Echinolaophonte musa
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Ordo: Harpacticoida
Familia: Laophontidae
Genus: Echinolaophonte
Name
Echinolaophonte musa Song & Lee & Kim & George & Khim, 2023 sp. nov. – Wikispecies link – ZooBank link – Pensoft Profile
Locus typicus
Munseom Islet, Jeju Island, Korea, 33°13'42"N, 126°34'02"E, subtidal sandy bottom (20–30 m in depth) (Fig. 1).
Type material
Adult female holotype (NIBRIV0000888158) dissected on 12 slides (Rostrum and A1; A2; mandible; maxillule; maxilla; maxilliped; P1; P2; P3; P4; P5; urosome), Munseom Islet, Jeju Island, Korea, coll. H.S. Rho, 01 Oct. 2002. Male allotype (NIBRIV0000888157) dissected on 12 slides (Rostrum; A1; A2; maxilla; maxilliped; P1; P2; P3; P4; P5; cphth; urosome). Paratypes: two females and five males, undissected, ethanol-preserved in vial (NIBRIV0000888156) and two females and four males, as above (MABIKCR00248285-CR00248290).
Additional studied material
1 female and 1 male, ethanol-preserved, Munseom Islet, Jeju Island, Korea, coll. H.S. Rho, 06 Oct. 2002; 1 male, undissected, ethanol-preserved, Sagyeri, Jeju Island, 4 Sep 2008; 2 females and 1 male, undissected, ethanol-preserved, Sungsanpo, Jeju Island, 12 May, 2013, coll. S.H. Kim, deposited at the National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea (reg. no. MADBK 721114-001).
Description of the female
Habitus (Figs 2, 3A) slender, demarcation between pro- and urosome not clearly discernible, body somites virtually cylindrical. Total body length 660.6 μm (660.6–736.4 μm, mean = 713.1, n = 6), measured from the anterior margin of the rostrum to the posterior margin of the caudal rami. Urosome (Fig. 6A) gradually tapering posteriorly. All body somites with paired horn-like spiniform processes bearing long sensilla, except for last two abdominal somites. Paired dorsal processes from first pedigerous somite to first abdominal somite (5 segments, GDS with two pairs of processes) with bifid tip. Cephalothorax (Figs 2, 3A) with two small and one long spiniform processes bearing numerous fine, hair-like elements at the mid-line of dorsal surface and a pair of strong and curved lateral processes; with a few scattered spinules and long sensilla. Rostrum very long and stout, with bifurcated tip as shown.
Urosome (Figs 3A, 6A) 5-segmented, comprising P5-bearing somite, genital-double somite, 2 free abdominal somites and telson. Genital double-somite (Fig. 6A) slightly wider than long, with long spinules along outer margins. P6 (Fig. 6B) represented by 2 long bare setae on a bilobed single plate covering gonopores. Third urosomite widened distally, with long spinules along the outer and distal margins and with 4 long sensilla on the distal corners. Fourth urosomite with fine spinules along the distal margin. Pseudoperculum represented by 3 squarrose lobes (Fig. 3B). Caudal ramus (Fig. 3C) long and narrow, about 5.3 times as long as greatest width, with a few spinules around setae I and III; with seven bare setae; seta I shortest, setae IV–VI situated distally, seta VII tri-articulate at base, inserted subapically on dorsal surface.
Antennule (Figs 4A, B) 6-segmented, all setae bare; segment 1 longest, with long spinular row on inner and outer margins, with 1 seta distally; segment 2 with short inner and long outer spinular row, with 3 short and 4 long bare setae; segment 3 slightly shorter than segment 2, with 5 long setae; segment 4 small, distally with aesthetasc and 2 setae, arising from pedestal; segment 5 shortest, with 1 seta; segment 6 (Fig. 4B) with 8 single setae and an acrothek formed by 2 setae and 1 aesthetasc. Setal formula: 1-[1], 2-[7], 3-[5], 4-[2 + ae], 5-[1], 6-[8 + acrothek (2 + ae)]. Antenna (Fig. 4C) comprising coxa, allobasis, free endopodal segment and 1-segmented exopod. Coxa small, without ornamentation. Allobasis as long as endopod, with spinular row along inner margin and with 1 small bare abexopodal seta (arrowed in Fig. 4C). Exopod long and 1-segmented, bearing spinules on outer margin, with 1 inner and 3 distal setae. Endopod with spinular row along inner margin. Subdistal armature consisting of 1 seta (I in Fig. 4C) and 2 spines (II and III in Fig. 4C); distal armature consisting of 2 setae (1 and 2 in Fig. 4C), 2 spines (3 and 6 in Fig. 4C) and 2 geniculate setae (4 and 5 in Fig. 4C).
Mandible (Fig. 4D). Gnathobase with 4 teeth (1 bi-, 1 tri-cuspidate and 2 with distal spinules) and 1 long unipinnate seta in dorsal corner as depicted; surface without ornamentation. Palp 1-segmented, carrying 1 lateral and 2 distal setae.
Maxillule (Fig. 4E). Praecoxa without ornamentation. Arthrite well-developed, with 7 distal spines/setae and 2 anterior surface setae. Coxa with few setules on inner margin, with 1 unipinnate and 1 bare seta distally. Basis with several spinules along inner and outer margin, with 1 unipinnate and 2 bare setae distally. Exopod 1-segmented, elongated, with 2 bare setae distally. Endopod represented by 2 plumose setae.
Maxilla (Fig. 4F). Syncoxa with a long spinular row on the outer surface and lots of tiny spinules on the inner proximal surface and with 2 endites, both fused to the syncoxa; proximal endite with 2 bare and 1 multipinnate setae, the latter fused to endite; distal endite with 1 bare, 1 bipinnate and 1 unipinnate seta, the latter fused to endite. Allobasis drawn out into strong claw with 1 accessory seta; Endopod represented by 2 bare setae.
Maxilliped (Fig. 5A). Well-developed, prehensile, with elongated syncoxa and basis. Syncoxa with several spinules proximally and subdistally and with 1 short bare and 1 plumose distal seta. Basis elongated, with few spinules on middle outer margin. Endopod represented by an apically curved claw, slightly longer than basis; accessory armature consisting of 1 bare proximal seta. P1 (Fig. 5B). Intercoxal sclerite narrow, bow-like. Praecoxa small, elongated, triangular, with few small spinules on distal corner. Coxa elongated, with long outer and short inner spinules. Basis about 2 times as long as coxa, with a small outer protuberance on the proximal quarter and setule rows on posterior surface, inner and outer margins; with 1 outer seta in proximal third and 1 tiny inner seta subdistally. Exopod 2-segmented, much shorter than enp-1; exp-1 tiny, almost square in shape, with 1 outer seta; exp-2 about 3 times longer than exp-1, with 2 long outer setules, 3 outer and 2 distal bare setae; inner distal seta geniculate. Endopod 2-segmented, prehensile; enp-1 very long, without ornamentation; enp-2 with a tiny seta and a strong claw, the latter about 2 times longer than enp-2.
P2 (Fig. 6C). Intercoxal sclerite narrow, unornamented. Praecoxa triangular, unornamented. Coxa almost square, with few spinules on outer surface. Basis smaller than coxa, with few spinules and pore on outer distal surface and with 1 biplumose outer seta. Exopod 3-segmented; exp-1 with spinules on outer margin and 1 short spinular row distally and with 1 bipinnate outer spine; exp-2 shortest, with spinules on outer and distal margin; with 1 bipinnate outer spine and 1 biplumose inner seta; exp-3 with spinules on outer margin, with 3 bipinnate outer spines, 2 distal and 1 inner seta, all biplumose. Endopod 2-segmented, reaching proximal third of exp-3; enp-1 with inner and distal spinules; enp-2 slightly longer than enp-1, with spinules along both margins and with 2 distal and 1 inner seta. P3 (Fig. 6D). Intercoxal sclerite narrow, unornamented. Praecoxa triangular, with spinular row on distal margin. Coxa slightly wider than long, with few spinules on outer surface. Basis nearly as long as coxa, with spinules on outer distal surface and with 1 bare composite outer seta; articulation in the distal third. Exopod 3-segmented; exp-1 with spinules on outer margin and 1 bipinnate outer spine; exp-2 shortest, with outer and distal short spinules, with 1 bipinnate outer spine and 1 biplumose inner seta; exp-3 with spinules on outer margin and with 3 bipinnate outer spines, 2 distal and 2 inner biplumose setae. Endopod 2-segmented, almost reaching margin of exp-2; enp-1 much shorter than enp-2, with spinules along both margins; enp-2 with spinules on both margins, additionally with 2 distal and 2 inner setae.
P4 (Fig. 6E). Intercoxal sclerite narrow, unornamented. Praecoxa small and triangular, with few tiny spinules along distal margin. Coxa as long as wide, with outer spinule. Basis with outer spinules and 1 bare composite outer seta. Exopod 3-segmented; exp-1 with spinules on outer and distal margins and with 1 bipinnate outer spine; exp-2 shortest, with outer and distal spinules, with 1 bipinnate outer spine and 1 biplumose inner seta; exp-3 with spinules on outer and distal margins, with 1 bipinnate spine and 1 biplumose seta on outer margin, 2 inner and 2 distal biplumose setae. Endopod 2-segmented, shorter than exp-1; enp-1 short and with few tiny outer spinules; enp-2 with a spinule and 1 tube pore on outer margin, with 2 distal and 1 inner biplumose seta. The armature formula is given in Table 1.
| Thoracopod | Exopod | Endopod |
|---|---|---|
| P2 | 0 1 123 | 0 120 |
| P3 | 0 1 223 | 0 220 |
| P4 | 0 1 222 | 0 120 |
Description of male
Total body length 648.5 μm (642.4–721.2 μm, mean = 681.8 μm, n = 10), measured from anterior margin of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (Fig. 7A). Urosome (Fig. 8E) gradually tapering posteriorly. Cephalothorax as in female, with numerous fine, hair-like elements and long sensilla on surface as shown in Fig. 7C; paired cuticular dorsal processes of first pedigerous somite trifid, those of second pedigerous somite to fourth urosomite with bifid tip. Rostrum very similar to female (Fig. 7A). Urosome (Figs 7C, 8E) 6-segmented, comprising P5-bearing somite, genital somite, third to fifth urosomite and telson. Genital somite and telson without, third to fifth urosomites with long spinules ventrally on distal margin; third and fourth somites with remarkably long sensilla on each distal corner. Pseudoperculum (Fig. 8F) represented by 2 pairs of lobes, inner pair with 3 respectively 4 spikes, outer lobes squarrose; the margin in between the lobes bearing fine setules. Antennule (Fig. 8B) 8-segmented; subchirocer, with geniculation between segments 5 and 6; segment 1 longest, with numerous spinules on anterior and posterior surfaces and with 1 small seta on anterior distal corner; segment 2 with long spinules on surface and both margins and with 8 setae, two of which arising from strong pedestal; segment 3 with 3 setae; segment 4 smallest, with 4 setae; segment 5 swollen, with 9 bare setae, 1 bipinnate seta and 1 long seta and aesthetasc arising from long pedestal; segment 6 unarmed; segment 7 with 1 seta; segment 8 with 8 setae and acrothek (2 setae and 1 aesthetasc).
Setal formula: 1-[1], 2-[8], 3-[7], 4-[11 + ae], 5-[0], 6-[1], 7-[8 + acrothek (2 + ae)].
Antenna, mouthparts and P1, P2 and P4 as in female.
P3 (Fig. 8D). Both rami very similar to female, except for 2 strong outer pinnate spines (arrowed) on exp-1 and exp-2.
P5 (Fig. 7B) with separated baseoendopod and exopod. Baseoendopod with few spinules on anterior surface and distally, 1 tube pore subdistally and 1 outer bare composite seta. Exopod elongate, with 3 biplumose setae distally.
P6 (Fig. 7C) very small, bearing a few setules, 1 outer bare composite and 1 plumose inner seta.
Etymology
The epitheton originates from the Korean word ‘mu-sa [무사]’, which means “warrior”.
Phylogenetic analysis
Currently, the taxon Echinolaophonte encloses 16 species: E. armiger, E. brevispinosa, E. briani, E. gladiator, E. horrida, E. hystrix, E. longantennata, E. minuta, E. mirabilis, E. mordoganensis, E. musa sp. nov., E. oshoroensis, E. tetracheir, E. tropica, E. veniliae and E. villabonae. These are in the following referred to as “Echinolaophonte–CS” (“current status”) to distinguish them from both Nicholls’ (1941)[1] and the new combination proposed herein (see Discussion). Based on 135 morphological characters (Table 2), an exhaustive phylogenetic analysis was undertaken. It included the comparison of 15 Echinolaophonte–CS species; E. longantennata was excluded from the phylogenetic analysis (see below). Furthermore, with Coullia Hamond, 1973 (mostly exemplified by C. tongariki (Gómez & Boyko, 2006)), Hemilaophonte janinae (Jakubisiak, 1933) and Xanthilaophonte Fiers, 1991, three potential close relatives were selected as outgroups. This is considered here as necessary, because they share features that were seen as characteristic for Echinolaophonte by Nicholls (1941)[1]. Moreover, Heterolaophonte minuta (Boeck, 1872) was added as a fourth outgroup to include a comparatively distant representative of Laophontidae.
| No. | No. Convergences | Character/species (1 = apomorphy; 0 = plesiomorphy; 1 = supposed convergence; ? = no data available) | Echinolaophonte-CS | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heterolaophonte minuta | Coullia | Hemilaophonte janinae | Xanthilaophonte | Parechinolaophonte tropica | Pseudechinolaophonte minuta | Pseudechinolaophonte veniliae | Pseudechinolaophonte mordoganensis | Echinolaophonte armiger | Echinolaophonte gladiator | Echinolaophonte brevispinosa | Echinolaophonte horrida | Echinolaophonte oshoroensis | Echinolaophonte villabonae | Echinolaophonte briani | Echinolaophonte hystrix | Echinolaophonte tetracheir | Echinolaophonte musa sp. nov. | Echinolaophonte mirabilis | |||
| 1 | P1 of characteristic laophontid shape (cf. Huys 1990[2]) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2 | P2 female enp(-2) with at most 1 inner seta | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 3 | P3 female enp(-2) with at most 2 inner setae | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 4 | P1 exopod at most 2-segmented | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 5 | P1 coxa slender, elongate | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 6 | P1 basis slender, elongate | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 7 | P3 female enp(-2) without outer spine | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 8 | A1 female 6-segmented | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 9 | P5 female benp with at most 4 setae | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 10 | P4 female enp(-2) without outer spine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 11 | P5 female exopod with at most 3 setae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 12 | Preanal somite dorsally with pseudoperculum formed by cuticular spikes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 13 | Rostrum narrowed | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 14 | Mxp syncoxa as long as or slightly shorter than basis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 15 | Cphth with dorsal cuticular ridge crossed by two furrows | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 16 | 1(?) | Cphth laterally extended | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1? | 1? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1? | 1? |
| 17 | Cphth on lateral posterior corners with backwardly directed projections | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 18 | 1st abdominal somite with small spinulose cuticular structure | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 19 | 2nd abdominal somite with small spinulose cuticular structure | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 20 | P5 female baseoendopod and exopod fused | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 21 | Cphth dorsally with strong cuticular structure centrally on posterior margin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 22 | Free body somites except preanal somite and telson with cuticular structures on posterior margin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 23 | Cphth dorsally with spinulose, broad projection bearing 2-4 apical spikes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 24 | Cphth rectangular, almost square | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 25 | P2-bearing somite dorsally with pair of strong spikes standing close together | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 26 | P3-bearing somite dorsally with pair of strong spikes standing close together | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 27 | P4-bearing somite dorsally with pair of strong spikes standing close together | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 28 | P5-bearing somite dorsally with pair of strong spikes standing close together | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 29 | 1st abdominal somite (= posterior GDS) with dorsal sclerotized clasp-like area bearing 2 spikes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 30 | 2nd abdominal somite with dorsal sclerotized clasp-like area bearing 2 spikes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 31 | 2 | 1st abdominal somite (= posterior GDS) with epimeres extended laterally | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1↑ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 32 | 3 | 2nd abdominal somite with epimeres extended laterally | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1↑ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 33 | Pseudoperculum developed as sclerotized clasp-like area bearing spikes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 34 | A2 endopodal surface seta with strongly derived tip | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 35 | P2 outer basal seta longer than exp-1 and exp-2, biplumose | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 36 | P5 baseoendopod female with 2 setae | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 37 | Cphth dorsal process square, spinulose, with 2 strong spikes, each outwardly accompained by 2 small ones | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 38 | A1 female 2nd segment 1 subapical outer seta remarkably elongated, longer that remaining segments together | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 39 | A2 endopod: surface seta comb-like at distal half; not tapering gradually | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 40 | P5 female baseoendopodal setae not reaching apical margin of exopod | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 41 | Posterior half of GDS lateral wing-like epimeres strongly pronounced | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 42 | 2nd abdominal somite lateral wing-like epimeres strongly pronounced | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 43 | Pseudoperculum consisting of paired y-shaped spikes accompanied each by single spike | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 44 | 4 | A2 allobasis without abexopodal seta | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 45 | Md palpus lost exopodal seta (= with 4 setae) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 46 | 5 | Mxp syncoxa with 1 apical seta | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 47 | Cphth dorsal process square, spinulose, with 4 strong spikes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 48 | A2 endopod seta with club-shaped, apically pinnate tip | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 49 | 6 | Mxl coxa with 1 apical seta | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 50 | 7 | Mxl basis with 1 apical seta | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 51 | Cphth dorsal process spinulose, elongate, with rounded apex carrying 4 spikes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 52 | A2 endopod seta with square-cut, fork-like tip | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 53 | P3 male endopodal apophysis with indentation near its tip | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 54 | Cphth with single spur dorsally on posterior margin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 55 | Whole body surface densely covered with fine cuticular structures | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 56 | 8 | Cphth laterally protruded | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 57 | Cphth dorsal spur broad, rather short | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 58 | 9 | Female GDS laterally of slightly inflated aspect | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 59 | Pedigerous and first 2 abdominal somites dorsally with small spiny processes on posterior margin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 60 | Dense body coverage developed into tiny denticles | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 61 | P4-bearing somite dorsally with 4 spiny processes standing pairwise together | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 62 | Anterior half of female GDS with pair of spiny processes fused at their bases | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 63 | Posterior half of GDS and second abdominal somite dorsally with spiny processes standing close together | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 64 | Dense body coverage developed into short setules | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 65 | Cphth lateral protrusions produced into pair of narrow, backwardly directed cuticular jags | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 66 | Mxp strong, allobasis swollen on inner margin, claw massive, curved about 90° | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 67 | 10 | P3 female exp-3 with 2 outer spines | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 68 | P2-bearing somite with paired dorsal processes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 69 | P3-bearing somite with paired dorsal processes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 70 | P4-bearing somite with paired dorsal processes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 71 | P5-bearing somite with paired dorsal processes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 72 | 11 | P6-bearing somites with paired dorsal processes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 73 | 1st abdominal somite with paired dorsal processes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 74 | 2nd abdominal somite with paired dorsal processes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 75 | Cphth laterodistally extended cheek-like | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 76 | Rostrum elongate, with rounded tip | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 77 | P3 male exopod powerfully developed | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 78 | P3 male exp-2 outer spine massive, s-shaped | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 79 | Tip of rostrum minutely emarginated | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 80 | Cphth: lateral “cheeks” bulging considerably | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 81 | Rostrum basally remarkably constricted | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 82 | 12 | Cphth spur strongly tapering apically, apical half quite narrow | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 83 | Pseudoperculum consisting of 4 tridenticulated processes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 84 | 13 | P1 exopod reduced in length, not even reaching half the length of enp-1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 85 | P3 male enp-2 apophysis with acute jag basally on inner margin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 86 | P2-bearing somite dorsal processes denticulated | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 87 | P3-bearing somite dorsal processes denticulated | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 88 | P4-bearing somite dorsal processes denticulated | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 89 | P5-bearing somite dorsal processes denticulated | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 90 | Dorsal cuticular processes of P6-bearing somite (= female anterior half of GDS) denticulated | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 91 | Dorsal cuticular processes of 1st abdominal somite (= female posterior half of GDS) denticulated | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 92 | Dorsal cuticular processes of 2nd abdominal somite denticulated | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 93 | 1st abdominal somite (= posterior GDS) lateral wing-like epimeres extended completely reduced | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 94 | 2nd abdominal somite lateral wing-like epimeres extended completely reduced | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 95 | 14 | Cphth spur laterally with tufts of long and fine setules | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 96 | P2-bearing somite with lateral cuticular processes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 97 | P3-bearing somite with lateral cuticular processes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 98 | P4-bearing somite with lateral cuticular processes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 99 | P5-bearing somite with lateral cuticular processes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 100 | 1st abdominal somite (= posterior half of female GDS) with lateral cuticular processes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 101 | 2nd abdominal somite with lateral cuticular processes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 102 | P3 exopod male remakably strengthened | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 103 | 15 | P3 endopod male 2-segmented | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 104 | 16 | P3 male endopod lost sexual dimorphism | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 105 | Rostrum slightly trapezoid, constricted basally and broadening apically, rather flat/concave apical margin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 106 | Cphth laterally with intricate cuticular ornamentation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 107 | Female GDS dorsally with cuticular “ring” | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 108 | 1st abdominal somite (= posterior half of female GDS) dorsally with strengthened, spinules-bearing cuticular area | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 109 | 2nd abdominal somite dorsally with strengthened, spinules-bearing cuticular area | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 110 | Female pseudoperculum consisting of 2 bi- or tri-denticulate processes, laterally accompanied each by 2 spikes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 111 | Cphth dorsal spur robust, short, with 2 dorsal notches | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 112 | Cphth: lateral cuticular ornamentation considerably pronounced | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 113 | Rostrum granular on anterior half | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 114 | Preanal somite with 2 spinulose rows in front of pseudoperculum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 115 | Rostrum elongate, with bifurcated tip | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 116 | CR at least 3,5 times longer than broad | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 117 | 17 | P3 outer basal seta of composite shape | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 118 | 18 | P4 outer basal seta of composite shape | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 119 | 1st abdominal somite (= posterior half of female GDS): processes arising from H-like fortification | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| 120 | 2nd abdominal somite: processes arising from H-like fortification | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| 121 | Pseudoperculum consisting of 4 palmate processes carrying each 5-6 “fingers” | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
| 122 | Cphth lateral processes elongated, slender | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| 123 | Cphth anteriorly with moderate dorsal process | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| 124 | Cphth centrally with moderate dorsal process | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| 125 | CR at least 5,5 times longer than broad | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| 126 | Cphth lateral processes backwardly curved | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 127 | P2-bearing somite of female: processes strongly elongate and bifurcate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 128 | P3-bearing somite: processes strongly elongate and bifurcate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 129 | P4-bearing somite: processes strongly elongate and bifurcate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 130 | P5-bearing somite: processes strongly elongate and bifurcate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 131 | P6-bearing somite: processes strongly elongate and bifurcate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 132 | 1st abdominal somite: processes strongly elongate and bifurcate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 133 | 2nd abdominal somite: processes strongly elongate and bifurcate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| 134 | P2-bearing somite dorsal processes long, bearing 3 long setules basally | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| 135 | 2nd abdominal somite dorsal proceses fused basally, with 2 denticles basally and centrally, and with 2 long setules | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
The results of the phylogenetic analysis are discussed in detail below. The resulting phylogenetic relationships are presented in Fig. 10. The cladogram shows the 135 apomorphies spread over the respective nodes (Figs 10, A–EE). For a better orientation, the different nodes, as well as their assigned clades and characters, are summarised in Table 3, with the hypothesised convergences set in underlined bold italics.
Echinolaophonte–CS consists of several subordinated clades that complicate an unambiguous characterisation of the genus (Fig. 10). Echinolaophonte longantennata had to be excluded from the phylogenetic analysis due to the imprecise and only fragmental description provided by Apostolov (1990)[3], combined with the lack of material for re-examination and comparison. Two synapomorphies were detected for the remaining 15 species, namely a narrowed rostrum (Table 2, character 13) and the syncoxa of the mxp being almost as long as the basis (Table 2, character 14). Nonetheless, a further careful comparison resulted in the division of Echinolaophonte–CS: E. tropica was placed into Parechinolaophonte gen. nov. as Pa. tropica (Ummerkutty, 1970), gen. et comb. nov., based on six autapomorphies (Table 2, characters 15–20; cf. Fig. 10, node F) and E. minuta, E. mordoganensis and E. veniliae were transferred into Pseudechinolaophonte gen. nov. as Ps. minuta (Cottarelli & Forniz, 1991), gen. et comb. nov., Ps. mordoganensis (Kuru, Sönmez & Karaytug, 2019), gen. et comb. nov. and Ps. veniliae (Cottarelli, Forniz & Bascherini, 1992), gen. et comb. nov., based on 14 synapomorphies (Table 2, characters 23–36; cf. Fig. 10, node H). The 11 species remaining in Echinolaophonte can be characterised by means of one synapomorphy (Table 2, character 54, cphth with single spur dorsally on posterior margin; cf. Fig. 10, node H). In the following, the generic diagnoses of the two new genera are given.Original Description
- Song, S; Lee, S; Kim, M; George, K; Khim, J; 2023: Phylogenetic revision of Echinolaophonte Nicholls (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Laophontidae T. Scott) including the establishment of two new genera and two new species Zoosystematics and Evolution, 99(1): 217-252. doi
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Other References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nicholls A (1941) Littoral Copepoda from South Australia. I. Harpacticoida.Records of the South Australian Museum6: 381–427.
- ↑ Huys R (1990) A new family of harpacticoid copepods and an analysis of the phylogenetic relationships within the Laophontoidea T. Scott.Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde60(2): 79–120. https://doi.org/10.1163/26660644-06002002
- ↑ Apostolov A (1990) Quelques espèces de la famille Laophontidae T. Scott (Copépodes, Harpacticoïdes) de Monaco.Skopje, Macedonia: Fragmenta balcanica14: 163–177.
