Hexacola
| Notice: | This page is derived from the original publication listed below, whose author(s) should always be credited. Further contributors may edit and improve the content of this page and, consequently, need to be credited as well (see page history). Any assessment of factual correctness requires a careful review of the original article as well as of subsequent contributions.
If you are uncertain whether your planned contribution is correct or not, we suggest that you use the associated discussion page instead of editing the page directly. This page should be cited as follows (rationale):
Citation formats to copy and paste
BibTeX: @article{Noort2015ZooKeys, RIS/ Endnote: TY - JOUR Wikipedia/ Citizendium: <ref name="Noort2015ZooKeys">{{Citation See also the citation download page at the journal. |
Ordo: Hymenoptera
Familia: Figitidae
Name
Hexacola Förster, 1869 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Hexacola(synonym Daruna Benoit, 1956a, syn. n.)
Remarks
Common throughout the Afrotropical region. Not always easily distinguished from Ganaspis and Didyctium. Daruna was erected by Benoit (1956a)[1] for a specimen from Ruanda (the generic name being an anagram thereof), which, according to the original description, had dual glandular release pits of the scutellar plate, both the common posterior pit, and the central pit characteristic of most Diglyphosematini. Inspection of the holotype (in RMCA) by MB and MF revealed only the normal posterior glandular pit though, and nothing separates Daruna from a normal Hexacola. Linguistic gender of Hexacola is, according to etymology in the original description, neuter, but many species names have been given in the feminine previously.
Diagnosis
Hexacola are usually very characteristic habitus-wise, being rather elongate eucolines with a characteristically globular head; a characteristic wing which is rather narrow with a narrow, closed, mostly triangular marginal cell; a very characteristic scutellum which is convex in its entirety; a very wide, convex, scutellar plate covering most of the surface; mostly striate sculpture on the narrow surrounding dorsal surfaces of the scutellum; and narrow, oblique scutellar foveae. Certain forms, however appear intermediate between the typical Hexacola and Dicyctium or Ganaspis. Occasionally the general bodyshape as well as scutellar striae of Hexacola may cause confusion with Kleidotoma, though the wings and metapleura are very different, or with Rhoptromeris, which can always be recognised by the pronotal plate with closed lateral bridges (and modified F2 in males).
Distribution
Worldwide. Afrotropical records: Rwanda (Benoit 1956a[1]), Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe (Quinlan 1986[2]), St Helena (Notton 2008[3]), Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Yemen (here).
Biology
Reported from many fly hosts and habitats worldwide, commonly Chloropidae and Ephydridae in agricultural or wet habitats (Allen and Pienkowski 1973, Beardsley 1989[4], Bhattacharyya 1957[5], Diamond et al. 2001, Díaz and Gallardo 2010, Gaddi et al. 2010[6], Kerrich and Quinlan 1960[7], Moore 1983[8], Nordlander and Grijpma 1991[9], Quinlan 1978[10], Simmonds 1952[11], Streams and Greenberg 1969, and others). African taxa so far only reared from Chloropidae (label data).
Species richness
Hexacola absensa Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)
Hexacola amantia Quinlan, 1986 (Nigeria, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo)
Hexacola atropos Quinlan, 1986 (Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo)
Hexacola bifarium Quinlan, 1986 (Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)
Hexacola camerounensis (Risbec, 1956), comb. n. (Eucoila) (Cameroon) Type specimen expected to be in the MNHN, but not yet located. Original description does not state any very informative characters, but based on the illustration, Hexacola seems like a probable option until type material surfaces.
Hexacola compactum Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)
Hexacola fringa Quinlan, 1986 (Zimbabwe)
Hexacola hexatoma (Hartig, 1841) (Cothonaspis) (Uganda; widely distributed species)
Hexacola muhavara (Benoit, 1956a), comb. n. (Daruna) (cf comments above) (Rwanda)
Hexacola octoclavum Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)
Hexacola pallidum Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)
Hexacola quinqueclavatum Quinlan, 1986 (Cameroon, Madagascar, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe)
Hexacola quisnama Quinlan, 1986 (South Africa, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo)
Hexacola septemium Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)
Hexacola zama Quinlan, 1986 (Democratic Republic of Congo)
Taxon Treatment
- Noort, S; Buffington, M; Forshage, M; 2015: Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera) ZooKeys, (493): 1-176. doi
Other References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Benoit P (1956a) Contributions à l’étude de la faune entomologique du Ruanda-Urundi (Mission P. Basilewsky 1953). CIX. Hymenoptera Cynipidae. Annales Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Tervuren, série 8, 51: 532–550.
- ↑ Quinlan J (1986) A key to the Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera), with a revision of certain genera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical series 52: 243–366.
- ↑ Notton D (2008) Insecta: Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and parasitic wasps). In: Mendel H Ashmole P Ashmole M. Invertebrates of the Central Peaks and Peak Dale, St Helena, Final report, April 2008 (updated September 2013). St Helena National Trust.
- ↑ Beardsley J (1989) Hawaiian Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea), key to genera and taxonomic notes on apparently non-endemic species. Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society 29: 165–193.
- ↑ Bhattacharyya P (1957) A study of insect parasitism – the parasites of Oscinella frit with an account of their biology and interrelations. Diploma of Imperial College thesis, London University.
- ↑ Gaddi A, Díaz N, Gallardo F (2010) A new species of Hexacola Förster (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), parasitoid of Lemnaphila neotropica Lizarralde de Grosso (Diptera: Ephydridae). Zootaxa 2622: 42–48.
- ↑ Kerrich G, Quinlan J (1960) Studies on eucoiline Cynipoidea (Hym.). Opuscula Entomologica 25: 179–196.
- ↑ Moore D (1983) Hymenopterous parasitoids of stem-boring Diptera [e.g. Oscinella frit (L.)] in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in Britain. Bulletin of Entomological Research 73: 601–608. doi: 10.1017/S0007485300009202
- ↑ Nordlander G, Grijpma P (1991) Systematics and biology of Rhoptromeris strobigena sp.n, a parasitoid of chloropids inhabiting conifer cones (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Eucoilidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 22: 209–218. doi: 10.1163/187631291X00084
- ↑ Quinlan J (1978) Hymenoptera Cynipoidea. Eucoilidae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 8: 1–58.
- ↑ Simmonds F (1952) Parasites of the frit-fly Oscinella frit (L.) in Eastern North America. Bulletin of Entomological Research 43: 503–542. doi: 10.1017/S0007485300029497
