Koreonialoe
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Ordo: Coleoptera
Familia: Carabidae
Name
Park & Kwon, 1996 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Koreonialoe Park & Kwon, 1996: 93. Type species: Pterostichus teretis Park & Kwon, by original designation. Park and Park 2013[1]: 66. Bousquet 2017[2]: 717.
- Natalianoe Berlov & Plutenko, 1997: 4. Type species: Pterostichus microps Heyden, by original designation. Sundukov 2013[3]: 130 (as junior synonym of Koreonialoe).
- [[ | ]] “opacipennis species-group” of Nialoe: Nemoto 1988[4]: 39. Sasakawa et al. 2008[5]: 174. Sasakawa et al. 2013[6]: 430.
Diagnosis
Medium to large-sized Pterostichus; head large and thick, with elongate mandibles; eyes small, temporae swollen, a little wider than width across outer margins of eyes; pronotum cordate with posterior angles nearly rectangular; elytra entirely opaque; sternite VI or VII of males without secondary sexual modification.
Comparison
Koreonialoe species all share two external morphological features not found in other Nialoe species (= Nialoe'sensu lato: Kasahara 1988[7]; Sasakawa 2005a[8]): elytra entirely opaque from dense, isodiametric microsculpture; males without secondary sexual modification of sternite VII. Koreonialoe is considered to be a clade sister to the macrogenys species group (Sasakawa 2005b[9]). These two groups are similar in their enlarged head with elongate mandibles and swollen temporae. But the latter group differs in the dorsal surface of elytra shiny and sternite VII of males is more or less concave.
Subgeneric characters
Body robust, medium to large size, body length 12–25 mm, elongate and macrocephalic. Dorsally black, dark brown or reddish brown; pronotum finely punctate, more or less opaque; elytra entirely opaque, without metallic luster. Palpi and tarsi brown, other parts of legs similar color as elytra. Head large and thick; eyes small and convex, tempora strongly swollen, generally a little longer than length of eyes; frons with shallow and sparse punctures throughout; frontal grooves shallow and wide, reaching midpoint of eyes. First antennomere shorter than combined length of following two segments. Mandibles long, outer surface nearly straight, apex hooked; apical margin of labrum and clypeus deeply emarginate; terminal segment of labial palpus fusiform, a little dilated in males; mentum tooth bifid, mentum with a pair of longitudinal depressions, submentum with two setae on each side. Pronotum strongly cordate, widest near anterior third, one-sixth to one-fifth wider than length. Surface more or less opaque, with fine punctures, sub-anterior transversal sulci well defined, strongly curved. Lateral margins slightly arched from anterior angles to the middle, strongly sinuate and then nearly straight before posterior angles; posterior angles nearly rectangular; posterior margin strongly emarginate at middle. Mid-lateral setae present near anterior fifth of lateral margins; lateral expansions narrow, equally wide at anterior and posterior portions. Basal foveae with inner and outer grooves faintly defined and partly fused, forming deep depression between them; outer groove slightly shorter than inner one (definition of pronotal inner and outer grooved see Shi et al. 2013[10]: 103); middle area between two basal foveae with strong transverse wrinkles or heavy punctures. Elytra entirely opaque, length a little greater than one-half of width, widest a little behind middle. Shoulders widely rounded; basal ridge and lateral margins forming obtuse angle; striae regular, parascutellar dorsal pore present on the end of first stria; two or three discal pores on third interval, all adjoining to second stria. Umbilicate series on ninth interval continuous, sparse at middle. Ventral side: metepisternum slightly shorter than basal width, nearly smooth; stermite VII with one seta on each side in males, with two in female, male sternite VI or VII without secondary sexual modification. Mesofemora with two setae; metacoxae with two setae; metatrochanters without setae; fifth tarsomere glabrous or setose ventrally. Male genitalia with median lobe of aedeagus stout, curved at basal one-third to one-fourth; right paramere short and straight. Endophallus straight or directed ventrally, with two or more lobes at anterior part. Female genitalia: Gonocoxite II of ovipositor falciform in ventral view, length ca. three times basal width; outer margin with two or three short and fine ensiform setae irregularly arranged, inner margin without ensiform setae; apex strongly compressed, rounded in lateral view, with two nematiform setae in a groove (Figs 28–31). Spermatheca with seminal canal and receptaculum differentiated, receptaculum digitate, shortly branched at base, seminal canal much slenderer than receptaculum, three to five times length of receptaculum; spermathecal gland inserted on the base of receptaculum (Figs 32–35).
Distribution
A total of 18 species distributed along the Korean Peninsula and adjacent areas, including the eastern part of Jilin and Liaoning (China), Primorskiy Kray (Russia), Tsushima Island (Japan).
Remarks
Different species of the subgenus Koreonialoe are extremely similar in their external appearances. All known species are almost indistinguishable from each other by external characters, and even difficult to differentiate by the sclerotized part of male genitalia. Thus previous species delimitation under this subgenus was mainly based on the male endophallic characters, especially the number, location, and shape of apical lobes (Nemoto 1988[4]; Park and Kwon 1996[11]; Sasakawa et al. 2008[5]).
The endophallus of male genitalia is also important for inferring phylogeny (Sasakawa 2005a[8]). Previous studies showed that most species (11 of 14) in Koreonialoe have their endophallus short and straight, but the remaining three species (P. bellatrix, P. syleus, and P. togyusanus) have the endophallus more elongate and clearly directed ventrally (Sasakawa et al. 2013[6]). In the present study, we found that the ventrally directed and elongate endophallus present in all four species distributed in China, as well as in P. microps which was not treated by Sasakawa et al. (2013)[6].
To better interpret the infra-subgeneric taxonomy of Koreonialoe, names of two groups are introduced: 1) the opacipennis group (sensu stricto, nec.Nemoto 1988[4]): containing twelve species distributed in the Korean Peninsula and Tsushima, with a short and straight endophallus, gonopore that opens apically to the aedeagus, the ostium very weakly turn left. 2) the microps group: containing six species in Northeast China, the Korean Peninsula, and Primorskiy Kray, with elongate and ventrally directed endophallus, gonopore that opens basally to the aedeagus, aedeagal apex more or less deflected ventrally, the ostium more evidently turned left. Although these two groups included in the subgenus Koreonialoe are not based on a phylogenetic analysis, it seems likely that the opacipennis group (sensu strict) could be monophyletic for their highly specialized endophallus.
The determination of female specimens of Koreonialoe is very difficult sometimes. In most subgenera of Pterostichus, sibling species usually can be differentiated by the outline of pronotum, pronotal basal foveal characters, including the punctuation, length and depth of basal foveal grooves, chaetotaxy on elytra and legs, elytral striae depth and punctation, microsculpture, and male modification on the sternum. But in Koreonialoe, these important characters are always identical for most species. Moreover, the female ovipositor and reproductive tracts also do not help in species determination (Figs 28–35). In a few cases, the body size and color are helpful, for example in the two sympatric species P. micropoides and P. bellatrix, the latter one is always much larger and darker in color. But many allopatric species are usually extremely similar to each other. In these cases, females can be determined only through the males collected in exactly the same locality. Therefore, in the present study, the key to species is mainly based on the characters of male genitalia, and this key does not help determine females. But under each Chinese species, we provide comparisons to similar species on external features as well.
Taxon Treatment
- Yin, W; Shi, H; Liang, H; 2021: Revision of the Chinese species of subgenus Koreonialoe (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Pterostichus), with descriptions of two new species ZooKeys, 1063: 1-21. doi
Images
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Other References
- ↑ Park J, Park J (2013) Insect Fauna of Korea, Volume 12, Number 13: 1–98.
- ↑ Bousquet Y (2017) Tribe Pterostichini Bonelli, 1810. In: Löbl I, Löbl D (Eds) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 1: Archostemata-Myxophaga-Adephaga. EJ Brill, Denmark, 717.
- ↑ Sundukov Y (2013) Annotirovannyi katalog zhuzhelits (Coleoptera: Caraboidea) Sikhote-Alinya. [An annotated catalogue of the ground beetles (Coleoptera: Caraboidea) of Sikhote-Alin]. Vladivostok, Dalnauka: 1–270.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Nemoto K (1988) Pterostichus opacipennis Jedlička and its allied species of South Korea and Japan (Coleoptera, Carabidae).Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan43: 39–46.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sasakawa K, Kim J, Kim J, Kubota K (2008) Taxonomic studies of Pterostichus ishikawai Nemoto (Coleoptera: Carabidae).Entomological Science11: 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2008.00261.x
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Sasakawa K, Kim J, Kim J, Kubota K (2013) Notes on the ground beetle Pterostichus togyusanus (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Phylogenetic evidence for species status and new distribution record. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 2013, 16(4): 429–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2013.05.003
- ↑ Kasahara S (1988) Distribution pattern and speciation of pterostichine carabid beetles in Japan. In: Satô M (Ed.) The Beetles of Japan, with Special Reference to Their Origin and Speciation.Tôkai University Press, Tokyo, 52–65. [in Japanese]
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Sasakawa K (2005a) Phylogenetic studies of the Nialoe (s. lat.) (Coleoptera, Carabidae, genus Pterostichus), Part 1: homology of the component parts of male genitalia and higher phylogeny.Zoological Science22: 1205–1216. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.22.1205
- ↑ Sasakawa K (2005b) Pterositchus macrogenys Bates, 1883 (Coleoptera, Carabidae) and its allied species of northern Japan. Biogeography 7: 69–78.
- ↑ Shi H, Sciaky R, Liang H, Zhou H (2013) A new subgenus Wraseiellus of the genus Pterostichus Bonelli (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Pterostichini) and new species descriptions.Zootaxa3664(2): 101–135. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3664.2.1
- ↑ Park J, Kwon Y (1996) A new subgenus of the Pterostichus from Korea (Coleoptera: Harpalidae).Korean Journal of Entomology26(1): 93–103.
