Pholema
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Ordo: Hymenoptera
Familia: Eulophidae
Name
Pholema Graham stat. rev. – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
Remarks
Graham (1963)[1] described genus Pholema to include the single species microstoma, which was described in the same paper. Graham motivated the new genus because he regarded some morphological features present in Pholema: small clypeus, large malar space, small mouth opening, too discordant for an Omphale species. Schauff (1991)[2] synonymized Pholema with Omphale because he found the characters mentioned by Graham too variable and/or overlapping with some Omphale species.
The type species and the only known species of Pholema, Pholema microstoma, has the following characters important for classification on genus level: clypeus undelimited (Fig. 543), occiput without a groove or fold between occipital margin and occipital foramen (Fig. 541), sensilla ampullacea (peglike sensilla) on flagellomeres short and symmetric (Fig. 542), forewing with postmarginal vein 0.8× as long as stigmal vein, ovipositor very short – gaster short and rotund and ovipositor only ½ as long as length of gaster, male genitalia with volsellar setae as “normal” thin setae. Some of these characters disagree with a placement of Pholema microstoma in Omphale: undelimited clypeus, antennal sensilla symmetric, and perhaps the most critical – not having enlarged volsellar setae in male genitalia, the sole autapomorphy for Omphale. Habitually Pholema microstoma looks like a Neochrysocharis Kurdjumov, mainly because of the distinct and 3-segmented antennal clava and the short postmarginal vein, and some additional characters also agree with a placement in Neochrysocharis (undelimited clypeus, symmetric antennal sensilla). Absence of an occipital groove/fold is very unusual in Neochrysocharis but it is absent in at least one other species, Neochrysocharis albiscapus Erdös. Furthermore, this character state is variable within Neochrysocharis, some species have a complete fold between occipital margin and occipital foramen, while others only have a short fold close to the occipital margin, and as mentioned some species lack it altogether. Therefore the absence of such a fold does not justify a separate genus for Pholema microstoma. The short ovipositor, not present in other Neochrysocharis species (nor in any Omphale species), is probably an adaptation to a close access of the host, and doubtfully of such a value that it justifies a separate genus. Another option is to place Pholema microstoma in Asecodes Förster, but some critical characters disagree with such a placement. Pholema microstoma has symmetrical antennal sensilla, a distinct 3-segmented antennal clava and lacks a fold or groove on occiput; Asecodes species have asymmetric antennal sensilla, a 1-segmented antennal clava and a strong groove between occipital margin and occipital foramen. All things considered Pholema microstoma is a Neochrysocharis and Pholema is thus a synonym of Neochrysocharis.
Taxon Treatment
- Hansson, C; Shevtsova, E; 2012: Revision of the European species of Omphale Haliday (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae) ZooKeys, 232: 1-157. doi
Other References
- ↑ Graham M (1963) Additions and corrections to the British list of Eulophidae (Hym., Chalcidoidea), with descriptions of some new species. Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 15: 167-275.
- ↑ Schauff M (1991) The Holarctic genera of Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 26: 1-109.
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