Nereis\according to Conde-Vela et al 2015
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Ordo: Phyllodocida
Familia: Nereididae
Name
Nereis Linnaeus, 1758 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
Type species
Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758, by subsequent designation (Hartman 1948[1]:63).
Remarks
Linnaeus (1758[2]:654) listed five species under Nereis: Nereis lacustris (now Stylaria lacustris, an oligochaete), Nereis caerulea (questionable after Hartman 1959:254), Nereis gigantea (after Hartman 1959:259, same as Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766), rendering it a nomen oblitum because it would have priority over Pallas’ name), Nereis pelagica, and Nereis noctiluca. Further, it was Hartman (1948[1]:63) who fixed the type species, and therefore this should be regarded as a subsequent designation (ICZN 1999[3], Art. 69.1), in contrast to Bakken and Wilson (2005)[4] who regarded it as an original designation.
Although the species described here have more attributes than those included in the current diagnosis of the genus (Bakken and Wilson 2005[4]), the generic diagnosis was not modified because it first requires a redescription of the type-species, and a phylogenetic analysis with subsequent delimitation of the genus. Among the traditionally used features for descriptions and delimitation of Nereis species are some that are highly variable, especially paragnath number. Bakken et al. (2009)[5] made a useful revision of paragnath morphology and introduced new terminology to standardize descriptions. In addition to conical paragnaths, the species described here present other types of paragnaths that are not currently included in the diagnosis of the genus. Conical paragnaths are pointed to various degrees, being more acute in the maxillary ring, especially on area II. The pyramidal paragnaths in Nereis oligohalina and Nereis garwoodi have quadrilateral bases but they can also be polygonal, having more defined surfaces in the latter species. Further, Nereis confusa sp. n. apparently has smooth bars on area IV, but a closer inspection confirms that this is an artifact because the bars are formed by lateral and basal fusions of some small conical paragnaths (Fig. 6H); these modified structures were regarded as melted paragnaths (Bakken et al. 2009[5]). However, Glasby et al. (2011)[6] suggested limiting use of the term for conical paragnaths mounted on a plate-like basement as occurs in Neanthes pachychaeta (Fauvel, 1918), and Villalobos-Guerrero and Carrera-Parra (2015)[7] found paragnaths on a soft basement in Alitta acutifolia (Ehlers, 1901). Because neither a basement is present in Nereis confusa sp. n., we suggest the term ‘merged’ for paragnaths fused at the base but without formation of a plate.
In his revision of Pseudonereis Kinberg, 1865, Bakken (2007)[8] introduced the term ‘P-bar’, which was later defined by Bakken et al. (2009)[5] as “small bars having a protruding apex in one end of the bar”; and they can appear in areas II, III, IV and VII-VIII, often accompanied by conical paragnaths. The monophyly of Pseudonereis was supported by, among other characters, the presence of both P-bars and paragnaths in comb-like rows (Bakken 2007[8]). The Nereis species studied herein have two main rows, each one with other two sub-rows; the anterior-most sub-rows are often aligned horizontally, while the posterior-most ones form a jagged line. The anterior-most rows have P-bars alternating with conical or pyramidal paragnaths in a similar way as in Pseudonereis (Fig. 6D–F), which has been also reported for Alitta (Villalobos-Guerrero and Carrera-Parra 2015[7]). Therefore, P-bars are not an exclusive feature of Pseudonereis as Bakken et al. (2009)[5] concluded.
The neuropodial postchaetal lobe has been considered absent for Nereis species in recent phylogenetic analyses (Bakken and Wilson 2005[4], Santos et al. 2005[9]). Nevertheless some authors indicate its presence; Read (1980)[10] for Nereis ovarius (Read), Santos and Lana (2003)[11] for Nereis pseudomoniliformis (Santos and Lana), Chambers and Garwood (1992)[12] for Nereis pelagica (and corroborated by us), and Darbyshire (2014)[13] for Nereis eugeniae (Kinberg, 1865). Also, the three species herein described have postchaetal lobes shorter or subequal than neuroacicular ligules, and in epitoke specimens these lobes carry natatory lamellae; therefore, we considered postchaetal lobes as present in Nereis.
Reproductive nereidids or epitokes can have two or three different regions; parapodial cirri and the pygidium are transformed is especially relevant for chemorreception, parapodial lobes or ligules are expanded and chaetae replaced for swimming (Herpin 1925[14], Boilly-Marer 1972[15]). Charrier (1920)[16] studied muscular tissue transformation associated with epitoky in the commensal species Nereis fucata (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) (currently belonging to Neanthes Kinberg). He observed that parapodial cirri vary in some features as the length relative to corresponding ligules, the modifications of attachment and the displacement along the body; in fact, the attachment site of dorsal cirrus often show a distal displacement along notopodial ligules.
Taxon Treatment
- Conde-Vela, V; Salazar-Vallejo, S; 2015: Redescriptions of Nereis oligohalina (Rioja, 1946) and N. garwoodi González-Escalante & Salazar-Vallejo, 2003 and description of N. confusa sp. n. (Annelida, Nereididae) ZooKeys, (518): 15-49. doi
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Other References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hartman O (1948) The marine annelids erected by Kinberg with notes on some others types in the Swedish State Museum. Arkiv för Zoologi 42A(1): 1–156.
- ↑ Linnaeus C (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10th Ed., Laurentii Salvii, Holmie (Stockholm), 823 pp.
- ↑ ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th ed. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature (The Natural History Museum), London.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bakken T, Wilson R (2005) Phylogeny of nereidids (Polychaeta, Nereididae) with paragnaths. Zoologica Scripta 34: 507–547. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00200.x
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Bakken T, Glasby C, Wilson R (2009) A review of paragnath morphology in Nereididae (Polychaeta). Zoosymposia 2: 305–316.
- ↑ Glasby C, Wilson R, Bakken T (2011) Redescription of the Indo-Pacific polychaete Neanthes pachychaeta (Fauvel, 1918) n. comb. (Annelida, Phyllodocida, Nereididae) and its synonyms. Zoosystema 33(3): 361–375. doi: 10.5252/z2011n3a5
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Villalobos-Guerrero T, Carrera-Parra L (2015) Redescription of Alitta succinea (Leuckart, 1847) and reinstatement of A. acutifolia (Ehlers, 1901) n. comb. based upon morphological and molecular data (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Zootaxa 3919: 157–178. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.7
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bakken T (2007) Revision of Pseudonereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 145–176. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00289.x
- ↑ Santos C, Pleijel F, Lana P, Rouse G (2005) Phylogenetic relationships within Nereididae (Annelida: Polychaeta). Invertebrate Systematics 19: 557–576. doi: 10.1071/IS05001
- ↑ Read G (1980) A new species of Nereis (Polychaeta: Nereididae) from Wellington, New Zealand, Rock Shores. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 10: 185–193. doi: 10.1080/03036758.1980.10427174
- ↑ Santos C, Lana P (2003) Nereididae (Polychaeta) da costa Nordeste do Brasil, 3 Gêneros Ceratonereis e Nereis. Iheringia, Série Zoologia 93: 5–22.
- ↑ Chambers S, Garwood P (1992) Polychaetes from Scottish Waters. A Guide to Identification, 3. Family Nereidae. National Museum, Edinburgh, 65 pp.
- ↑ Darbyshire T (2014) Intertidal and nearshore Nereididae (Annelida) of the Falkland Islands, southwestern Atlantic, including a new species of Gymnonereis. Zookeys 427: 75–108. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.427.7296
- ↑ Herpin R (1925) Recherches biologiques sur la reproduction et le développement de quelques annélides polychètes. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de l’Ouest de la France, série 4ème, 5: 1–250.
- ↑ Boilly-Marer Y (1972) Sur la signification et le déterminisme des caracteres sexuels somatiques chez les Nereidae (Annélides polychètes). Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale 113: 369–393.
- ↑ Charrier H (1920) Recherches sur la “Nereis fucata” Sav. Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux 72: 5–144.
