Plakobranchus ocellatus

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Mehrotra R, Gutiérrez M, Scott C, Arnold S, Monchanin C, Chavanich S (2020) On the Plakobranchidae (Gastropoda, Sacoglossa) from soft sediment habitats of Koh Tao, Gulf of Thailand, with descriptions of two new species. ZooKeys 969 : 85–121, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2020-09-17, version 185716, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Plakobranchus_ocellatus&oldid=185716 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

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BibTeX:

@article{Mehrotra2020ZooKeys969,
author = {Mehrotra, Rahul AND Gutiérrez, Manuel Caballer AND Scott, Chad M. AND Arnold, Spencer AND Monchanin, Coline AND Chavanich, Suchana},
journal = {ZooKeys},
publisher = {Pensoft Publishers},
title = {On the Plakobranchidae (Gastropoda, Sacoglossa) from soft sediment habitats of Koh Tao, Gulf of Thailand, with descriptions of two new species},
year = {2020},
volume = {969},
issue = {},
pages = {85--121},
doi = {10.3897/zookeys.969.52941},
url = {https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=52941},
note = {Versioned wiki page: 2020-09-17, version 185716, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Plakobranchus_ocellatus&oldid=185716 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.}

}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - On the Plakobranchidae (Gastropoda, Sacoglossa) from soft sediment habitats of Koh Tao, Gulf of Thailand, with descriptions of two new species
A1 - Mehrotra R
A1 - Gutiérrez M
A1 - Scott C
A1 - Arnold S
A1 - Monchanin C
A1 - Chavanich S
Y1 - 2020
JF - ZooKeys
JA -
VL - 969
IS -
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.969.52941
SP - 85
EP - 121
PB - Pensoft Publishers
M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2020-09-17, version 185716, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Plakobranchus_ocellatus&oldid=185716 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

M3 - doi:10.3897/zookeys.969.52941

Wikipedia/ Citizendium:

<ref name="Mehrotra2020ZooKeys969">{{Citation
| author = Mehrotra R, Gutiérrez M, Scott C, Arnold S, Monchanin C, Chavanich S
| title = On the Plakobranchidae (Gastropoda, Sacoglossa) from soft sediment habitats of Koh Tao, Gulf of Thailand, with descriptions of two new species
| journal = ZooKeys
| year = 2020
| volume = 969
| issue =
| pages = 85--121
| pmid =
| publisher = Pensoft Publishers
| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.969.52941
| url = https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=52941
| pmc =
| accessdate = 2024-12-22

}} Versioned wiki page: 2020-09-17, version 185716, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Plakobranchus_ocellatus&oldid=185716 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.</ref>

See also the citation download page at the journal.


Taxonavigation

Ordo: Sacoglossa
Familia: Plakobranchidae
Genus: Plakobranchus

Name

Plakobranchus ocellatus van Hasselt, 1824 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

  • Plakobranchus ocellatus : Christa et al. 2013[1]: 560, fig. 1A, D (Luminau, Guam; Australia)
  • Plakobranchus ocellatus (white): Krug et al. 2013[2]: (Andaman Sea, Thailand; Japan; Australia; Guam)
  • Plakobranchus ocellatus (white): Takano et al. 2013[3]: fig. 3K (Japan)
  • [[ | ]] ? Plakobranchus ocellatuss. s.: Meyers-Muñoz et al. 2016[4]: 91, Table 2
  • Plakobranchus ocellatus : Tanamura and Hirose 2016[5]: 5, fig. 3A (Ryuku Archipelago, Japan)
  • Plakobranchus sp. 6: Gosliner et al. 2018[6]: 434 (Philippines)
  • Plakobranchus ocellatus : Yonow and Jensen 2018[7]: 20, fig. 5I (Bohol, Philippines)

Material examined

Three specimens 25–32 mm Chalok Bay, 10°3'44.77"N, 99°49'30.35"E, Koh Tao, Thailand.

Supplementary observations

More than 100 individuals, ranging in size 5 mm–45 mm, observed in regular diving surveys between 2012 and 2019, Chalok Bay, 10°3'44.77"N, 99°49'30.35"E, Shark Bay 10°3'39.75"N, 99°50'4.43"E; Tao Tong 10°3'58.13"N, 99°49'4.76"E; Sai Nuan 10°4'43.24"N, 99°48'48.51"E; Twins 10°7'1.93"N, 99°48'44.26"E; Hin Wong Bay 10°6'12.30"N, 99°50'58.63"E, Koh Tao, Thailand; not collected.

Description

Length alive up to 45 mm. Background colour pale yellowish white to pale brown, covered in ocelli, increasing in size laterally from parapodial margins. Dorsal ocelli small, brown or brown with yellow centres, surrounded by a diffuse ring of white. Dorso-laterally, ocelli that have a yellow centre and a brown ring followed by a white diffuse ring are also found on the head between rhinophores. Lateral ocelli large with a grey centre, thick black ring followed by thin diffuse white ring; 3–7 of these are also found on the anteriormost part of the head. Tips of rhinophores translucent bluish grey, not easily visible upon retraction, followed by white diffusing to the same pale colour as the dorsum. Rhinophores rolled, long, extending laterally from the head, curved like bull horns.
Parapodial margins translucent when opened, with yellowish white spots visible along the edge beneath the tissue surface. Internally parapodial ridges thick, bright green, with no visible spots. Eyes black, very close together, placed centrally on the head, held raised above the rest of the head when crawling. Oral prominences globose with a very fine black line on the edge of the upper lip. Anterior foot corners and tail edged in the same translucent bluish grey as rhinophore tips. Male genital opening located behind the right rhinophore, above the foot corner, in front of the anterior part of the parapodia. Penis translucent white when extended in living specimens. Foot sole white with numerous black spots throughout.

Ecology

From shallow soft sediments to sandy areas along the reef edge. Rarely in deeper soft sediment habitats beyond the reef edge. Depth 0.5–11 m.

Distribution

Plakobranchus ocellatus'sensu lato is currently considered widespread across the Indo-Pacific including Kenya, Zanzibar, the Red Sea, Maldives, Seychelles, Reunion (Yonow 2012[8]), India (Sheeja and Padma Kumar 2014[9]), the Philippines (Christa et al. 2013[1]), Indonesia (Eisenbarth et al. 2018[10]; Yonow and Jensen 2018[7]), Japan (Maeda et al. 2012[11]), Australia, Papua New Guinea (Yonow and Jensen 2018[7]), Guam (Wägele et al. 2011[12]), Vanuatu (Krug et al. 2013[2]), Hawaii (Wade and Sherwood 2016[13]), Tanzania, Madagascar, Malaysia and Palau (Gosliner et al. 2008[14]). Specimens considered as P. ocellatus have been previously recorded from the Andaman and Gulf waters of Thailand (Jensen 1992[15]; Nabhitabhata 2009[16]).

Remarks

The genus Plakobranchus has undergone dramatic changes over the past two centuries with more than a dozen species being described in the 1800’s and all being synonymised with the type taxon Plakobranchus ocellatus by numerous authors in later years (e.g., Bergh 1887[17]; Jensen 1992[15]). Plakobranchus ocellatus was described based on blue spots with yellow centres seen dorsally and laterally on a pale ground colour and some information on the pericardial and reproductive anatomy. The species has regularly been recognised/identified by numerous authors based on many of these external characteristics (Rao 1960[18]; Mercier and Hamel 2005[19]; Wägele et al. 2010[20]; Maeda et al. 2012[11]; Sheeja and Padma Kumar 2014[9]; Mehrotra and Scott 2016[21]; Wade and Sherwood 2016[13]). Recent research suggests that the dramatic synonymisation of species under the name P. ocellatus may have been premature, with molecular evidence suggesting at least ten independent clades within the complex of P. ocellatus (Krug et al. 2013[2], 2016[22]). This supports the findings of previous authors who have observed different morphs of P. ocellatus which appeared to be externally distinguishable based on the general colouration and the distribution of the ocelli or the spots on the dorsal or ventral surface (Ono 2005[23]; Trowbridge et al. 2011[24]; Krug et al. 2013[2]; Yonow and Jensen 2018[7]). While Krug et al. (2013)[2] were able to provide evidence that multiple species historically identified as P. ocellatus are likely different, no images nor detailed morphological descriptions or comparisons were provided. It is assumed, however, that all morphotypes identified therein bear some external resemblance to P. ocellatus'sensu stricto, in particular a white or pale ground dorsal colour.

Taxon Treatment

  • Mehrotra, R; Gutiérrez, M; Scott, C; Arnold, S; Monchanin, C; Chavanich, S; 2020: On the Plakobranchidae (Gastropoda, Sacoglossa) from soft sediment habitats of Koh Tao, Gulf of Thailand, with descriptions of two new species ZooKeys, 969: 85-121. doi

Images

Figure 4. Living specimens of Plakobranchus ocellatus from Koh Tao. A, B close-up of head with retracted rhinophores and dorsolateral view, 25 mm C sequenced specimen, 32 mm.
Figure 4. Living specimens of Plakobranchus ocellatus from Koh Tao. A, B close-up of head with retracted rhinophores and dorsolateral view, 25 mm C sequenced specimen, 32 mm. 

Other References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Christa G, Wescott L, Schäberle T, König G, Wägele H (2013) What remains after 2 months of starvation? Analysis of sequestered algae in a photosynthetic slug, Plakobranchus ocellatus (Sacoglossa, Opisthobranchia), by barcoding.Planta237: 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-012-1788-6
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Krug P, Vendetti J, Rodriguez A, Retana J, Hirano Y, Trowbridge C (2013) Integrative species delimitation in photosynthetic sea slugs reveals twenty candidate species in three nominal taxa studied for drug discovery, plastid symbiosis or biological control.Molecular phylogenetics and evolution69: 1101–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.009
  3. ↑ Takano T, Hirano Y, Trowbridge C, Hirano Y, Watano Y (2013) Taxonomic clarification in the genus Elysia (Gastropoda: Sacoglossa): E. atroviridis and E. setoensis.American Malacological Bulletin31: 25–37. https://doi.org/10.4003/006.031.0114
  4. ↑ Meyers-Muñoz M, van der Velde G, van der Meij S, Stoffels B, van Alen T, Tuti Y, Hoeksema B (2016) The phylogenetic position of a new species of Plakobranchus from West Papua, Indonesia (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia, Sacoglossa). ZooKeys 594: 98. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.594.5954
  5. ↑ Tanamura D, Hirose E (2016) Population dynamics of the sea slug Plakobranchus ocellatus (Opisthobranch: Sacoglossa: Elysioidea) on a subtropical coral reef off Okinawa-jima Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Zoological Studies 55.
  6. ↑ Gosliner T, Valdés A, Behrens D (2018) Nudibranch & Sea Slug Identification – Indo-Pacific.New World Publications, Jacksonville, 451 pp.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Yonow N, Jensen K (2018) Results of the Rumphius Biohistorical Expedition to Ambon (1990). Part 17. The Cephalaspidea, Anaspidea, Pleurobranchida, and Sacoglossa (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Heterobranchia).Archiv für Molluskenkunde International Journal of Malacology147: 1–48. https://doi.org/10.1127/arch.moll/147/001-048
  8. ↑ Yonow N (2012) Opisthobranchs from the western Indian Ocean, with descriptions of two new species and ten new records (Mollusca, Gastropoda).ZooKeys197: 1–130. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.197.1728
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sheeja G, Padma Kumar K (2014) New record of Plakobranchus ocellatus Van Hasselt, 1824 from Kerala Coast, India.Indian Journal of Life Sciences4: 1–5.
  10. ↑ Eisenbarth J, Undap N, Papu A, Schillo D, Dialao J, Reumschüssel S, Kaligis F, Bara R, Schäberle T, König G, Yonow N, Wägele H (2018) Marine Heterobranchia (Gastropoda, Mollusca) in Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia – Follow-Up Diversity Study. Diversity 10: 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/d10040127
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Maeda T, Hirose E, Chikaraishi Y, Kawato M, Takishita K, Yoshida T, Verbruggen H, Tanaka J, Shimamura S, Takaki Y, Tsuchiya M, Iwai K, Maruyama T (2012) Algivore or phototroph? Plakobranchus ocellatus (Gastropoda) continuously acquires kleptoplasts and nutrition from multiple algal species in nature. PloS ONE 7: e42024. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042024
  12. ↑ Wägele H, Deusch O, Händeler K, Martin M, Schmitt V, Christa G, Pinzger B, Gould S, Dagan T, Klussmann-Kolb A, Martin W (2011) Transcriptomic evidence that longevity of acquired plastids in the photosynthetic slugs Elysia timida and Plakobranchus ocellatus does not entail lateral transfer of algal nuclear genes.Molecular biology and evolution28: 699–706. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msq239
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Wade R, Sherwood A (2016) Molecular determination of kleptoplast origins from the sea slug Plakobranchus ocellatus (Sacoglossa, Gastropoda) reveals cryptic bryopsidalean (Chlorophyta) diversity in the Hawaiian Islands.Journal of phycology53: 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12503
  14. ↑ Gosliner T, Behrens D, Valdés Á (2008) Indo-Pacific nudibranchs and sea slugs: a field guide to the world’s most diverse fauna. Sea Challengers Natural History Books., Gig Harbor, WA, 425 pp.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Jensen K (1992) Anatomy of some Indo-Pacific Elysiidae (Opisthobranchia: Sacoglossa (= Ascoglossa)), with a discussion of the generic division and phylogeny.Journal of Molluscan Studies58: 257–296. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/58.3.257
  16. ↑ Nabhitabhata J (2009) Checklist of Mollusca Fauna in Thailand.Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, 576 pp.
  17. ↑ Bergh R (1887) Die van Hasselt’schen Nudibranchien.Notes from the Leiden Museum9: 303–323.
  18. ↑ Rao K (1960) On two opisthobranchiate molluscs, Placobranchus ocellatus Hasselt and Discodoris boholiensis Bergh, from Indian waters not hitherto been recorded.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India3: 253–255.
  19. ↑ Mercier A, Hamel J (2005) Note on the association between Plakobranchus ocellatus (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) and Holothuria atra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea).Cahiers de biologie marine46: 399–402.
  20. ↑ Wägele H, Stemmer K, Burghardt I, Händeler K (2010) Two new sacoglossan sea slug species (Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda): Ercolania annelyleorum sp. nov. (Limapontioidea) and Elysia asbecki sp. nov. (Plakobranchoidea), with notes on anatomy, histology and biology.Zootaxa2676: 1–28. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2676.1.1
  21. ↑ Mehrotra R, Scott C (2016) Species inventory of sea slugs (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) for Koh Tao, Thailand, with 25 first records for Thai waters.Marine Biodiversity46: 761–771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0424-7
  22. ↑ Krug P, Vendetti J, Valdés A (2016) Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region.Zootaxa4148: 1–137. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4148.1.1
  23. ↑ Ono A (2005) Plakobranchus variation – how many species? Sea slug forum, Australian Museum, Sydney. http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/13970 [10 April, 2019]
  24. ↑ Trowbridge C, Hirano Y, Hirano Y (2011) Inventory of Japanese sacoglossan opisthobranchs: historical review, current records, and unresolved issues.American Malacological Bulletin29: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.4003/006.029.0201
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