Eucteniza

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Taxonavigation

Ordo: Araneae
Familia: Euctenizidae

Name

Eucteniza Ausserer, 1875 – Wikispecies link – ZooBank link – Pensoft Profile

• Eucteniza Ausserer, 1875: 149 (type species by monotypy Eucteniza mexicana juvenile holotype from Mexico, deposited in BMNH, examined). – E. Simon 1892: 110. – F.O.P.-Cambridge 1897: 12. – Bond and Opell 2002.
• Flavila O.P.-Cambridge, 1895: 156 (type species by monotypy Flavila relatus O.P.-Cambridge, male holotype from Mexico, Amula in Guerrero, deposited in the BMNH, examined). – synonymized by F.O.P.-Cambridge 1897: 13.
• Enrico O.P.-Cambridge, 1895: 157 (type species by monotypy Enrico mexicanus juvenile holotype from Mexico, Atoyac, Veracruz, deposited in BMNH, examined). – F.O.P.-Cambridge 1897: 12. – E. Simon 1903: 899. – synonymized by Bond and Opell 2002.
• Astrosoga Chamberlin, 1940: 5 (type species by monotypy Astrosoga rex male holotype from Kingsville, Texas, deposited in AMNH, examined). – Chamberlin and Ivie 1945: 556. – synonymized by Bond and Opell 2002.

Diagnosis

Eucteniza males can be recognized by the presence of 1-2 mid-ventral megaspines on the tibia of both legs I and II (Figs 8–10). Such mating clasper spination configuration is similar to that of Neoapachella males for leg I but are absent on leg II. Females can be distinguished from all other euctenizid genera by having what appears to be a bi-dentate cheliceral furrow and a rastellum positioned on a moderate to high rastellar mound, whereas other genera have a single row of promarginal teeth and a small patch of denticles and lack a distinct rastellar mound. Additional Eucteniza autapomorphies include a patella IV spine patch and a weakly sclerotized posterior carapace margin.

General description

Small to large sized trapdoor spiders. Cephalothorax longer than wide, sloping posteriorly, lacking pubescence in most species (Fig. 2). Posterior third of carapace very lightly sclerotized (Figs 2, 23, 24). Thoracic groove intermediate to wide, procurved (Fig. 2) and deep. Eyes not on a tubercle (Fig. 3). AME, PME subequal diameter. Posterior eye row slightly recurved, anterior eye row slightly porcurved (Fig. 2). Caput moderately high (Fig. 3). Carapace of ethanol preserved specimens appears most often reddish-brown, sometimes lighter. The coloration of living spiders tends to be a darker brown, however there is considerable variation in the intensity of coloration. Male coloration in most specimens is dark reddish-brown. Abdominal coloration light to dark brown, sometimes with dark mid dorsal blotch. Sternum wider posteriorly, tapering anteriorly (Fig. 4). Posterior sigilla large and positioned mid-posteriorly nearly contiguous. Anterior margin of sigilla lacks rounded margin. Palpal endites longer than wide with numerous cuspules (Fig. 4). Labium wider than long, with numerous cuspules (Fig. 4). Chelicerae dark brown. Rastellum consists of numerous spines borne on a distinctive mound. Fangs of intermediate length and thickness. Cheliceral promargin with row of very large teeth; retromargin row comprises distinct row of large teeth interspersed with denticles.
Apical PLS article short, digitiform. Spinnerets mostly with pumpkiniform spigots with several articulated spigots interspersed on apical and median articles of PLS and the PMS (Bond and Opell 2002, fig. 3E). Two to three large, articulated spigots on apical most aspect of the PLS. PMS article robust. See Bond and Opell (2002) for more detailed descriptions of spigot types.
Anterior leg articles slender relative to posterior. Tarsi short and robust (Figs 5–6). Female scopulae long, dense, asymmetrical, extending full length of tarsus, metatarsus and half length of tibia on anterior legs; posterior legs lack distinct scopulae. Male tarsi I and II with short sparse scopulae that are restricted to the ventral surface. Basal palpal tooth and STC I – IV basal tooth elongate and bifid. STC IV with 5 or more teeth. Female anterior legs with very few ventral spines (Fig. 5). Prolateral surface of female patella III and IV covered in numerous thick short spines (Fig. 6). Preening comb on metatarsus IV absent; metatarsus, tarsus IV with ventral spines (Fig. 7). Tarsal trichobothria arranged in a wide band with interspersed setae. Spermathecae generally comprise a simple unbranched bulb that lacks an elongate base.
Male mating clasper morphology is distinctive. Tibia legs I & II swollen mid-ventrally in most species, bearing 1-2 large spines; prolateral aspect with a small to large patch of smaller, thickened, short spines. Metatarsus of leg I lacks excavation and spur. Palpal bulb simple, with spherical base, planar distally near origin of embolus. Palpal cymbium lacks dorsal spines (Fig. 11).

Distribution

Distributed primarily throughout central Mexico and Baja California (Fig. 1) with an extension northward into Texas (United States).

Key to males

Note: as discussed by Bond (2012) keys to many mygalomorph taxa are sometimes far from optimal and thus one should not rely too heavily on species determinations using this key. Instead, knowledge of where specimen was collected and comparison to description and illustrations will likely prove more useful.

Key to males — J. Bond , R. Godwin

1		Tarsus swollen mid-ventrally, width wider than metatarsus (Fig. 8)    Eucteniza mexicana
–		Tarsus width subequal to metatarsus width    2
2		Tibia I swollen dorsally, behind tibia I metatarsus junction (Fig. 53)    Eucteniza chichimeca
–		Tibia I not swollen dorsally behind tibia I metatarsus junction    3
3		Ventral tibial megaspines borne on distinct apophysis (Fig. 31)    4
–		Ventral tibial megaspines not borne on a distinct apophysis    5
4		Tarsus I with short dorsal spines, tarsus III curved (Figs 31, 35)    Eucteniza diablo
–		Tarsus I lacks short spines, palpal tibia retrolateral surface with extensive spine patch (Figs 48, 51, 52)    Eucteniza zapatista
5		Metatarsus I with ventral microspines and subdorsal row of spines on prolateral surface tibia II (Figs 64, 66)    Eucteniza hidalgo
–		Metatarsus I lacking ventral microspines, and leg II prolateral spines on tibia    6
6		Palpal tibia with row of retrolateral spines at distal edge and metatarsus I with patch of distal ventral spines (Figs 69, 72, 73)    Eucteniza golondrina
–		Palpal tibia without row of retrolateral spines at distal edge; metatarsus lacks distinct ventral spines (numerous)    7
7		Very small (Cl < 3.5mm); very pale in coloration    Eucteniza huasteca
–		Typically larger in size (Cl > 4.00mm); darker in color    8
8		Leg I metatarsus as long as or subequal in length to tibia; tibia slender with thin ventral megaspines (Fig. 37)    Eucteniza cabowabo
–		Leg I tibia shorter than metatarsus, ventral megaspines typically thicker and tibia not slender (usually swollen mid-ventrally)    9
9		Leg I prolateral tibial spines are longer in length    10
–		Leg I prolateral tibial spines are shorter in length    11
10		Leg I prolateral tibial spines fewer (10), longer in length, and thinner; spider paler in color (Fig. 14)    Eucteniza caprica
–		Leg I with more prolateral tibial spines (14) which are relatively shorter in length and stouter (Fig. 19)    Eucteniza coylei
11		Tibia I with very few prolateral spines (< 4) with few (1) spines situated distally (Fig. 60)    Eucteniza ronnewtoni
–		Tibia I with larger number of prolateral spines (>3) with spines more evenly distributed distally to proximally (Fig. 26)    Eucteniza relata

Nomen dubium Eucteniza atoyacensis Bond & Opell, 2002. Replacement name: Enrico mexicanus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1895) = Eucteniza atoyacensis. Holotype specimen is a juvenile and thus no known specimens or species can be unambiguously attributed to this name at this time.

Taxon Treatment

• Bond, J; Godwin, R; 2013: Taxonomic revision of the Trapdoor spider genus Eucteniza Ausserer (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Euctenizidae) ZooKeys, 356: 31-67. doi

Images

Figure 1. Distribution of known Eucteniza species.  Figures 2–7. Standard light microscopy views of female Eucteniza relata (O.P.-Cambridge, 1895) from Hidalgo Co., TX. 2 dorsal view 3 side view 4 ventral view of sternum, labium and palpal endites 5 right leg I, retrolateral view 6 left leg III, prolateral view 7 left leg IV, prolateral view.  Figures 8–12. Eucteniza mexicana Ausserer, 1875, male exemplar specimen from Mexico Distrito Federal, Mexico. 8 retrolateral aspect, leg I [831980] 9 prolateral aspect, leg I [831976] 10 retrolateral aspect, leg II [831982] 11 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [831984] 12 line drawings, leg I retrolateral and prolateral (tibia) aspects.  Figures 13–17. Eucteniza caprica sp. n. male holotype specimen from Tamaulipas, Mexico. 13 retrolateral aspect, leg I [832084] 14 prolateral aspect, leg I [832080] 15 retrolateral aspect, leg II [832086] 16 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [832088] 17 line drawings, leg I retrolateral and prolateral (tibia) aspects.  Figures 18–22. Eucteniza coylei sp. n. male holotype specimen from Morelos, Mexico. 18 retrolateral aspect, leg I [831990] 19 prolateral aspect, leg I [831986] 20 retrolateral aspect, leg II [831992] 21 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [831994] 22 line drawings, leg I retrolateral and prolateral (tibia) aspects.  Figures 23, 24. Eucteniza relata (O.P.-Cambridge, 1895) from Kingsville, Texas 23 female habitus illustration [832092] 24 male habitus illustration [832056].  Figures 25–30. Eucteniza relata (O.P.-Cambridge, 1895) from Kingsville, Texas 25–29 male specimen 25 retrolateral aspect, leg I [832050] 26 prolateral aspect, leg I [832046] 27 retrolateral aspect, leg II [832052] 28 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [832054] 29 line drawings, leg I retrolateral and prolateral (tibia) aspects 30 cleared spermathecae, scale bar = 0.1mm [832096].  Figures 31–36. Eucteniza diablo sp. n. from Mexico, Baja California Surmale holotype and female paratype 31–35 male specimen 31 retrolateral aspect, leg I [832074] 32 prolateral aspect, leg I [832070] 33 prolateral aspect, right leg II [832076] 34 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [832078] 35 line drawings, leg I retrolateral and prolateral (tibia) aspects 36 cleared spermathecae, scale bar = 0.1mm [832098].  Figures 37–42. Eucteniza cabowabo sp. n. from Mexico, Baja California Surmale holotype 37 habitus [832094] 38 retrolateral aspect, leg I [832064] 39 prolateral aspect, leg I [832060] 40 retrolateral aspect, leg II [832066] 41 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [832068] 42 line drawings, leg I retrolateral and prolateral (tibia) aspects.  Figures 48–52. Eucteniza zapatista sp. n. from Paso de Cortes, Puebla, Mexico, male holotype 48 retrolateral aspect, leg I [832010] 49 prolateral aspect, leg I [832006] 50 retrolateral aspect, leg II [832012] 51 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [832014] 52 line drawings, leg I retrolateral aspect; pedipalp, retrolateral aspect.  Figures 53–57. Eucteniza chichimeca sp. n. from Querétaro, Mexico, male holotype 53 retrolateral aspect, leg I [832000] 54 prolateral aspect, leg I [831996] 55 retrolateral aspect, leg II [832002] 56 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [832004] 57 line drawings, leg I retrolateral and prolateral (tibia) aspects.  Figures 58–63. Eucteniza ronnewtoni sp. n. from Val Verde County, Texas, male holotype 58 habitus [832090] 59 retrolateral aspect, leg I [832020] 60 prolateral aspect, leg I [832016] 61 retrolateral aspect, leg II [832022] 62 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [832024] 63 line drawings, leg I retrolateral and prolateral (tibia) aspects.  Figures 64–68. Eucteniza hidalgo sp. n. from Hidalgo, Mexico, male holotype 64 retrolateral aspect, right leg I [832026] 65 prolateral aspect, right leg I [832030] 66 prolateral aspect, right leg II [832032] 67 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [832034] 68 line drawings, right leg I retrolateral and prolateral (tibia) aspects, right leg II prolateral aspect of tibia.  Figures 69–73. Eucteniza golondrina sp. n. from San Luis Potosí, Mexico, male holotype 69 retrolateral aspect, leg I [832104] 70 prolateral aspect, leg I [832100] 71 retrolateral aspect, leg II [832108] 72 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp [832106] 73 line drawings, leg I retrolateral and prolateral (tibia) aspects; retrolateral aspect, palpal tibia.