Enicospilus

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Shimizu S (2020) The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae): a preliminary revision and identification key to species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 67(1) : 69–126, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2020-05-11, version 183415, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Enicospilus&oldid=183415 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

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@article{Shimizu2020DeutscheEntomologischeZeitschrift67,
author = {Shimizu, So},
journal = {Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift},
publisher = {Pensoft Publishers},
title = {The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae): a preliminary revision and identification key to species},
year = {2020},
volume = {67},
issue = {1},
pages = {69--126},
doi = {10.3897/dez.67.51332},
url = {https://dez.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=51332},
note = {Versioned wiki page: 2020-05-11, version 183415, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Enicospilus&oldid=183415 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.}

}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae): a preliminary revision and identification key to species
A1 - Shimizu S
Y1 - 2020
JF - Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift
JA -
VL - 67
IS - 1
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/dez.67.51332
SP - 69
EP - 126
PB - Pensoft Publishers
M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2020-05-11, version 183415, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Enicospilus&oldid=183415 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

M3 - doi:10.3897/dez.67.51332

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| author = Shimizu S
| title = The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae): a preliminary revision and identification key to species
| journal = Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift
| year = 2020
| volume = 67
| issue = 1
| pages = 69--126
| pmid =
| publisher = Pensoft Publishers
| doi = 10.3897/dez.67.51332
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| accessdate = 2024-12-22

}} Versioned wiki page: 2020-05-11, version 183415, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Enicospilus&oldid=183415 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.</ref>

See also the citation download page at the journal.


Taxonavigation

Ordo: Hymenoptera
Familia: Ichneumonidae

Name

Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

Distribution

Worldwide except Antarctica (Yu et al. 2016[18]).

Diagnosis

Moderately to very large insects (fore wing length usually 9.0–30.0 mm).
Head: mandible bidentate apically and weakly to strongly tapered and twisted (e.g. Fig. 2A–D); ocelli moderately to very large, and posterior ocellus often close to or touching eye (e.g. Figs 3B–D, 5B–D, 7B–D); occipital carina complete; antennae longer than fore wing length (e.g. Figs 5A, 12A, 16A), usually with more than 50 flagellomeres.
Mesosoma: pronotum unspecialised; notauli almost always absent; scutellum with lateral longitudinal carinae usually along more than 0.8× its length (e.g. Fig. 2E–H); epicnemial carina present laterally (e.g. Figs 5E, 8E, 18E); posterior transverse carina of mesosternum complete; propodeum with anterior transverse carina usually more or less complete medially, anterior area long and longitudinally striate.
Wings (e.g. Figs 1, 6F, 7F, 19F, 28F, 31B, D, F): pterostigma of fore wing fairly slender; vein 1m-cu&M of fore wing usually without ramulus; vein 2r&RS of fore wing usually more or less broadened proximally and/or centrally, straight, sinuous, or bowed, not proximally abruptly angled; discosubmarginal cell of fore wing with fenestra, and often also with one or more sclerites; vein RS of hind wing usually straight and rarely weakly curved; vein RA of hind wing usually with 4–12 uniform hamuli.
Legs: inner mesal surface of fore tibial spur without a membranous flange; outer distal margin of mid and hind trochantelli usually simple and without a decurved tooth; hind tarsal claw moderately to strongly curved with pectinae, usually all pecten are more or less uniform shape and length and a distal one is not significantly longer than true apex of claw (e.g. Fig. 2I, J).
Metasoma (e.g. Figs 3A, 9A): very slender; tergite 1 with spiracle clearly far behind the middle; thyridium moderately to strongly developed, and oval to ellipsoidal; ovipositor straight and usually short, its length less than posterior depth of metasoma.
Colour: body usually entirely testaceous, pale yellow to reddish brown (e.g. Figs 4A–E, 11A–E, 21A–E, 26A–E), sometimes posterior metasomal segments infuscate (e.g. Figs 9A, 17A, 18A); in some species body entirely brown to black, usually with testaceous to pale yellow patterns (e.g. Figs 5A–E, 28A–E); wings entirely hyaline or weakly infuscate (e.g. Figs 3F, 9F, 10F), rarely with strong infumate patches (e.g. Figs 5F, 28F); fenestra always hyaline (e.g. Figs 10F, 19F); sclerites hyaline to black (e.g. Figs 18F, 19F, 23F).

Differential diagnosis

Adult wasps of Enicospilus are moderately to very large insects and distinguished from other genera of Ophioninae by the following combination of character states: inner mesal surface of the fore tibial spur lacking a membranous flange; mandibles more or less narrowed apically and moderately to strongly twisted (e.g. Fig. 2A–D); fore wing discosubmarginal cell with a fenestra (e.g. Fig. 31B, D, F), extensive glabrous area, and often one or more sclerotised and pigmented sclerites and/or quadra (e.g. Figs 3F, 15F, 27F); posterior transverse carina of mesosternum complete.
The fore wing fenestra and sclerites are usually reliable characters for recognising Enicospilus species. However, similar sclerites of the fore wing fenestra are also known in the genus Dicamptus Szépligeti, 1905 and rarely in the genus Leptophion Cameron, 1901. Enicospilus species are distinguished from both Dicamptus and Leptophion by the mandibles (i.e. mandible always weakly to strongly tapered and twisted in Enicospilus, but very weakly tapered and not twisted in Dicamptus and Leptophion).

Biology

Species belonging to Enicospilus are koinobiont endoparasitoids of Lepidoptera, such as Noctuidae (e.g. Gauld and Mitchell 1981[19]; Gauld 1985b[20], 1988[21]; Broad and Shaw 2016[22]; Broad et al. 2018[23]). Adult female wasps usually lay eggs within late instar larvae of Lepidoptera, with some exceptions. Broad et al. (2018)[23] summarised the biology of Ophioninae including Enicospilus. Both sexes of adults are very frequently attracted to the light and considered to be nocturnal or crepuscular (e.g. Shimizu and Maeto 2016[24]; Shimizu 2017[25]).

Taxon Treatment

  • Shimizu, S; 2020: The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae): a preliminary revision and identification key to species Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 67(1): 69-126. doi

Images

Figure 1. Morphological terms for the fore wing of Enicospilus species used in the present study. Brown characters indicate acronyms. C-1. Subbasal cell; C-2. Discosubmarginal cell; C-3. Second discal cell; C-4. Marginal cell; PS. Proximal sclerite; CS. Central sclerite; DS. Distal sclerite.
Figure 1. Morphological terms for the fore wing of Enicospilus species used in the present study. Brown characters indicate acronyms. C-1. Subbasal cell; C-2. Discosubmarginal cell; C-3. Second discal cell; C-4. Marginal cell; PS. Proximal sclerite; CS. Central sclerite; DS. Distal sclerite. 
Figure 2. Diagnostic characters for some species of Nepalese Enicospilus. A–D. Outer surface of mandible: A.E. nepalensis Shimizu sp. nov., B.E. tangi Shimizu sp. nov., C.E. tripartitus, D.E. yonezawanus; E–H. Scutellum, in dorsal view: E.E. formosensis, F.E. kakanicus Shimizu sp. nov., G.E. phulchokiensis Shimizu sp. nov., H.E. tangi Shimizu sp. nov.; I, J. Hind tarsal claw: I.E. biharensis, J.E. nikami Shimizu sp. nov.
Figure 2. Diagnostic characters for some species of Nepalese Enicospilus. A–D. Outer surface of mandible: A.E. nepalensis Shimizu sp. nov., B.E. tangi Shimizu sp. nov., C.E. tripartitus, D.E. yonezawanus; E–H. Scutellum, in dorsal view: E.E. formosensis, F.E. kakanicus Shimizu sp. nov., G.E. phulchokiensis Shimizu sp. nov., H.E. tangi Shimizu sp. nov.; I, J. Hind tarsal claw: I.E. biharensis, J.E. nikami Shimizu sp. nov. 
Figure 3. Enicospilus alleni Shimizu sp. nov., ♀, holotype. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 3. Enicospilus alleni Shimizu sp. nov., ♀, holotype. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 4. Enicospilus ashbyi Ashmead, 1904, ♂. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 4. Enicospilus ashbyi Ashmead, 1904, ♂. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 5. Enicospilus bifasciatus (Uchida, 1928), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 5. Enicospilus bifasciatus (Uchida, 1928), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 6. Enicospilus biharensis Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961, ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 6. Enicospilus biharensis Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961, ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 7. Enicospilus capensis (Thunberg, 1822), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 7. Enicospilus capensis (Thunberg, 1822), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 8. Enicospilus flavicaput (Morley, 1912), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 8. Enicospilus flavicaput (Morley, 1912), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 9. Enicospilus flavocephalus (Kirby, 1900), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 9. Enicospilus flavocephalus (Kirby, 1900), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 10. Enicospilus formosensis (Uchida, 1928), ♂. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 10. Enicospilus formosensis (Uchida, 1928), ♂. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 11. Enicospilus grammospilus (Enderlein, 1921), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 11. Enicospilus grammospilus (Enderlein, 1921), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 12. Enicospilus javanus (Szépligeti, 1910), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 12. Enicospilus javanus (Szépligeti, 1910), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 15. Enicospilus laqueatus (Enderlein, 1921), ♂. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 15. Enicospilus laqueatus (Enderlein, 1921), ♂. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 16. Enicospilus lineolatus (Roman, 1913), ♂. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 16. Enicospilus lineolatus (Roman, 1913), ♂. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 17. Enicospilus melanocarpus Cameron, 1905, ♂. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 17. Enicospilus melanocarpus Cameron, 1905, ♂. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 18. Enicospilus nepalensis Shimizu sp. nov., ♀, holotype. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 18. Enicospilus nepalensis Shimizu sp. nov., ♀, holotype. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 19. Enicospilus nikami Shimizu sp. nov., ♀, holotype. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 19. Enicospilus nikami Shimizu sp. nov., ♀, holotype. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 21. Enicospilus pseudantennatus Gauld, 1977, ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 21. Enicospilus pseudantennatus Gauld, 1977, ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 23. Enicospilus pudibundae (Uchida, 1928), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 23. Enicospilus pudibundae (Uchida, 1928), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 26. Enicospilus tripartitus Chiu, 1954, ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 26. Enicospilus tripartitus Chiu, 1954, ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 27. Enicospilus yonezawanus (Uchida, 1928), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 27. Enicospilus yonezawanus (Uchida, 1928), ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 28. Enicospilus zebrus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing.
Figure 28. Enicospilus zebrus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, ♀. A. Habitus; B. Head, frontal view; C. Head, lateral view; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Mesosoma, lateral view; F. Central part of fore wing. 
Figure 31. Nepalese specimens of the Enicospilus erythrocerus species-group spp. A-B. ♂ from Chautasa: A. habitus, B. central part of fore wing; C-D. ♂ from Godaveri: C. habitus, D. central part of fore wing; E-F. ♀ from Kathmandu: E. habitus, F. central part of fore wing.
Figure 31. Nepalese specimens of the Enicospilus erythrocerus species-group spp. A-B. ♂ from Chautasa: A. habitus, B. central part of fore wing; C-D. ♂ from Godaveri: C. habitus, D. central part of fore wing; E-F. ♀ from Kathmandu: E. habitus, F. central part of fore wing. 

Other References

  1. ↑ Stephens J (1835) Illustrations of British Entomology. Mandibulata 7. London, 312 pp.
  2. ↑ Stephens J (1845) Index, List of Plates and Errata of “Illustrations of British Entomology. Mandibulata (Vol. VII).” Baldwin & Cradock, London, 307–312.
  3. ↑ Agassiz L (1846) Nomenclator zoologicus, index universalis.Jent et Gassman, Soloduri, 1135 pp.
  4. ↑ Förster A (1869) Synopsis der Familien und Gattungen der Ichneumonen.Verhandlungen des Naturhistorischen Vereins der Preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens25: 135–221.
  5. ↑ Thomson C (1888) Öfversigt af de i Sverige funna arter af Ophion och Paniscus.Opuscula Entomologica, Lund12: 1185–1201.
  6. ↑ Kriechbaumer J (1894) HymenopteraIchneumonidae a medico nautico Dr. Joh. Brauns in itinere secundo ad oras Africae lecta.Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift39: 297–318. https://doi.org/10.1002/mmnd.18940390215
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ashmead W (1900) Classification of the Ichneumon flies, or the superfamily Ichneumonoidea.Proceedings of the United States National Museum23(1206): 1–220. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.23-1206.1
  8. ↑ Kriechbaumer J (1901a) Bemerkungen über Ophioniden (Hym.).Zeitschrift für Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie1: 18–24.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Viereck H (1914) Type species of the genera of Ichneumon flies.United States National Museum Bulletin83: 1–186. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.83.1
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kriechbaumer J (1901b) Ueber die Gattungen der von Tosquinet in seinen Ichneumonides d’Afrique beschrieben Ophionarten.Zeitschrift für Systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie1: 155–156.
  11. ↑ Perkins R (1902) Four new species and a new genus of parasitic Hymenoptera (Ichneumonidae, sub-fam. Ophioninae) from the Hawaiian Islands.Transactions of the Entomological Society of London50: 141–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1902.tb01378.x
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Szépligeti G (1905) Hymenoptera. Ichneumonidae (Gruppe Ophionoidea), subfam. Pharsaliinae-Porizontinae.Genera Insectorum34: 1–68.
  13. ↑ Hooker C (1912) The Ichneumon flies of America belonging to the tribe Ophionini.Transactions of the American Entomological Society38(1–2): 1–176.
  14. ↑ Brèthes J (1909) Hymenoptera Paraguayensis.Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires12: 225–256.
  15. ↑ Enderlein G (1914) Hymenoptera IV: Ichneumonidae. In: Michaelsen W (Ed.) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Land-und Süsswasserfauna Deutsch-Südwestafrikas.Band 1. L. Friederichsen, Hamburg, 211–233.
  16. ↑ Perkins R (1915) On Hawaiian Ophioninae (Hymenoptera, Fam. Ichneumonidae).Transactions of the Entomological Society of London62: 521–535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1915.tb02991.x
  17. ↑ Seyrig A (1935) Mission scientifique de l’Omo. Tome III. Fascicule 18. Hymenoptera, II. Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae, Pimplinae, Tryphoninae et Ophioninae.Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris4: 1–100.
  18. ↑ Yu D, van Achterberg C, Horstmann K (2016) Taxapad 2016, Ichneumonoidea 2015 Database on flash-drive. Nepean, Ontario. http://www.taxapad.com [Accessed on: 2020-2-10]
  19. ↑ Gauld I, Mitchell P (1981) The Taxonomy, Distribution and Host Preferences of Indo-Papuan Parasitic Wasps of the Subfamily Ophioninae.CAB, Slough, 611 pp.
  20. ↑ Gauld I (1985b) The phylogeny, classification and evolution of parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae (Ichneumonidae).Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomological Series51(2): 61–185.
  21. ↑ Gauld I (1988) A survey of the Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of tropical Mesoamerica with special reference to the fauna of Costa Rica.Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology)57(1): 1–309.
  22. ↑ Broad G, Shaw M (2016) The British species of Enicospilus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae).European Journal of Taxonomy187: 1–31. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.187
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Broad G, Shaw M, Fitton M (2018) Ichneumonid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): their classification and biology.Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects7(12): 1–418.
  24. ↑ Shimizu S, Maeto K (2016) Three Oriental species of the genus Enicospilus Stephens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae) newly recorded from Japan.Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology22(2): 203–207.
  25. ↑ Shimizu S (2017) Description of a new species and revised key to species of the Enicospilus antefurcalis species-group from Japan (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae).Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae57(1): 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1515/aemnp-2017-0067
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