Oxalis simplicifolia
| Notice: | This page is derived from the original publication listed below, whose author(s) should always be credited. Further contributors may edit and improve the content of this page and, consequently, need to be credited as well (see page history). Any assessment of factual correctness requires a careful review of the original article as well as of subsequent contributions.
If you are uncertain whether your planned contribution is correct or not, we suggest that you use the associated discussion page instead of editing the page directly. This page should be cited as follows (rationale):
Citation formats to copy and paste
BibTeX: @article{Lorence2011PhytoKeys4, RIS/ Endnote: TY - JOUR Wikipedia/ Citizendium: <ref name="Lorence2011PhytoKeys4">{{Citation See also the citation download page at the journal. |
Ordo: Oxalidales
Familia: Oxalidaceae
Genus: Oxalis
Name
Oxalis simplicifolia Lorence & W. L. Wagner sp. nov. – Wikispecies link – IPNI link – Pensoft Profile
Latin
Ad Oxalidem gagneorum Fosberg & Sachet affinis sed in foliis simplicibus unifoliolatis glabris, in laminis ovatis vel late ovatis subpalmate nervatis, in lobis calycis minute glandulo-puberulis, in lobis corollae brevioribus 8-12 mm longis, in staminibus 5-8 mm longis, in capsulis maturis rectis et in seminis minoribus 0.8-0.9 × 0.5 mm differt.
Type
MARQUESAS ISLANDS: Ua Huka: Hanahouua valley, back of valley below cliff walls, 457 m elevation, 8°54.47S, 139°30.89W, 26 June 2004, S. Perlman & K. R. Wood 19072 (holotype: PTBG-041184!; Isotypes: P!, PAP!, US!).
Description
Perennial woody herbs or subshrubs 20–50 cm tall, stems prostrate or sprawling to erect, branching from near base, with sparse lateral branches, glabrous or new growth sparsely pilose, mature twigs 2–3 mm diam, bark smooth, reddish brown to dark brown, with tufts of pilose hairs at thickened, persistent leaf bases. Leaves simple, spirally arranged; blade dark green above, yellow-green below, firm and moderately coriaceous when fresh, chartaceous when dry, glabrous, (15–) 20–47 × (12–)18–37 mm ovate to broadly ovate, base obtuse to rounded or truncate, apex obtuse, tip usually emarginate, venation subpalmate with 1–2(–3) pairs of secondary veins from base and 2–3 pairs along midrib above, venation raised and visible to 3° above and to 4° beneath; margin thin, plane; petiole (20–) 25–45 × 0.6–0.8 mm, sparsely scattered pilose or glabrescent, flattened, adaxially sulcate, distally with slight pulvinus. Inflorescences axillary near ends of branches, cymose, 5–13–flowered, 5–8 cm long, peduncles 4–5 cm long, terminating in apical flower and two monochasial lateral branches 18–40 mm long each with 2–6 flowers, bracts linear-subulate, 1–2 × 0.3–0.4 mm, sparsely puberulent with acicular and scattered glandular-tipped trichomes. Flowers (long-styled morph seen) with 5 calyx lobes 5–7 × 1.7–2 mm, narrowly ovate-oblong, 6–8-veined, apex acute, both surfaces minutely glandular-puberulent with capitate trichomes; petals yellow, 10–12 × 5 mm, narrowly obovate to oblong-elliptic, 7–9-veined, apex obtuse to rounded; stamens 10, in two series, the longer 7–8 mm long, the shorter 5.5–6 mm long, filaments connate basally, anthers broadly ellipsoid, 0.4–0.5 mm long, reniform to subcircular; gynoecium 10-14 mm long, with ovary 6–7 mm long, narrowly ovoid-cylindrical, externally glabrous, beak 4–5 mm long, styles 5, 1–2.5 mm long, stigmas slightly thickened, papillose, not bifid. Fruits ovoid-cylindrical, 10–11 × 2–2.5 mm, at maturity apparently straight and not twisting, externally glabrous, carpels 5, villous within, seeds ca. 40. Seeds ellipsoid, compressed, 0.8–0.9 × 0.5 mm, surface shiny, brown, rugose.
Distribution
Known only from Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands.
Ecology
Known only from two localities on Ua Huka, this new species occurs in shrubby and herbaceous vegetation on vertical basalts cliff above a mesic to wet lowland forest zone with Freycinetia impavida (Gaudich. ex Hombr.) B.C. Stone, Hibiscus tiliaceus L., Pandanus tectorius Parkinsonр and Pisonia grandis R. Br. Plants grow scattered on cliffs rooting in rock crevices (Figures 2A, B). Oxalis gagneorum occurs sympatrically or nearly so with Oxalis simplicifolia at both Hanahouua (Perlman and Meyer 19748) and Hane/Hokatu (Wood & Meyer 10530, 10551).
Etymology
The specific epithet refers to the simple, unifoliolate leaves.
Conservation status
Following the criteria and categories of IUCN (2001)[1] Oxalis simplicifolia is assigned a preliminary status of Critically Endangered (CR): B2a, B2b (i–iii); D): B2: total area of occupancy less than 10 km2 (ca. 5 km2). B2a, two populations known; b (i–iii), habitat continuing decline inferred. D, population estimated to number fewer than 250 individuals. The suitable habitat for Oxalis simplicifolia on Ua Huka (ca. 83 km2) is indicated as an endangered environment, threatened by feral animals and invasive plants, reducing the extent of the forest. Estimated population size is ca 100+ plants at the Hanahouua locality (Perlman & Meyer 19748), and “scattered” individuals were noted by the collectors at the Hane/Hokatu locality (Wood & Meyer 10530, 10551).
Specimens examined
Marquesas Islands: Ua Huka: Hanahouua valley, back of valley on ridge between Hanahouua and Hanalei, 8°54.47S, 139°30.87W, 488 m, 28 July 2005, S. P. Perlman, J.-Y. Meyer 19748 (PTBG); Hane/Hokatu cliff, zone, 520 m, 11 Dec 2003, K. R. Wood, J.-Y. Meyer 10512 (PAP, PTBG, US).
Discussion
Although the majority of Oxalis species have palmately compound leaves with three (rarely to nine) leaflets, several taxa with unifoliolate leaves occur in South America in subgenus Thamnoxys (Lourteig 1994[2]). At least three South African taxa are also unifoliolate: Oxalis monophylla L., Oxalis salteri L.Bolus, and Oxalis flava L. var. unifoliolata Dreyer & Oberl. (Dreyer et al. 2010[3]). These are small, bulbous, acaulescent plants with white or yellow flowers apparently unrelated to Oxalis simplicifolia. Certain species, e.g. Oxalis renifolia Kunth and a few other South American taxa can have one and three leaflets on the same branch (E. Emshwiller, pers. comm. 2009). Following Lourteig’s (1994, 2000) monograph Oxalis simplicifolia keys to subgenus Monoxalis (leaves simple, 1-foliolate, stigmas linguiform) which consists of two herbaceous species from the southwestern United States and Mexico (Oxalis dichondrifolia A. Gray and Oxalis robusta Kunth), neither of which bears any morphological similarity to Oxalis simplicifolia.
This new species may be related to the Marquesas endemic Oxalis gagneorum, from which it differs by its glabrous simple, unifoliolate leaves with ovate to broadly ovate blades having subpalmate venation of one to three basal vein pairs, minutely glandular puberulent calyx lobes, shorter corolla lobes 8–12 mm long, shorter stamens 5–8 mm long, capsules not twisting at maturity (they often twist in Oxalis gagneorum), and smaller seeds 0.8–0.9 × 0.5 mm (Table 1). Fosberg and Sachet (1981: 3–5, Fig. 1)[4] stated that the relationships of Oxalis gagneorum were obscure and suggested that it may be related to Oxalis novaecalidoniae Kunth & Schlechter, a species belonging to section Caledonicae (= section Neocalidonicae), but that mature seeds were needed for more accurate placement. Lourteig (2000)[5] placed Oxalis gagneorum in section Rhombifoliae along with several neotropical species characterized by “lianoid” transversely striate stems [a character not apparent in material of either Marquesan species studied by us] and trifoliolate leaves with oblong to rhomboidal leaflets and lacking stipules, but expressed doubt as to its relationships due to the poor material available for study (i.e., lacking stigmas and seeds). Unfortunately, it has not been possible to obtain DNA sequences from samples of either Marquesan species thus far (E. Emshwiller, pers. comm. 2009), and consequently their phylogenetic relationships remain unclear.
| Character | Oxalis gagneorum | Oxalis simplicifolia |
|---|---|---|
| Height (m) | 0.3–1.2 | 0.2–0.5 |
| Stem pubescence | young growth pilose | glabrous or sparsely pilose |
| Leaflet pubescence | pilose-strigose below | glabrous |
| Leaflet number | 3 | 1 |
| Leaflet shape | broadly obovate or oblong-elliptic | ovate to broadly ovate |
| Leaflet blade length (mm) | 35 | (20–) 25–47 |
| Leaf blade width (mm) | 26 | (12–) 18–37 |
| Venation | pinnate | subpalmate |
| Secondary vein pairs | 5–7 | 1–2 (–3) basal, 2–3 above |
| Flowers per inflorescence | 3–5 | 5–13 |
| Calyx lobe shape | ovate | ovate-oblong |
| Calyx lobe length (mm) | 4–6 | 5–7 |
| Calyx lobe width (mm) | 2–3 | 1.7–2 |
| Calyx pubescence | sparsely pilose | minutely glandular puberulent |
| Corolla lobe length (mm) | 12–35 | 8–12 |
| Corolla lobe width (mm) | 3–5 | 5 |
| Corolla lobe shape | narrowly obovate to spathulate, clawed | narrowly obovate to oblong-elliptic |
| Shorter stamen length (mm) | 11–14 | 5–5.6 |
| Longer stamen length (mm) | 14–16 | 7–8 |
| Fruit shape | Broadly cylindrical, twisting at maturity | Ovoid-cylindrical, not twisting at maturity |
| Fruit length (mm) | 9–15 | 10–11 |
| Fruit width (mm) | 3–4 | 2–2.5 |
| Seed length (mm) | 1.3–1.4 | 0.8–0.9 |
| Seed width (mm) | 0.8–1.2 | 0.5 |
| Seed surface | shiny, brown, rugose | shiny, brown, rugose |
Original Description
- Lorence, D; Wagner, W; 2011: Oxalis simplicifolia (Oxalidaceae), an unusual new unifoliolate species from the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia) PhytoKeys, 4: 53-60. doi
Other References
- ↑ IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List categories (version 3.1). IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland.
- ↑ Lourteig A (1994) Oxalis L. Subgénero Thamnoxys (Endl.) reiche emend. Lourt. Bradea 7 (1):1-199.
- ↑ Dreyer L, Oberlander K, Roets F (2010) Reassessment of the taxonomic status of Oxalis fabaefolia (Oxalidaceae) and the description of a unique variety of Oxalis flava from the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Blumea 55:253-258.
- ↑ Fosberg F, Sachet M (1981) Polynesian Plant Studies 6–18. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 47:1-38. doi: 10.5479/si.0081024X.47
- ↑ Lourteig A (2000) Oxalis L. Subgéneros Monoxalis (Small) Lourt., Oxalis y Trifidus Lourt. Bradea 7 (2):201-371.
- ↑ Weller S, Domínguez C, Molina-Freaner F, Fornoni J, LeBuhn G (2007) The evolution of distyly from tristyly in populations of Oxalis alpine (Oxalidaceae) in the Sky Islands of the Sonoran Desert. American Journal of Botany 94:972-985. doi: 10.3732/ajb.94.6.972
Images
|
