Hippocampus haema

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Han S, Kim J, Kai Y, Senou H (2017) Seahorses of the Hippocampus coronatus complex: taxonomic revision, and description of Hippocampus haema, a new species from Korea and Japan (Teleostei, Syngnathidae). ZooKeys (712) : 113–139, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2017-10-31, version 162924, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Hippocampus_haema&oldid=162924 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

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BibTeX:

@article{Han2017ZooKeys,
author = {Han, Sang-Yun AND Kim, Jin-Koo AND Kai, Yoshiaki AND Senou, Hiroshi},
journal = {ZooKeys},
publisher = {Pensoft Publishers},
title = {Seahorses of the Hippocampus coronatus complex: taxonomic revision, and description of Hippocampus haema, a new species from Korea and Japan (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)},
year = {2017},
volume = {},
issue = {712},
pages = {113--139},
doi = {10.3897/zookeys.712.14955},
url = {https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=14955},
note = {Versioned wiki page: 2017-10-31, version 162924, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Hippocampus_haema&oldid=162924 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.}

}

RIS/ Endnote:

TY - JOUR
T1 - Seahorses of the Hippocampus coronatus complex: taxonomic revision, and description of Hippocampus haema, a new species from Korea and Japan (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)
A1 - Han S
A1 - Kim J
A1 - Kai Y
A1 - Senou H
Y1 - 2017
JF - ZooKeys
JA -
VL -
IS - 712
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.712.14955
SP - 113
EP - 139
PB - Pensoft Publishers
M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2017-10-31, version 162924, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Hippocampus_haema&oldid=162924 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

M3 - doi:10.3897/zookeys.712.14955

Wikipedia/ Citizendium:

<ref name="Han2017ZooKeys">{{Citation
| author = Han S, Kim J, Kai Y, Senou H
| title = Seahorses of the Hippocampus coronatus complex: taxonomic revision, and description of Hippocampus haema, a new species from Korea and Japan (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)
| journal = ZooKeys
| year = 2017
| volume =
| issue = 712
| pages = 113--139
| pmid =
| publisher = Pensoft Publishers
| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.712.14955
| url = https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=14955
| pmc =
| accessdate = 2025-04-05

}} Versioned wiki page: 2017-10-31, version 162924, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Hippocampus_haema&oldid=162924 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.</ref>

See also the citation download page at the journal.


Taxonavigation

Ordo: Syngnathiformes
Familia: Syngnathidae
Genus: Hippocampus

Name

Hippocampus haema Han & Kim & Kai & Senou, 2017 sp. n. – Wikispecies link – ZooBank link – Pensoft Profile

Holotype

PKU 9641, 1, female, 90.3 mm SL, Namcheon Harbor, Namcheon 1-dong, Suyeong-gu, Busan, Korea, 35°08'16"N; 129°06'51"E, 9 Aug 2013, H. J. Kwun, hand net.

Paratypes

139 specimens: specimens (74.0–99.0 mm SL). Korea: NIBR-P 5412, 1, female, 74.0 mm SL, off Geomun Island, Yeosu-si, Jellanam-do, depth 18 m, 17 Apr 2009, T. S. Park, SCUBA Diving & hand net. NIBR-P 1602, 1, 59.4 mm SL, Wonpo, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, 27 Aug 2006, J. H. Ryu. NIBR-P 19724, 3, 58.4–71.8 mm SL, 25 Jan 2012, H. G. Cho & S. H. Lee; NIBR-P 19725–19727, 19729, 7, 33.3–102.2 mm SL, 13 Sep 2012, Y. Eun, S. Lee & S. S. Hong; Jisepo-ri, Irun-myeon, Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. PKU 6097, 1, 77.5 mm SL, 30 Aug 2011; PKU 9422–9424, 3, 80.6–92.3 mm SL, 12 Jul 2013, hand net; PKU 9704, 1, 82.3 mm SL, 1 May 2013, J. M. Lee; PKU 9705–9712, 8, 65.7–98.1 mm SL, 26 Jul 2012, J. M. Lee; PKU 9713–9717, 9719–9720, 7, 61.6–85.1 mm SL, 9 Dec 2012, J. M. Lee; PKU 9721–9723, 3, 80.8–91.5 mm SL, 20 Aug 2012, J. M. Lee; PKU 9724–9731, 8, 73.2–113.9 mm SL, 17 Jul 2012, J. M. Lee; PKU 9732–9740, 9, 62.4–100.2 mm SL, 17 Aug 2012, J. M. Lee; PKU 9741–9747, 7, 56.4–81.9 mm SL, 21 Jun 2012, J. M. Lee; PKU 9748, 1, 56.8 mm SL, 11 Sep 2012, J. M. Lee; PKU 10128–10129, 2, females, 52.2–62.7 mm SL, 23 Oct 2013, H. J. Kwun; PKU 54069–54074, 6, 32.3–77.5 mm SL, 21 Mar 2015, J. M. Lee; Namcheon Harbor, Namcheon 1-dong, Suyeong-gu, Busan, 35°08'16"N; 129°06'51"E, hand net. PKU 7230–7233, 4, 41.9–83.7 mm SL, Ulsan, 14 Sep 2012, hand net. PKU 10277, 1, 72.7 mm SL, Minrak Harbor, Millak-dong, Suyeong-gu, Busan, 35°09'14"N; 129°07'51"E, 20 Feb 2014, H. J. Yu & W. J. Lee, hand net. PKU 11159, 1, 30.9 mm SL, Hak-ri, Ilgwang-myeon, Gijang-gun, Busan, 22 Jul 2014, J. Y. Bae, hand net. PKU 11170–11180, 11, 74.2–102.4 mm SL, Soan Island, Soan-myeon, Wando-gun, Jeollanam-do, May 2014, S. Rho, bottom trawl. PKU 11181–11182, 2, 71.8–84.2 mm SL, Gunhak village, Jeonil-ri, Hoecheon-myeon, Boseong-gun, Jeollanam-do, 24 Dec 2013, S. Rho, bottom trawl. PKU 11266, 1, 74.1 mm SL, 24 Jul 2014; PKU 11634, 1, 69.9 mm SL, 25 Sep 2014; Hwayang-myeon, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, hand net. PKU 11395–11401, 7, 62.3–98.7 mm SL, Jangu Island, Suwol-ri, Dosan-myeon, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Sep 2014, K. S. Han & H. D. Mun, Shrimp beam trawl. PKU 11449, 1, 81.0 mm SL, Jul 2014; PKU 11635–11637, 3, 15.9–84.7 mm SL, 24 Sep 2014; Gijang-gun, Busan, hand net. Japan: RMNH.PISC.D 1541–1542 (photograph by RMNH), 2, female, 67.5–68.5? mm SL, von Siebold collection. FAKU 109359, 1, 58.0 mm SL, Tassha, Sado Island, Niigata, 24 Oct 1955. FAKU 135638, 2, 82.7–88.9 mm SL, 22 Sep 2011; FAKU 135639, 2, 53.2–86.0 mm SL, 23 Aug 2010; FAKU 135640, 135644, 2, 76.2–86.8 mm SL, 29 Jul 2011; FAKU 135641, 1, 61.4 mm SL, 20 Aug 2008; FAKU 135642, 1, 57.4 mm SL, 6 Sep 2008; Maizuru Bay, Maizuru, Kyoto, Y. Kai. FAKU 136087, 1, 76.1 mm SL, Tsuruga, Fukui, 28 Jun 2014. FAKU 136119, 1, 59.2 mm SL, Kamai, Kyotango, Kyoto, 19 Jul 2014, F. Tashiro. KPM-NI 1615, 1, 91.6 mm SL, Aug 1933. KPM-NI 6770, 1, 57.9 mm SL, Azo, Tsuruga, Fukui, depth 5 m, 13 Aug 1999, T. Nomura. KPM-NI 24769, 1, female, 83.3 mm SL, Akita, H. Sugiyama. KPM-NI 31204, 1, 47.5 mm SL, Takahama-cho, Ooi, Fukui, 2 Oct 2012, M. Mune. KPM-NI 31620, 1, 72.7 mm SL, 27 Feb 2013; KPM-NI 31707, 1, 60.6 mm SL, 11 Mar 2013; Ogurui, Takahama-cho, Ooi, Fukui, depth 7 m, M. Mune. KPM-NI 31880–31883, 4, 76.6–85.5 mm SL, depth 0–2 m, 7 May 2013; KPM-NI 36111–36112, 2, 77.1–78.6 mm SL, depth 1–3 m, 28 Apr 2014; Agurizaki Point, Ooshima, Ooi-cho, Ooi-gun, Fukui, M. Mune. KPM-NI 35122–35123, 2, 46.3–46.8 mm SL, Tanoura, Takahama, Ooi-cho, Ooi, Fukui, depth 0–1 m, 3 Jul 2013, M. Mune. KPM-NI 35291–35297, 7, 54.5–74.9 mm SL, Koda Fishing Port, Notojimakouda-machi, Notojima Island, Nanao, Ishikawa, depth 1–3 m, 2013, H. Masaki. KAUM-I 12745, 1, 100.5 mm SL, 12 Oct 2007, depth 5 m, kept in Kagoshima Aquarium and dead on 8 Dec 2008; KAUM-I 12746, 1, 96.9 mm SL, 13 Feb 2008, kept in Kagoshima Aquarium and dead on 4 Aug 2008; off Nagashima Station, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Usui, Azuma, Izumi, Kagoshima, M. Yamada. KAUM-I 19885, 1, male, 99.0 mm SL, off Nagashima Station, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Usui, Azuma, Izumi, Kagoshima, 32°13'22"N; 130°10'31"E, 13 Feb 2008, Kagoshima Aquarium, hand net, kept in Kagoshima Aquarium and dead on 30 Apr 2007.

Diagnosis

A species of Hippocampus having a bony body; double gill openings; R 10 + 35–38, mode 10 + 36 (holotype: 10 + 36); coronet moderately high and turned back on top; CoT 4; CHGO 22.7–41.6 % HL; CHMC 34.1–54.9 % HL; a WS on the dorsal fin base.

Description

Head and trunk folded at approximately right angle; snout elongated and fused; pelvic and caudal fins absent; prehensile tail; D 11–14, mode 13 (holotype: 14); A 4; P 10–13, mode 12 (holotype: 13); D always greater than or equal to P; CS 1; ES 1–2 (in ES 2, anterior ES smaller than posterior ES), mode 1 (holotype: 2); SnL 28.8–49.0 % HL; ED 27.1–68.9 % SnL; HL 57.3–88.7 % TrL; TrL 37.4–57.2 % TaL; often flat and smooth skin covering armor-plated body; coronet turned back on top; CoT 4 arising from degenerative PCS (5th coronet tip); WS two fused spines (lower spine more developed than upper spine, recurved; occasionally, upper spine stands out giving appearance of two dorsal fin base spines); dorsal and lateral spines at 1st, 4th, 7th, and 10th TrR more prominent than on other TrRs, except for lateral spines on 10th TrR (occasionally none or degenerative spine); Several skin filaments on body, ACS, and prominent dorsal and lateral spines on 1st, 4th, and 7th TrR; Several colors when fresh: black, white, orange, yellow, magenta, claret, brown, grey with black, red, or white stripe, and frostlike whitish or grey striations along prominent TrR and TaR; whitish radial blotches from iris to surrounding eye often present; semicircular band on dorsal fin occasionally present; when fixed in alcohol, specimens become black, white, brown, and grey; blunt (or absent) body spine; no particular sexual dimorphism except for male brood pouch. Minimum size at sexual maturity, 53.9 mm SL in males.

Distribution

Korea: southern and southeastern coasts of the Korean Peninsula (from Soan Island to Ulsan); Japan: western coast of Kyushu (western Kagoshima Prefecture), northwestern coast of Honshu (from Kyoto Prefecture to Akita Prefecture) (Fig. 1). Lives in floating Sargassum and weeds on shallow soft bottom habitats from 0–18 m depth (e.g. Kim et al. 2016[25]).

Etymology

The Korean word Haema means ‘seahorse’, which connotes ‘representative’ and ‘common’. Thus, the scientific and Korean names Haema were chosen to indicate that this seahorse is the one most commonly found in Korea. The Japanese name Himetatsu means ‘princess seahorse’ or ‘dwarf seahorse’, and refers to its lower coronet and smaller body compared to H. coronatus.

Remarks

Temminck and Schlegel (1850)[26] described the extremely high coronet as follows: coronet height (CHGO, based on the inquiry of type specimens and on Jordan and Snyder [1901][1]’s description) of H. coronatus is identical to its SnL, 1/5 shorter than remaining HL (i.e., 4/9 of HL). All H. haema specimens present a moderately high coronet (CHGO 22.7–41.6 % HL and CHMC 34.1–54.9 % HL) when compared to H. coronatus (extremely high coronet, CHGO 43.0–60.1 % HL and CHMC 55.7–79.0 % HL). Our H. sindonis specimens (including the holotype, USNM 49730) differ from H. haema in their 5 CoT and blunt or truncated LTrDS (vs. CoT 4 and WS [recurved LTrDS] in H. haema) (Fig. 6). The genetic distance between H. haema and H. coronatus is greater than that between species of the H. kuda complex (i.e., H. kuda, H. reidi, and H. ingens), supporting specific distinctness (Fig. 7; Table 4).
Our data also suggest the existence of two subgroups, one from Korea and another from Japan: cyt b sequences of H. haema collected in these two areas consistently present two base pairs (bp) differences (0.3%–0.8% genetic distance). Based on molecular results, H. haema is more closely related to H. coronatus than to H. sindonis (Fig. 7; Table 4), but based on coronet height and on the number of TaR, except for CoT and WS, it is more similar to H. sindonis (Tables 2 and 3).
Hippocampus haema was collected off the southern and southeastern coasts of Korea, but we were not able to collect H. haema off the western or northeastern coasts of Korea; only H. mohnikei was collected from all Korean waters. A few studies have reported H. coronatus from the western coast of Korea (Lee and Seok 1984[27]; Hwang 1998[28]; Hwang et al. 1998[29]; Hwang et al. 2005[30]), but these publications are mostly checklists, similar to that of Mori (1928)[2], and H. mohnikei is not referred to in written records. Such inconsistency might be the result of misidentifications. The northern boundaries of H. coronatus in Korean waters determined in our study are similar to the distributions found by Choi et al. (2002)[11] and Kim et al. (2005)[13], who stated H. coronatus was limited to the southern coast of Korea, similarly to H. mohnikei. We found that the habitat of H. haema is affected by the Tsushima Warm Current (Briggs 1995[31]; Nakabo 2009[32]; Ishizu et al. 2017[33]) and, therefore, H. haema might only rarely be found off the western and northeastern coasts of Korea.

Original Description

  • Han, S; Kim, J; Kai, Y; Senou, H; 2017: Seahorses of the Hippocampus coronatus complex: taxonomic revision, and description of Hippocampus haema, a new species from Korea and Japan (Teleostei, Syngnathidae) ZooKeys, (712): 113-139. doi

Images

Figure 1. Distribution of the species within the Hippocampus coronatus complex: H. haema (red circles; the filled red circle indicates the holotype), H. coronatus (green triangles), and H. sindonis (blue squares; the filled blue square indicates the holotype).
Figure 1. Distribution of the species within the Hippocampus coronatus complex: H. haema (red circles; the filled red circle indicates the holotype), H. coronatus (green triangles), and H. sindonis (blue squares; the filled blue square indicates the holotype). 
Figure 3. Specimens within the Hippocampus coronatus complex examined in the present study. A–E H. haema A PKU 9641 (holotype, Busan, Korea) B FAKU 135644 (paratype, Maizuru, Japan) C KPM-NI 24769 (paratype, Akita, Japan) D RMNH.PISC.D 1541 (paratype, Japan) E RMNH.PISC.D 1542 (paratype, Japan) F–G H. coronatus F RMNH.PISC.D 1543 (lectotype, Japan) G RMNH.PISC.D 1544 (paralectotype, Japan) H–I H. sindonis H RMNH.PISC 3924 (Japan) I USNM 49730 (holotype, Hamamatsu, Japan).
Figure 3. Specimens within the Hippocampus coronatus complex examined in the present study. A–E H. haema A PKU 9641 (holotype, Busan, Korea) B FAKU 135644 (paratype, Maizuru, Japan) C KPM-NI 24769 (paratype, Akita, Japan) D RMNH.PISC.D 1541 (paratype, Japan) E RMNH.PISC.D 1542 (paratype, Japan) F–G H. coronatus F RMNH.PISC.D 1543 (lectotype, Japan) G RMNH.PISC.D 1544 (paralectotype, Japan) H–I H. sindonis H RMNH.PISC 3924 (Japan) I USNM 49730 (holotype, Hamamatsu, Japan). 
Figure 4. Coloration of fresh specimens. A Hippocampus haema (paratype, PKU 9424) B H. coronatus (FAKU 137351) C H. sindonis (FAKU 137339).
Figure 4. Coloration of fresh specimens. A Hippocampus haema (paratype, PKU 9424) B H. coronatus (FAKU 137351) C H. sindonis (FAKU 137339). 
Figure 5. X-radiographs of Hippocampus specimens. A H. haema PKU 9641 (holotype) B H. haema NIBR-P 5412 (paratype) C H. coronatus FAKU 137348 D H. sindonis FAKU 137340 E H. sindonis USNM 49730 (holotype) F H. mohnikei FAKU 135643. a' indicates the anterior coronet spine; 5' indicates the posterior coronet spine (the 5th tip on the corona); the first (1) and last (10 or 11) trunk rings are marked.
Figure 5. X-radiographs of Hippocampus specimens. A H. haema PKU 9641 (holotype) B H. haema NIBR-P 5412 (paratype) C H. coronatus FAKU 137348 D H. sindonis FAKU 137340 E H. sindonis USNM 49730 (holotype) F H. mohnikei FAKU 135643. a' indicates the anterior coronet spine; 5' indicates the posterior coronet spine (the 5th tip on the corona); the first (1) and last (10 or 11) trunk rings are marked. 
Figure 6. Distinctive morphological characters among species within the Hippocampus coronatus complex. A–C Tips on the corona flat A H. haema (PKU 9641, holotype) B H. coronatus (KPM-NI 7720) C H. sindonis (KPM-NI 19797). Numbers indicate coronet tips; the 5th coronet tip (posterior coronet spine) is indicated in red. The * indicates the appendage growing on the anterior coronet spine, which is a skin filament D–F Dorsal fin base spines (red arrows; wing-tip spines in D and E) D H. haema (PKU 9641, holotype) E H. coronatus (KPM-NI 7720) F H. sindonis (KPM-NI 19797).
Figure 6. Distinctive morphological characters among species within the Hippocampus coronatus complex. A–C Tips on the corona flat A H. haema (PKU 9641, holotype) B H. coronatus (KPM-NI 7720) C H. sindonis (KPM-NI 19797). Numbers indicate coronet tips; the 5th coronet tip (posterior coronet spine) is indicated in red. The * indicates the appendage growing on the anterior coronet spine, which is a skin filament D–F Dorsal fin base spines (red arrows; wing-tip spines in D and E) D H. haema (PKU 9641, holotype) E H. coronatus (KPM-NI 7720) F H. sindonis (KPM-NI 19797). 
Figure 7. Neighbor-joining tree showing the relationships among species of Hippocampus based on mtDNA sequences. A tree produced using multiple loci (cytochrome b, 16S rRNA, and 12S rRNA) as partitions B tree produced using 12S rRNA, only. Numbers in branches indicate bootstrap probabilities obtained from 1000 bootstrap replications. Scale bar = genetic distance of 0.02.
Figure 7. Neighbor-joining tree showing the relationships among species of Hippocampus based on mtDNA sequences. A tree produced using multiple loci (cytochrome b, 16S rRNA, and 12S rRNA) as partitions B tree produced using 12S rRNA, only. Numbers in branches indicate bootstrap probabilities obtained from 1000 bootstrap replications. Scale bar = genetic distance of 0.02. 

Other References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Jordan D, Snyder J (1901) A review of the hypostomide and lophobranchiate fishes of Japan. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 24: 1–20, 12 pls. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.24-1241.1
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mori T (1928) A catalogue of the fishes of Korea. Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution 3(3): 2–8.
  3. ↑ Boeseman M (1947) Revision of the fishes collected by Burger and von Siebold in Japan. Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden) 28: 1–242, 5 pls.
  4. ↑ Mitani F (1956) Notes on the individual variations of form and coloration of seahorses, Hippocampus coronatus T. & S.. The Zoological Society of Japan 65(2): 66–73. [In Japanese]
  5. ↑ Chyung M (1977) The fishes of Korea. Iljisa, Seoul, 728 pp. [In Korean]
  6. ↑ Araga C (1984) Family Syngnathidae. In: Masuda H, Amaoka K, Araga C, Uyeno T, Yoshino T (Eds) The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 84–88 (v. 1), pls. 76–77, 343 (v. 2). [In Japanese]; 85–89 (v. 3). [In English]
  7. ↑ Senou H (1993) Syngnathidae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 478–489, 1293–1295. [In Japanese]
  8. ↑ Kim I, Lee W (1995) First record of the seahorse fish, Hippocampus trimaculatus (Pisces: Syngnathidae) from Korea. Korean Journal of Zoology 38(1): 74–77.
  9. ↑ Nakamura S (1999b) Tatsunootoshigo. In: Glover TA (Ed.) Glover Atlas: Fishes of Southern and Western Japan edited by T. A. Glover during 1912 to 1933. Web electronic publication. Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University and Nagasaki University Library, Nagasaki, no. 125–126. [In Japanese] http://oldphoto.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/GloverAtlas/
  10. ↑ Senou H (2000) Syngnathidae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 2nd edn. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 520–536, 1509–1515. [In Japanese]
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Choi Y, Kim J, Park J (2002) Marine fishes of Korea. Kyohaksa, Seoul, 646 pp. [In Korean]
  12. ↑ Senou H (2002) Syngnathidae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, English edn. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 520–536, 1506–1510.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kim I, Choi Y, Lee C, Lee Y, Kim B, Kim J (2005) Illustrated book of Korean fishes. Kyohaksa, Seoul, 615 pp. [In Korean]
  14. ↑ Choi Y, Rho S, Jung M, Lee Y, Noh G (2006) Parturition and early growth of crowned seahorse, Hippocampus coronatus in Korea. Korean Journal of Aquaculture 19(2): 109–118. [In Korean]
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Yoshino Y, Senou H (2008) Sea fishes of Japan. Yama-kei Publishers co. , Ltd., Tokyo, 545 pp. [In Japanese]
  16. ↑ Kohno H, Kanou K, Yokoo T (2011) A photographic guide to the fishes in Tokyo bay. Heibonsha, Tokyo, 376 pp. [In Japanese]
  17. ↑ Senou H (2013) Syngnathidae. In: Nakabo T (Ed.) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, 3rd edn. Tokai University Press, Kanagawa, 615–635, 1909–1913. [In Japanese]
  18. ↑ Han S, Lee J, Kim J (2014) New record of the short-tailed pipefish, Microphis brachyurus brachyurus (Teleostei: Syngnathidae), with a key to the species of the family Syngnathidae from Korea. Ocean Science Journal 49(4): 419–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-014-0039-0
  19. ↑ Kuiter R (2009) Seahorses and their relatives. Aquatic Photographics, Seaford, Victoria, Australia, 276 pp.
  20. ↑ Nakamura S (1999a) Hanatatsu. In: Glover TA (Ed.) Glover Atlas: Fishes of Southern and Western Japan edited by T. A. Glover during 1912 to 1933. Web electronic publication. Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University and Nagasaki University Library, Nagasaki, no. 124. [In Japanese] http://oldphoto.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/GloverAtlas/
  21. ↑ Kim S, Kweon S, Choi S (2013) First record of Hippocampus sindonis (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae) from Korea. Korean Journal of Ichthyology 25(1): 41–44.
  22. ↑ Kim Y, Myoung J, Kim Y, Han K, Kang C, Kim J, Ryu J (2001) The marine fishes of Korea. Hanguel, Busan, 382 pp. [In Korean]
  23. ↑ Myoung J, Kim B, Lee S, Jeon G (2002) The sea fishes of Korea. Darakwon, Seoul, 287 pp. [In Korean]
  24. ↑ Kim J, Ryu J (2017) Distribution map of sea fishes in Korea, public edn. Mapledesign, Busan. [In Korean]
  25. ↑ Kim T, Han W, Lee G, Lee K (2016) Taxonomical reexamination and distribution of sea horses in the Southern Sea of South Korea. Studies on Education of Fisheries and Marine Sciences 28(4): 1159–1170. https://doi.org/10.13000/JFMSE.2016.28.4.1159
  26. ↑ Temminck C, Schlegel H (1850) Pisces. In: von Siebold P (Ed.) Fauna Japonica, sive descriptio animalium quae in itinere per Japoniam suscepto annis 1823–30 collegit, notis observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit P. F. von Siebold. Last part. Apud A. Arnz et socios, Lugduni Batavorum (Leiden), 270–324.
  27. ↑ Lee T, Seok K (1984) Seasonal fluctuations in abundance and species composition of fishes in Cheonsu Bay using trap net catches. The Journal of the Oceanological Society of Korea 19(2): 217–227. [In Korean]
  28. ↑ Hwang S (1998) Diel and seasonal variations in species composition of fishery resources collected by a bag net off Kogunsan-gundo. Korean Journal of Ichthyology 10(2): 155–163. [In Korean]
  29. ↑ Hwang S, Im Y, Kim Y, Cha H, Choi S (1998) Fishery resources off Youngkwang. 1. Species composition of catch by a stow net. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 31(5): 727–738. [In Korean]
  30. ↑ Hwang S, Hwang H, Noh H, Lee T (2005) Seasonal variation in species composition of fish collected by a bag net in the Geum River estuary, Korea. Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 38(1): 39–54. https://doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2005.38.1.039 [In Korean]
  31. ↑ Briggs J (1995) Global biogeography. Elsevier, 452 pp.
  32. ↑ Nakabo T (2009) Zoogeography and systematics of shallow water marine East Asian fishes. Korean Journal of Ichthyology 21: 38–43.
  33. ↑ Ishizu M, Itoh S, Tanaka K, Komatsu K (2017) Influence of the Oyashio Current and Tsugaru Warm Current on the circulation and water properties of Otsuchi Bay, Japan. Journal of Oceanography 73(1): 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-016-0383-z
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