ratio of HPC to post-ocular length > 0.66 (Fig. 9F)    Zephyrarchaea janineae sp. n.*
11		Carapace with strongly concave post-ocular depression in lateral view (Figs 9A–D)    12
–		Carapace with shallow post-ocular depression in lateral view (Figs 9G–I)    14
12		Body size small, carapace length < 1.10 (Fig. 7); carapace relatively short, CH/CL ratio < 1.70 (Figs 7, 19C)    Zephyrarchaea austini sp. n.
–		Body size larger, carapace length > 1.10 (Fig. 7); carapace taller, CH/CL ratio ≥ 1.70 (Figs 7, 19A)    13
13		‘Head’ not strongly elevated dorsally, post-ocular ratio < 0.25 (Fig. 9C); highest point of pars cephalica (HPC) approaching middle of ‘head’, ratio of HPC to post-ocular length < 0.60 (Fig. 9C)    Zephyrarchaea grayi sp. n.
–		‘Head’ more strongly elevated dorsally, post-ocular ratio ≥ 0.25 (Figs 9A–B); highest point of pars cephalica (HPC) approaching posterior third of ‘head’, ratio of HPC to post-ocular length > 0.60 (Figs 9A–B)    Zephyrarchaea marae sp. n./Zephyrarchaea vichickmani sp. n.**
14		Carapace relatively short, CH/CL ratio < 1.70 (Figs 7, 13A)    Zephyrarchaea robinsi (Harvey, 2002a)
–		Carapace taller, CH/CL ratio > 1.70 (Figs 7, 14A, 15A)    15
15		Anterior margin of diastema adjacent to ‘neck’ straight, almost perpendicular in lateral view (Fig. 14A)    Zephyrarchaea melindae sp. n.
–		Anterior margin of diastema adjacent to ‘neck’ slightly curved, concave in lateral view (Fig. 15A)    Zephyrarchaea barrettae sp. n.

* Females of Zephyrarchaea mainae and Zephyrarchaea janineae sp. n. are very similar morphologically, with only subtle morphometric differences in the shape of the carapace; male specimens or nucleotide sequences are recommended to accurately identify these closely related species.

** Females of Zephyrarchaea vichickmani sp. n. and Zephyrarchaea marae sp. n. are essentially indistinguishable morphologically, with male specimens or nucleotide sequences required to identify these closely related sister-species.

Original Description

• Rix, M; Harvey, M; 2012: Australian Assassins, Part II: A review of the new assassin spider genus Zephyrarchaea (Araneae, Archaeidae) from southern Australia ZooKeys, 191: 1-62. doi

Images

Figure 1. Habitus images of live Archaeidae from southern Australia: A paratype female Zephyrarchaea vichickmani sp. n. from Acheron Gap, Central Highlands, Victoria; B holotype male Zephyrarchaea barrettae sp. n. from Talyuberlup Peak, Stirling Range National Park, Western Australia; C paratype female Zephyrarchaea janineae sp. n. from Karri Valley, Western Australia; D male Zephyrarchaea marki sp. n. from Thistle Cove, Cape Le Grand National Park, Western Australia; E female Zephyrarchaea mainae (Platnick) from William Bay National Park, Western Australia; F female Zephyrarchaea mainae from Bremer Bay, Western Australia.  Figure 2. Map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in Australia, with locality records for species of Zephyrarchaea highlighted in black. Note the disjunct distribution of the genus in south-eastern and south-western mainland Australia.  Figure 3. Phylogeny of Zephyrarchaea species from Rix and Harvey (2012), showing results from a combined, gene-partitioned Bayesian analysis of that study’s multi-gene dataset (2591 bp: COI, COII, tRNA-K, tRNA-D, ATP8, ATP6, H3). Clades with >95% posterior probability support are denoted by thickened branches, with lower individual clade support values shown above nodes. Note the presence of three main regional clades, each illustrated with an exemplar species (highlighted*). The Victorian species Zephyrarchaea grayi sp. n. and Zephyrarchaea porchi sp. n. were not able to be sequenced for this study (shown as black dots on inset map).  Figure 4. Diagnostic characters of Zephyrarchaea gen. n. and Austrarchaea Forster & Platnick. A–B, Cephalothorax, lateral view, showing differences in carapace height and the position of accessory setae on male chelicerae: A, male Austrarchaea harmsi Rix & Harvey; B, male Zephyrarchaea marki sp. n. C–D, Expanded male pedipalps, retro-ventral view, showing differences in the articulation and fusion of the conductor sclerites: C, Austrarchaea helenae Rix & Harvey; D, Zephyrarchaea marae sp. n. bH = basal haematodocha; C = conductor; C1–2 = conductor sclerites 1–2; Cy = cymbium; E = embolus; Es = embolic sclerite; H = distal haematodocha; T = tegulum; (TS)1–3 = tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: C–D = 0.2 mm.   Figure 5. Carapace morphology of Zephyrarchaea species. A–B, Zephyrarchaea mainae (Platnick): A, male pars cephalica, dorso-lateral view, showing accessory setae (AS) on and adjacent to proximal cheliceral bulge; B, female pars cephalica, antero-lateral view, showing cheliceral foramen (CF) and ocular bulge (OB). C–D, Zephyrarchaea marae sp. n.: C, male cephalothorax, antero-lateral view; D, male pars cephalica and chelicerae, frontal view, showing dorsal ‘head’ region and cheliceral foramen (CF). E, Cheliceraeof male Zephyrarchaea mainae, lateral view, showing proximal accessory setae (AS) and ectal stridulatory file (SF). F–G, Detail of carapace of male Zephyrarchaea marae, lateral view, showing granulate cuticle and setose tubercles (sT).   Figure 6. Abdominal morphology of Zephyrarchaea species. A–B, Male abdomens, dorso-lateral view, showing dorsal scutes (S) and additional dorsal sclerites (ds) on hump-like tubercles: A, Zephyrarchaea mainae (Platnick); B, Zephyrarchaea marae sp. n. C, Female epigastric region of Zephyrarchaea mainae, ventral view, showing setose book lung covers (BL) and median genital plate (GP). D, Male epigastric region of Zephyrarchaea mainae, ventral view, showing fusion of epigastric sclerites. E, Abdominal cuticle of male Zephyrarchaea marae, lateral view, showing sclerotic spots (ss) surrounded by short setae. F, Spinnerets of female Zephyrarchaea mainae, posterior view (ventral side uppermost), showing anterior lateral (ALS) and posterior lateral (PLS) spinnerets anterior to anal tubercle (AT), and the absence of a colulus.  Figure 7. Graphs depicting the relationship between carapace length (CL) and carapace height (CH) for species of Zephyrarchaea. Smaller grey dots denote species of Austrarchaea (see Rix and Harvey 2011); boxes denote the three lineages of Zephyrarchaea from Victoria/South Australia, the Stirling Range and elsewhere in southern Western Australia.   Figure 9. Lateral ‘head’ profiles of females of species of Zephyrarchaea, showing variation in carapace shape as quantified by the post-ocular ratio (P.O. Ratio) and ratio of highest point of carapace relative to post-ocular length (HPC Ratio) (see Fig. 8): A, allotype Zephyrarchaea vichickmani sp. n.; B, allotype Zephyrarchaea marae sp. n.; C, holotype Zephyrarchaea grayi sp. n.; D, holotype Zephyrarchaea austini sp. n.; E, Zephyrarchaea mainae (Platnick, 1991b); F, allotype Zephyrarchaea janineae sp. n.; G, holotype Zephyrarchaea robinsi (Harvey, 2002a); H, allotype Zephyrarchaea melindae sp. n.; I, allotype Zephyrarchaea barrettae sp. n.  Figure 10. Zephyrarchaea mainae (Platnick, 1991b). A–B, Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: A, female (WAM T118983) from Mutton Bird Point, Western Australia; B, holotype male (WAM T17683) from Torndirrup National Park, Western Australia. C, Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. D–F, Male (WAM T89569) pedipalp: D–E, bulb, retrolateral view; F, detail of distal tegular sclerites, prolateral view. G, Female (WAM T118983) internal genitalia, dorsal view. C1–2 = conductor sclerites 1–2; E = embolus; GP = genital plate; T = tegulum; (TS)1–3 = tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B = 1.0 mm; E = 0.2 mm.   Figure 11. Zephyrarchaea janineae sp. n. A–B, Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: A, allotype female (WAM T118981) from Karri Valley, Western Australia; B, holotype male (WAM T89559) from Karri Valley, Western Australia. C, Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. D–F, Holotype male pedipalp: D–E, bulb, retrolateral view; F, detail of distal tegular sclerites, prolateral view. G, Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C1–2 = conductor sclerites 1–2; E = embolus; GP = genital plate; T = tegulum; (TS)1–3 = tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B = 1.0 mm; E = 0.2 mm.  Figure 12. Zephyrarchaea marki sp. n. A–E, Holotype male (WAM T118985) from Thistle Cove, Cape Le Grand National Park, Western Australia: A, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; B, chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; C–D, pedipalpal bulb, retrolateral view; E, detail of distal tegular sclerites, prolateral view. C1–2 = conductor sclerites 1–2; E = embolus; T = tegulum; (TS)1–3 = tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; D = 0.2 mm.   Figure 13. Zephyrarchaea robinsi (Harvey, 2002a). A–D, Holotype female (WAM T42580) from Ellen Peak, Stirling Range National Park, Western Australia: A, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; B–D, internal genitalia, dorsal view; C–D, illustrations (from Harvey 2002a) of internal genitalia, dorsal view, showing shape of membranous bursa and underlying spermathecae. B = bursa; GP = genital plate; Sp = spermathecae. Scale bar: A = 1.0 mm.   Figure 14. Zephyrarchaea melindae sp. n. A–B, Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: A, allotype female (WAM T97468) from Toolbrunup Peak, Stirling Range National Park, Western Australia; B, holotype male (WAM T118986) from Mount Hassell, Stirling Range National Park, Western Australia. C, Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. D–F, Holotype male pedipalp: D–E, bulb, retrolateral view, with inset showing twisted apex of tegular sclerite 1 in retroventral view; F, detail of distal tegular sclerites, prolateral view. G, Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C1–2 = conductor sclerites 1–2; E = embolus; GP = genital plate; T = tegulum; (TS)1 = tegular sclerite 1. Scale bars: A–B = 1.0 mm; E = 0.2 mm.   Figure 15. Zephyrarchaea barrettae sp. n. A–B, Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: A, allotype female (WAM T97466) from Talyuberlup Peak, Stirling Range National Park, Western Australia; B, holotype male (WAM T117055) from Talyuberlup Peak, Stirling Range National Park, Western Australia. C, Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. D–F, Holotype male pedipalp: D–E, bulb, retrolateral view, with inset showing twisted apex of tegular sclerite 1 in retroventral view; F, detail of distal tegular sclerites, prolateral view. G, Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C1–2 = conductor sclerites 1–2; E = embolus; GP = genital plate; H = distal haematodocha; T = tegulum; (TS)1 = tegular sclerite 1. Scale bars: A–B = 1.0 mm; E = 0.2 mm.   Figure 16. Zephyrarchaea vichickmani sp. n. A–B, Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: A, allotype female (MV K11579) from Acheron Gap, Victoria; B, holotype male (MV K11578) from Acheron Gap, Victoria. C, Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. D–F, Holotype male pedipalp: D–E, bulb, retrolateral view, with inset showing twisted apex of tegular sclerite 1 in retroventral view; F, detail of distal tegular sclerites, prolateral view. G, Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C1–2 = conductor sclerites 1–2; E = embolus; GP = genital plate; T = tegulum; (TS)1–3 = tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B = 1.0 mm; E = 0.2 mm.   Figure 17. Zephyrarchaea marae sp. n. A–B, Cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view: A, allotype female (MV K5921) from Gunyah Rainforest State Reserve, Victoria; B, holotype male (MV K11580) from Tarra-Bulga National Park, Victoria. C, Holotype male chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae. D–F, Holotype male pedipalp: D–E, bulb, retrolateral view, with inset showing twisted apex of tegular sclerite 1 in retroventral view; F, detail of distal tegular sclerites, prolateral view. G, Allotype female internal genitalia, dorsal view. C1–2 = conductor sclerites 1–2; E = embolus; GP = genital plate; T = tegulum; (TS)1–3 = tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A–B = 1.0 mm; E = 0.2 mm.   Figure 18. Zephyrarchaea porchi sp. n. A–E, Holotype male (MV K11581) from Bimbi Park, Otway Range, Victoria: A, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; B, chelicerae, lateral view, showing accessory setae; C–D, pedipalpal bulb (partially expanded), retrolateral view; E, detail of distal tegular sclerites, prolateral view. C1–2 = conductor sclerites 1–2; E = embolus; eH = embolic (distal) haematodocha; T = tegulum; (TS)1–3 = tegular sclerites 1–3. Scale bars: A = 1.0 mm; D = 0.2 mm.  Figure 19. Zephyrarchaea grayi sp. n. and Zephyrarchaea austini sp. n. A–B, holotype female Zephyrarchaea grayi sp. n. (AMS KS109448) from Delley’s Dell, Grampians National Park, Victoria: A, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; B, internal genitalia, antero-dorsal view. C–D, holotype female Zephyrarchaea austini (SAM NN28000) from Western River Wilderness Protection Area, Kangaroo Island, South Australia: C, cephalothorax and abdomen, lateral view; D, internal genitalia, antero-dorsal view. GP = genital plate. Scale bars: A, C = 1.0 mm.  Figure 20. Zephyrarchaea mainae (Platnick, 1991b), distribution and habitat: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in south-western Western Australia, with collection localities for Zephyrarchaea mainae highlighted in yellow (red highlighted localities denote juvenile specimens of tentative identification; see Zephyrarchaea sp. unidentified juvenile specimens, above); B, satellite image showing detail of inset (A); C, temperate coastal heathland near the type locality – Albany Wind Farm, Torndirrup Peninsula, Western Australia (March 2008). Image (C) by M. Rix.  Figure 21. Zephyrarchaea janineae sp. n., distribution and habitat: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in south-western Western Australia, with collection localities for Zephyrarchaea janineae highlighted in yellow; B, satellite image showing detail of inset (A); C, wet eucalypt forest at the type locality – Karri Valley, Western Australia (August 2006). Image (C) by M. Rix.  Figure 22. Zephyrarchaea marki sp. n., distribution and habitat: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in south-western Western Australia, with collection localities for Zephyrarchaea marki highlighted in yellow; B, satellite image showing detail of inset (A); C, temperate coastal heathland at the type locality – Thistle Cove, Cape Le Grand National Park, Western Australia (June 2010). Image (C) by M. Rix.  Figure 23. Zephyrarchaea robinsi (Harvey, 2002a), distribution and habitat: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in south-western Western Australia, with collection localities for Zephyrarchaea robinsi highlighted in yellow; B, satellite image showing detail of inset (A); C, montane heathland at the type locality – Ellen Peak, Stirling Range National Park, Western Australia (November 2007), with Bluff Knoll visible in the distance. Image (C) by M. Rix.  Figure 24. Zephyrarchaea melindae sp. n., distribution and habitat: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in south-western Western Australia, with collection localities for Zephyrarchaea melindae highlighted in yellow; B, satellite image showing detail of inset (A); C, view from the summit of Bluff Knoll across the western Stirling Range National Park, showing collection localities for Zephyrarchaea melindae (i.e. Toolbrunup Peak, Mount Hassell) highlighted in bold (June 2010). Note the Chester Pass lowlands, separating populations of Zephyrarchaea melindae and Zephyrarchaea robinsi, and Talyuberlup Peak in the distance, home to Zephyrarchaea barrettae sp. n. Image (C) by M. Rix.  Figure 25. Zephyrarchaea barrettae sp. n., distribution and habitat: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in south-western Western Australia, with collection localities for Zephyrarchaea barrettae highlighted in yellow; B, satellite image showing detail of inset (A); C, view from Stirling Range Drive showing the type locality – Talyuberlup Peak, Stirling Range National Park (August 2008). Image (C) by M. Rix.  Figure 26. Zephyrarchaea vichickmani sp. n., distribution and habitat: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in Victoria and South Australia, with collection localities for Zephyrarchaea vichickmani highlighted in yellow; B, satellite image showing detail of inset (A); C, cool-temperate Nothofagus rainforest at the type locality – Acheron Gap, Yarra Ranges National Park, Victoria (March 2010). Image (C) by M. Rix.  Figure 27. Zephyrarchaea marae sp. n., distribution and habitat: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in Victoria and South Australia, with collection localities for Zephyrarchaea marae highlighted in yellow; B, satellite image showing detail of inset (A); C, cool-temperate Nothofagus rainforest at the type locality – Tarra Valley, Tarra-Bulga National Park, Victoria (April 2010). Image (C) by M. Rix.  Figure 28. Zephyrarchaea porchi sp. n., distribution and habitat: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in Victoria and South Australia, with collection localities for Zephyrarchaea porchi highlighted in yellow; B, satellite image showing detail of inset (A); C, bracken-rich eucalypt forest at the type locality – Bimbi Park, Otway Range, Victoria (March 2012). Image (C) by N. Porch, used with permission.  Figure 29. Zephyrarchaea grayi sp. n., distribution and habitat: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in Victoria and South Australia, with collection localities for Zephyrarchaea grayi highlighted in yellow; B, satellite image showing detail of inset (A); C, wet sclerophyll forest at the type locality – Delley’s Dell, Grampians National Park, Victoria (March 2010). Image (C) by M. Rix.  Figure 30. Zephyrarchaea austini sp. n., distribution and habitat: A, topographic map showing the known distribution of Archaeidae in Victoria and South Australia, with collection localities for Zephyrarchaea austini highlighted in yellow; B, satellite image showing detail of inset (A); C, open eucalypt woodland and heathland at the type locality – near Billy Goat Falls, Western River Wilderness Protection Area, Kangaroo Island, South Australia (May 2010). Image (C) by M. Rix.