Raveniola

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Name

Raveniola Zonstein, 1987 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

• Raveniola Zonstein 1987: 1014, type species Brachythele virgata Simon, 1891, by the original designation.

Diagnosis

By retroventral position of the male mating spur on tibia I, Raveniola differs essentially from the majority of the Holarctic and Asian nemesiid genera: from Mediterranean Nemesia Audouin, 1826, Iberesia Decae & Cardoso, 2006 and Brachythele Ausserer, 1871 as well as from the Nearctic Calisoga Chamberlin, 1937 and from Asian Atmethochilus Simon, 1887 and Damarchus Thorell, 1891. Males in all these genera possess mating spurs located on the process ventrally or prolaterally. In addition, in the two latter genera males have paired tarsal claws provided with a single S-shaped tooth row instead of the biserial dentition typical for male nemesiids.
Within the rest of this group of genera, in which males are also known to possess the retrolateral or retroventral megaspines on tibia I, Raveniola can be distinguished from Central American Mexentypesa Raven, 1987 by having the unpaired tarsal claw (absent in the latter genus) and integral tarsi (pseudosegmented in Mexentypesa); from African Hermacha Simon, 1889, Entypesa Simon, 1902, Lepthercus Purcell, 1902 and Pionothele Purcell, 1902 – by much smaller PMS (from first three of them) or longer apical segment of PLS (domed in Pionothele). Moreover, males of Raveniola differ from males of all the above-mentioned genera by their elongate, cylindrical and strongly spinose palpal tibiae. The congeneric females have no unique distinctive characters.
East-Asian Sinopesa Raven & Schwendinger, 1995 is the only genus that has been found to share with Raveniola the above-listed definitive features. These partially sympatric genera differ from each other by the characters shown in the table in the Discussion below.

Description

Medium-sized to large nemesiids with carapace 4–14 mm long. Carapace hirsute. Eye tubercle low to moderately developed. Chelicerae in most species without rastellum. Maxillae rectangular with few to numerous cuspules. Serrula not evident. Labium twice wider than long with no cuspules. Paired sternal sigillae small round submarginal to marginal. Leg formula 4123 or 1423. Metatarsal preening combs absent. Leg tarsi integral (not cracked or pseudosegmented), aspinose in most species. In males scopula on tarsi I always entire; tarsi II with entire or narrowly divided scopula; tarsi III and IV with widely divided scopula or without it; conspecific females with weaker scopula on posterior tarsi. Paired tarsal claws biserially toothed both in males and females; claw apex long and moderately curved. Unpaired tarsal claw small and sharply bent. Males: intercheliceral tumescence if present located ventrally; palpal tibia ±long, spinose; cymbium rather short with or without spines; tibia I with 2(3) sequential megaspines. Females: each paired spermatheca with 2–3 individual diverticulae. PMS small to absent. PLS: apical segment triangle to digitiform.

Distribution, habitats and ecology

Over 20 species are currently known in the south Palearctic, from Turkey to China (see Platnick 2012). The spiders inhabit different types of forest and steppe biotopes, subalpine and alpine meadows from seashore up to 4300 m above sea level. They can occur under rocks and logs, or inhabit abandoned rodent burrows, or crevices. Adult females can be found building simple burrows 10–20 cm (in Raveniola ferghanensis - up to 40–50 cm) depth with weak silk lining and open entrance.
Unfortunately, we have no direct label data shoving peculiarities in the habitats and ecology of Chinese species of Raveniola. The only male of Raveniola yunnanensis sp. n.was found under the rock in the mixed mountainous broad-leaved forest (I. Kabak, personal communication). The representatives of Raveniola montana sp. n., Raveniola shangrila sp. n. and Raveniola songi sp. n. were collected with pitfall traps together with highland ants Myrmica pleiorhytida Radchenko & Elmes, 2009 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) by the same collectors and in the same biotope. The latter species was noted inhabiting mountainous meadows (see Radchenko and Elmes 2010, p. 219).

Key to Chinese Raveniola

Females of Raveniola guangxi, Raveniola shangrila sp. n., Raveniola songi sp. n. and Raveniola yunnanensis sp. n. are unknown.

Key to Chinese Raveniola — S. Zonstein , Y. Marusik

1		Large species: carapace length > 10 mm. Males: embolus with subapical keel (Fig. 49). Females: basal receptacle bifurcate (Fig. 50)    Raveniola xizangensis
–		Smaller: carapace length 4.6–7.3 mm. Males: subapical embolic keel absent or vestigial. Females: basal receptacle entire    2
2		Males    3
–		Females    7
3		PMS absent    4
–		PLS (sometimes tiny) present    5
4		Maxillae with few (3–4 in the holotype) cuspules. Embolus as shown on Figs 37 and 38    Raveniola guangxi
–		Maxillae with numerous (>13) cuspules. Embolus as in Fig. 41    Raveniola shangrila sp. n.
4		PLS: apical segment digitiform. Embolus ±twisted (Figs 40–43)    5
–		PLS: apical segment triangle. Embolus curved apically (Fig. 39)    Raveniola hebeinica
5		Leg I: tibia incrassate, equal in length with, or shorter than metatarsus (Figs 26, 28). Few spines on cymbium (Figs 32–34)    6
–		Leg I: tibia very long and slender, considerably longer than metatarsus (Fig. 29). Cymbium with numerous dorsal spines (fig. 35)    Raveniola yunnanensis sp. n.
6		Leg I: metatarsus straight, longer than tibia (Fig. 26). Cymbium with long spines (Fig. 32). Embolus short with well developed embolic ridges (Fig. 40)    Raveniola montana sp. n.
–		Leg I: metatarsus ±curved, equal in length to tibia (Fig. 28). Spines on cymbium shorter (Fig. 34). Embolus longer without or with very weak embolic ridges (Fig. 42)    Raveniola songi sp. n.
7		PLS: apical segment triangle. Spermathecae as shown in Fig. 47    Raveniola hebeinica
–		PLS: apical segment digitiform. Spermathecae as shown in Fig. 48    Raveniola montana sp. n.

Taxon Treatment

• Zonstein, S; Marusik, Y; 2012: A review of the genus Raveniola (Araneae, Nemesiidae) in China, with notes on allied genera and description of four new species from Yunnan ZooKeys, 211: 71-99. doi

Images

Figures 26–29. Raveniola, holotype (26, 29) and paratype (27, 28) males: tibia and metatarsus I, retrolateral view. 26 Raveniola montana sp. n. 27 Raveniola shangrila sp. n. 28 Raveniola songisp. n. 29 Raveniola yunnanensis sp. n. (scale bar = 1 mm).  Figures 30–35. Raveniola, holotype (30, 32, 35), paratype (33, 34) and conspecific (31) males: palpal tibia, cymbium and bulbus, retrolateral view. 30 Raveniola guangxi 31 Raveniola hebeinica 32 Raveniola montana sp. n. 33 Raveniola shangrila sp. n. 34 Raveniola songisp. n. 35 Raveniola yunnanensis sp. n. (scale bar = 1 mm).  Figures 36–39. Sinopesa and Raveniola, holotype (37, 38) and conspecific (36, 39) males: bulbus, ventral (38) retroventral (36, 37) and retrolateral (39) view. 36 Sinopesa maculata 37, 38 Raveniola guangxi 39 Raveniola hebeinica (scale bar = 0.5 mm). Note: Figs 37 and 38 show right and left palpi of the same specimen, respectively.  Figures 40–43. Raveniola, holotype (40, 43) and paratype (41, 42) males: palpal bulbus, retrolateral view. 40 Raveniola montana sp. n. 41 Raveniola shangrila sp. n. 42 Raveniola songisp. n. 43 Raveniola yunnanensis sp. n. (scale bar = 0.5 mm).  Figures 47–50. Raveniola, bulbus (49, holotype male, ventral view) and spermathecae (47, 48, 50, conspecific/paratype females, ventral view): 47 Raveniola hebeinica 48 montana sp. n. 49, 50 Raveniola xizangensis (from Hu and Li (1987), modified); scale bar = 0.25 mm.