Ophionereis reticulata
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Ordo: Ophiurida
Familia: Ophionereididae
Genus: Ophionereis
Name
Ophionereis reticulata (Say, 1825) – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
Description
Diskcircular to pentagonal (dd = 1.94 to 6.59 mm). Covered by numerous small and imbricating scales (Fig. 9a). Radial shields small, triangular, elongated and largely separated (Fig. 9a). Aboral surface of disk finely reticulated by fine brownish lines (Fig. 9a). Bursal slits large and with genital papillae (Fig. 9b). Oral shields diamond-shape, longer than wide (Fig. 9c). Adoral shields distally flaring. Three to five oral papillae on each side of jaw angle (Fig. 9c). Distal oral papilla slightly larger, other papillae diminishing progressively in size towards the mouth. Two to three apical papillae. Dorsal arm plates as wide as long, with rounded borders (Fig. 9d). Accessory dorsal arm plates well developed, not touching the neighbouring dorsal plates. Three slightly flattened spines on lateral arm plates (Fig. 9e). Single large, rounded, tentacle scale. Dark brown band (same colour as disk reticulation) along one arm segment, alternated by 3-6 light bands (Fig. 9d).
Distribution
Bermuda, North Carolina, South Carolina offshore reefs, Florida and the islands off southern Florida, the Bahamas, Texas offshore reefs, the Antilles, Mexican Caribbean, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, coast and islands off Caribbean Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil (Hendler et al. 1995[1], Chavarro et al. 2004[2], Durán-Gonzáles et al. 2005[3], Alvarado et al. 2008[4], Hernández-Herrejón et al. 2008[5]). In Brazil from Maranhão (Albuquerque 1986[6]), Paraíba (Gondim et al. 2008[7]), Pernambuco (Fernandes et al. 2002[8]), Alagoas (Miranda et al. 2012[9]), Bahia (Brito 1962[10]), Abrolhos, off southern Bahia (Tommasi 1970[11]), Rio de Janeiro (Brito 1960[12]) and São Paulo (Brito 1962[10]). Intertidal to 560 m. Found between 10 and 33 m in this study.
Remarks
Occurs in moderate densities in seagrass beds, and on sand with pebbles (Hendler et al. 1995[1]). It is known for its cannibalistic and predatory habit (Majer et al. 2009[13]). Ophionereis reticulata is common in shallow waters, living in reef zones under rocks, in coral fragments, and among algae. It has nocturnal habits. Autotomy is frequent (Ventura et al. 2007[14]). It displays negative phototaxy, prefering dark crevices (Borges and Amaral 2005[15]). The species is omnivorous, but feeding mainly on food of vegetable origin (Yokoyama and Amaral 2008[16]). The ambulacral feet are used to dig, to maintain a flow of particles for feeding, including algae and diatom filaments from the surface sediment, and for locomotion (Hendler et al. 1995[1]). The moderately large eggs suggest that this species has a lecithothrophic development (Hendler and Littman 1986[17]). Ophionereis reticulata has been recorded in commensal association with the polychaete Malmgreniella variegata (Treadwell, 1917) (Pettibone 1993[18], Santa-Isabel et al. 1996[19], Martin and Britayev 1998[20]), and Hesione picta (De Assis et al. 2012[21]). This worm-brittle star symbiosis has also been reported for Ophionereis annulata (Le Conte, 1851) in the Gulf of Panama, suggesting that the association predates the Pliocene separation of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans (Hendler et al. 1995[1]). According to Clark (1953)[22] this species is closely related to Ophionereis annulata (Le Conte, 1851), which differs as to the length of the arm spine, aspect of the dorsal arm accessory plate, and reticulate pattern of the disc. The reticulate pattern is a taxonomic character widely used in distinguishing among the species of the genus Ophionereis. Unfortunately the material studied has lost much of this information. But the characters of the arms were important in distinguishing species.
Taxon Treatment
- Gondim, A; Alonso, C; Dias, T; Manso, C; Christoffersen, M; 2013: A taxonomic guide to the brittle-stars (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the State of Paraíba continental shelf, Northeastern Brazil ZooKeys, 307: 45-96. doi
Other References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Hendler G, Miller J, Pawson D, Kier P (1995) Sea stars, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp.
- ↑ Chavarro S, Zea S, Manuel D (2004) Esponjas y otros microhábitats de ofiuros (Ophiuroidea: Echinodermata) em ambientes arrecifales del Archipiélago de San Bernardo (Caribe Colombiano). Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras 33: 27-46.
- ↑ Durán-González A, Laguarda-Figueras A, Solís-Marín F, Sánchez B, Ahearn C, Torres-Vega J (2005) Echinoderms (Echinodermata) from the Mexican waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53: 53-68.
- ↑ Alvarado J, Solís-Marin F, Ahearn C (2008) Echinoderms (Echinodermata) from Central America Caribbean. Revista de Biologia Tropical 56: 37-55.
- ↑ Hernandéz-Herrejón L, Solís-Marín F, Laguarda-Figueras A (2008) Ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the Mexican waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 56: 83-167.
- ↑ Albuquerque M (1986) Ophiuroidea Gray, 1840 (Echinodermata) da plataforma continental do norte e nordeste brasileiro. PhD thesis, São Paulo: University of São Paulo.
- ↑ Gondim A, Lacouth P, Alonso C, Manso C (2008) Echinodermata da Praia do Cabo Branco, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 8: 151–159. http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v8n2/pt/abstract?inventory+bn02408022008, doi: 10.1590/S1676-06032008000200016
- ↑ Fernandes M, Tommasi L, Lima E (2002) Filo Echinodermata de Pernambuco. In: Tabarelli M Silva J (Eds). Diagnóstico da biodiversidade de Pernambuco. Massanga, Recife: 405-428.
- ↑ Miranda A, Lima M, Sovierzoski H, Correia M (2012) Inventory of the Echinodermata collection from the Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Biota Neotropica 12: 136-146. doi: 10.1590/S1676-06032012000200014
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Brito I (1962) Ensaio de catálogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Avulso do Centro de Estudos de Zoologia da Universidade de Brasília 13: 1-11.
- ↑ Tommasi L (1970) Os ofiuróides recentes do Brasil e de regiões vizinhas. Contribuições do Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo Série Oceanografia Biológica 20: 1–146. doi: 10.1590/S0373-55241971000100001
- ↑ Brito I (1960) Os ofiuroides do Rio de Janeiro. Parte I - Ophiotrichidae, Ophiochtonidae e Ophiactidae. Avulsos do Centro de Estudos Zoológicos da Universidade de Brasília 6: 1-4.
- ↑ Majer A, Trigo J, Duarte L (2009) Evidence for an alarm signal in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata). Marine Biodiversity Records 2: 1-7. doi: 10.1017/S1755267209001067
- ↑ Ventura C, Veríssimo I, Nobre C, Zama P (2007) Filo Echinodermata. In: Lavrado HP, Viana MS (Eds) Atlas de invertebrados marinhos da região central da Zona Econômica Exclusiva brasileira. Parte 1. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. Série Livros. 217–258.
- ↑ Borges M, Amaral A (2005) Classe Ophiuroidea. In: Amaral A Rizzo A Arruda E (Eds). Manual de Identificação dos Invertebrados Marinhos da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo: 272-283.
- ↑ Yokoyama L, Amaral A (2008) The diet of Ophionereis reticulata (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) in southeastern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 25: 576-578. doi: 10.1590/S0101-81752008000300029
- ↑ Hendler G, Littman B (1986) The ploys of sex: relationships among the mode of reproduction, body size and habits of coral reef brittlestars. Coral Reefs 5: 31-42. doi: 10.1007/BF00302169
- ↑ Pettibone M (1993) Scaled polychaetes (Polynoidae) associated with ophiuroids and other invertebrates and review of species refered to Malmgrenia McIntosh and replaced by Malmgreniella Hartman, with descriptions of new taxa. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 538: 1–92. doi: 10.5479/si.00810282.538
- ↑ Santa-Isabel L, Cerqueira W, Alves O (1996) Associação entre Ophionereis reticulata (Say) (Ophiuroidea, Ophionereididae) e Malmgreniella variegata (Treadwell) (Polychaeta, Polynoidae) das praias de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia13: 137–142.
- ↑ Martin D, Britayev T (1998) Symbiotic polychaetes: review of known species. Oceanography and Marie Biology, Annual Review 36: 217-340.
- ↑ De Assis J, Bezerra E, Brito R, Gondim A, Christoffersen M (2012) An association between Hesione picta (Polychaeta: Hesionidae) and Ophionereis reticulata (Ophiuroidea: Ophionereididae) from the Brazilian coast. Zoological Studies 51: 762-767.
- ↑ Clark A (1953) A revision of the genus Ophionereis (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 123: 65-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1953.tb00157.x
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