Loneura tuluaensis
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Ordo: Psocoptera
Familia: Ptiloneuridae
Genus: Loneura
Name
Loneura tuluaensis Aldrete & Nieto & Obando, 2012 sp. n. – Wikispecies link – ZooBank link – Pensoft Profile
Type locality
COLOMBIA. Valle del Cauca. Tuluá, Mateguadua, Jardín Botánico Juan María Céspedes, 1127 m, 4°01'29.5"N, 76°09'45.4"W.
Type material
Holotype male. 27.VIII.2011. On tree trunk. Paratypes: 4 females, 2 males, same data as the holotype, on tree and palm trunks. All specimens collected by R. González. Deposited in Entomological Museum, Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Colombia (MUSENUV, slides 25549-50, vial 25551).
Etymology
The specific name refers to the type locality, Tuluá.
Diagnosis
Male hypandrium of five sclerites, two side pairs, flanking a large central sclerite, this with two large, lateral posterior projections, and two small median posterior projections (Fig. 16). Phallosome (Fig. 17) Y-shaped anteriorly, external parameres elongate, rounded posteriorly, bearing pores; anterior endophallic sclerites bow-shaped, wide anteriorly, slender posteriorly; posterior endophallic sclerites long, slender, distally hooked, wide at base, connected by a broad, triangular bridge. Female ninth sternum (Fig. 12) well sclerotized, with three distinct areas.
Female
Color (in 80% ethyl alcohol). Body creamy with brown areas as indicated below (Fig. 6). Head with a wide brown band from each compound eye to epistomal sulcus, enclosing the antennal fossae (Fig. 9). Compound eyes black, ocelli hyaline, with ochre centripetal crescents, forming a triangular ocellar group. Vertex creamy, with brown irregular spots on both sides of epicranial suture and next to each compound eye. Postclypeus with diagonal slender striae. Anteclypeus and labrum pale brown. Genae creamy. Antennae: scape brown, pedicel and first flagellomere pale brown, rest of flagellomeres brown. Mx 1–2 creamy white, Mx 3 brown, Mx 4 brown, with apical third dark brown. Tergal lobes of meso- and metathorax brown, mesothoracic pleura dark brown, pro- and metathoracic pleura creamy white, with brown spots. Legs: coxa and trochanter of fore- and mid legs brown; coxa and trochanter of hind leg creamy white, femur of fore- and mid legs with proximal halves brown, distal halves creamy white; femur of hind leg creamy white, with a brown apical band; tibiae of all legs brown, distally darker; tarsomere 1 of all legs brown, tarsomeres 2–3 of all legs dark brown. Forewings hyaline, with a marginal brown band as illustrated (Fig. 8); pterostigma dark brown, except for a hyaline central area, with brown specks. Hindwings almost hyaline (Fig. 8), vein R 2+3 and branches of M with a brown distal spot. Abdomen creamy (Fig. 6), with brown irregular spots, subgenital plate creamy, middle area hyaline, sides pale brown; gonapophyses brown, IX sternum brown, epiproct and paraprocts creamy white.
Morphology. As in diagnosis, plus the following: outer cusp of lacinial tip broad, with 8–9 denticles. Forewings with pterostigma elongate, widest in the middle; vein M with six branches, the last one distally forked; areola postica tall, apically rounded (Fig. 8). Hindwing M with 3–4 branches (Fig. 8). Subgenital plate broad, posteriorly rounded, setae as illustrated (Fig. 11). Gonapophyses (Fig. 12): v1 long, slender, with inner edge more sclerotized, distally acuminate; v2+3 anteriorly heeled, with a group of 6–8 setae on side lobe; distal process long, sinuous, distally acuminate, with a field of minute setae. IX sternum well sclerotized, broadly nut shaped, with three transverse lobes, and well defined borders, as illustrated (Fig. 12). Paraprocts oval, with setae as illustrated (without distally dilated macrosetae); sensory fields with 28 trichobothria on basal rosettes (Fig. 10). Epiproct wide based, broadly triangular, posteriorly rounded, setose as illustrated (Fig. 10).
Measurements
FW: 6025, HW: 4100, F: 1400, T: 2375, t1: 1000, t2: 112, t3: 150, ctt1: 29, f1: 1100, f2: 1125, f3: 975, f4: 962, Mx4: 350, IO: 650, D: 370, d: 480, IO/d: 1.35, PO: 1.29.
Male
Color. (in 80% ethyl alcohol). As in the female (Fig. 7), hypandrium yellowish.
Morphology. As in diagnosis, plus the following: outer cusp of lacinial tip broad, with nine denticles. Forewings as in the female (Fig. 13). Vein M mostly with six branches, often asymmetrical as in the females (6–6, 6–5, 5–6, or 6–7, for right and left forewings respectively), the last branch forked. Hindwing M four branched, often asymetrical (4–3, 4–4, 5–4, for right and left hindwings respectively). Paraprocts broadly triangular, setae as illustrated (Fig. 15), sensory fields with 30 trichobothria on basal rosettes (Fig. 15). Epiproct broadly triangular, wide based, rounded posteriorly, with setae as illustrated (Fig. 15). Measurements. FW: 5350, HW: 3675, F: 1350, T: 2300, t1: 962, t2: 100, t3: 150, ctt1: 31, f1: 1050, f2: 1100, f3: 950, f4: 800, Mx4: 337, IO: 590, D: 400, d: 530, IO/d: 1.11, PO: 1.3.
Discussion
The two species here described are regarded as sister species based on their similarities in forewing pigmentation pattern, shape of the pterostigma, structure of the hypandrium (constituted of five sclerites, the large central one with two pairs of posterior projections), and on the phallosomes built on the same structural plan (Y-shaped anteriorly, anterior pair of endophallic sclerites bow-shaped, basally wide, and posterior pair of endophallic sclerites slender, distally hooked, anteriorly connected by a broadly triangular bridge).
The morphology of the hypandrium and phallosome outlined above impose modifications on Group II, of the infrageneric groups within Loneura, proposed by García Aldrete et al. 2011b[1], as follows:
Group II. Hypandrium consisting of five sclerites, an anterior and a posterior pair, flanking a large central sclerite (Figs 4, 16, 18, 20). Phallosome with external parameres elongate, distally rounded, bearing pores; two pairs of endophallic sclerites, the posterior pair joined proximally by a sclerotized bridge. Subgroup II a. Anterior side sclerites of hypandrium elongate, posterior side sclerites wide based, elongate, distally acuminate (Figs 18, 20); central sclerite with a median posterior projection, flanked by tufts of macrosetae. Phallosome with external parameres stout, distinctly curved, spoon-shaped; posterior pair of endophallic sclerites curved, acuminate; anterior pair of endophallic sclerites with proximal halves slender, curved, distal halves stout, quadrangular, with a row of blunt teeth along inner edge (Figs 19, 21). Species included: Loneura jinotegaensis García Aldrete (Nicaragua), Loneura mirandaensis García Aldrete (Venezuela).
Subgroup II b. Anterior side sclerites of hypandrium elongate, posterior side sclerites small, rounded (Figs 4, 16). Central sclerite with four posterior projections, two large on sides, and two small median ones (Figs 4, 16). Phallosome Y-shaped anteriorly, external parameres elongate, distally rounded; anterior pair of endophallic sclerites wide based, bow-shaped, posterior pair of endophallic sclerites slender, distally hooked (Figs 5, 17). Species included: Loneura andina García, Mendivil & González (Colombia), Loneura tuluaensis García, Mendivil & González (Colombia).
Loneura presently includes 46 species, 22 of them undescribed; 21 of the undescribed species are available for study in our collections. Examination of 40 species of Loneura, allows us to assert that the following characters are important in distinguishing among the species in the genus:
1. Head pigmentation pattern.
2. Fourth segment of maxillary palps: unpigmented, pigmented throughout or only distally pigmented.
3. Forewings: pattern of pigmentation, number of branches of vein M, branches of M simple or forked.
4. Forewing pterostigma: general shape, pattern of pigmentation or absence of it.
5. Forewing areola postica: general shape.
6. Hindwing: pattern of pigmentation, number of branches of vein M.
7. Legs: pigmentation.
8. Hypandrium: number of sclerites, shape of side sclerites, shape of central sclerite, presence or absence of distinct groups of setae in it, number, position, shape and size of posterior projections.
9. Phallosome: Shape of anterior half, shape and size of external parameres, structure of the anterior and posterior pairs of endophallic sclerites.
10. Female subgenital plate: general shape, setal field, size and shape of side pigmented areas.
11. Ninth sternum: general shape, texture, pigmentation.
12. Gonapophyses: general shape of v1 and v2+3, number and position of setae on v2 lobe, size and shape of v2+3 heel, shape of v2+3 posterior process.
Table 1 presents the geographic distribution of the species known in Loneura. The species display a high level of endemism: of the eight Central American species, only two are shared with Mexico and none are shared with South America; of the 28 South American species, one is shared between Bolivia and Argentina, one is shared by Ecuador and Peru, and one is shared by Colombia and Venezuela, the rest are only known in their respective countries, probably a result of insufficient collecting in some areas.
| Area | Country | No. of species | Endemics |
|---|---|---|---|
| North America | USA | 1 | 1 |
| Mexico | 9 | 7 | |
| Total | 10 | 8 | |
| Central America | Belize | 1 | 0 |
| Guatemala | 1 | 0 | |
| Nicaragua | 4 | 2 | |
| Costa Rica | 3 | 2 | |
| Panamá | 1 | 1 | |
| Total | 9 | 5 | |
| South America | Argentina | 1 | 0 |
| Bolivia | 3 | 2 | |
| Brazil | 10 | 10 | |
| Colombia | 11 | 10 | |
| Ecuador | 1 | 0 | |
| Peru | 3 | 2 | |
| Venezuela | 2 | 1 | |
| Total | 28 | 25 |
The species here described raise to 11 the species of Loneura known in Colombia, four of them still undescribed (cf. García Aldrete et al. 2011a[2], b[1]. Ten of the Colombian species are known only from Valle del Cauca (7 species) and from Gorgona Island (3 species), which account for less than 2% of the Colombian territory. Species richness of Colombian Loneura is likely much greater than currently documented. Ten additional species are known to occur in Brazil (Moreira de Castro 2007[3]).
Original Description
- Aldrete, A; Nieto, J; Obando, R; 2012: A pair of new sister species of Loneura (Psocodea, ‘Psocoptera’, Ptiloneuridae) from Valle del Cauca, Colombia, representing a new infrageneric group ZooKeys, 168: 65-76. doi
Other References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 García Aldrete A, González Obando R, Sarria Sarria F (2011b) Three new species of Loneura (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Ptiloneuridae) from Gorgona Island, Cauca, Colombia, with a new infrageneric classification. Zootaxa 3050: 55-62.
- ↑ García Aldrete A, González Obando R, Carrejo N (2011a) A new Loneura from Colombia, and Colombian records of L. mirandaensis García Aldrete, and Loneuroides venezolanus García Aldrete (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Ptiloneuridae). Dugesiana 18: 35-37.
- ↑ Moreira de Castro M (2007) Revisão taxonômica e filogenia do gênero neotropical Loneura Navás, 1927 (Psocoptera: Ptiloneuridae). Dissertacao (mestrado) - Area de concentracao Entomologia – INPA/UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, 67 p. + 61 figuras.
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