Cyamon
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Ordo: Poecilosclerida
Familia: Raspailiidae
Name
Cyamon Gray, 1867 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
Type species:
Dictyocylindrus vickersii Bowerbank, 1864 (original designation).
Definition
(emended): Cyamoninae with skeleton consisting of a basal mass of polyactine spicules of which one or more cladi are spined or rugose in mature condition, supporting a plumose choanosomal skeletal arrangement of single or columnar groups of styles or subtylostyles with pointed ends outwards. Additional longer and shorter thin styles may be present in peripheral regions.
Remarks
The styles are usually smooth, but in Cyamon spinispinosum (Topsent, 1904) both shorter and longer styles are spined (see below). In the type species, and several other species, thin short styles take the form of angulated and/or centrotylote strongylostyles, some of which have one end faintly or more heavily spined (see below). Polyactine spicules are genuinely polyaxone, with axial canals visible in all cladi. They are predominantly calthrops-like and have four cladi, but this may vary between two and eight cladi in some species. Usually, one of the cladi differs from the others by having a pointed spined apex, whereas the other cladi frequently have rounded ends, with prominent spined bulbs in several species, or they are occasionally entirely smooth, differing frequently also in length (either longer or shorter) from the other cladi. The spined pointed cladus is termed ‘basal’, under the assumption that it is homologous to the shaft of an ancestral echinating acanthostyle. The remaining cladi are here termed ‘lateral’, based on the assumption they are lateral proliferations of the acanthostyle head. One of the new species described below, has the polyactine spicules in two distinct categories, the smaller one of which is ‘amphipolyactine’ (see below).
Trikentrion Ehlers, 1870 shares the polyactines with Cyamon. According to the latest treatment of both genera (Hooper, 2002) the polyactines of Cyamon would have all the cladi spined, whereas those of Trikentrion would have only the basal cladus spined. If this distinction between Cyamon and its close relative Trikentrion in the cladus spination would be maintained, then four species originally described as members of Cyamon would need to be transferred to Trikentrion, Cyamon quinqueradiatum, Cyamon neon de Laubenfels, 1930, Cyamon argon Dickinson, 1945 and Cyamon catalina, as well as one of the new species described below. We will demonstrate below and in the Discussion that cladus spination does not coincide with other more compelling differences with Trikentrion and consequently we will not transfer (all) the mentioned taxa.
The species considered valid members of Cyamon are listed in Table 1 and their properties in Table 2.
| Cyamon agnani (Boury-Esnault, 1973 as Timea): valid species |
| Cyamon amphipolyactinum sp. n.: new species |
| Cyamon argon Dickinson, 1945: valid species |
| Cyamon arguinense sp. n.: new species |
| Cyamon aruense Hentschel, 1912: valid species |
| Cyamon catalina Sim & Bakus, 1986: transferred to Trikentrion |
| Cyamon dendyi De Laubenfels, 1936: j. syn. of Cyamon vickersii |
| Cyamon hamatum sp. n.: new species based on misidentified material of Cyamon vickersii sensu Burton and Rao 1931 |
| Cyamon incipiens (Topsent, 1928 as Acantheurypon): j. syn. of Cyamon spinispinosum |
| Cyamon koltuni Sim & Bakus, 1986: valid species |
| Cyamon neon De Laubenfels, 1930: valid species |
| Cyamon quadriradiatum (Carter, 1880 as Microciona): species inquirenda |
| Cyamon quinqueradiatum (Carter, 1880 as Microciona): species inquirenda |
| Cyamon spinispinosum (Topsent, 1904 as Hymeraphia): valid species, atypical, possibly not a Cyamon |
| Cyamon toxifera Arndt, 1927: mixture of Cyamon agnani and Clathria (Microciona) ferrea (De Laubenfels, 1936) |
| Cyamon vickersii (Bowerbank, 1864 as Dictyocylindrus): valid species, type species, type locality proposed to be Indian Ocean, Central West Atlantic specimens transferred to Cyamon agnani |
| Trikentrion africanum sp. n.: new species, formerly Trikentrion laeve sensu Burton, 1948 |
| Trikentrion catalina (Sim & Bakus, 1986 as Cyamon): valid species |
| Trikentrion flabelliforme Hentschel, 1912: valid species |
| Trikentrion helium Dickinson, 1945: valid species |
| Trikentrion laeve Carter, 1879: valid species |
| Trikentrion muricatum (Pallas, 1766 as Spongia): valid species, type species |
| Trikentrion papillosa (Sollas, 1879 as Plectronella): j. syn. of Trikentrion muricatum |
| Genus | Species | Shape | height | Long thin style | Short thin style | short thin style centrotylote | Short thick style | Oxea | Polyactine cladi | Basal cladus | Lateral cladus | Tricho-dragmas |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyamon | Cyamon vickersii | massive | 30 mm | 1700–2200 × 14–22 | 347–490 × 3.5–7 | yes, spined | 361–678 × 15–32 | not present | 3–5 | 54–102 × 9–18 | 39–78 × 7–16 | not present |
| Cyamon | Cyamon amphipolyactinum sp.n. | encrusting | 3 mm | 1058–1643 × 6–12 | 288-456 × 2-4 | no | 204–558 × 9–33 | not present | (1) 3–6 (2) 5–10 | (1)21–51 × 3–10 (2) 18–30 × 1–4 | (1)22–51 × 3–10 (2) 9–24 × 1–3 | not present |
| Cyamon | Cyamon arguinense sp.n. | encrusting | 2–3 mm | 1229–1668 × 12–18 | 244–719 × 2.5–9 | no | not present | not present | 4–5 | 51–69 × 5–8 | 31–78 × 4–8 | not present |
| Cyamon | Cyamon agnani | encrusting | 3–5 mm | 960–2065 × 7–9 | 210–658 × 1.5–4 | no | 174–489 × 7–21 | not present | 3–5 | 32–66 × 3–10 | 30–87 × 4–10 | not present |
| Cyamon | Cyamon aruense | massive | 30 mm | 162–1760 × 9–16 | 302–426 × 1.5–4 | yes | 297–456 × 8–17 | not present | 3–5 | 48–84 × 5–11 | 29–54 × 4–8 | not present |
| Cyamon | Cyamon koltuni | encrusting | 1 mm | 900–1400 × 5–7 | not present | no | 150–425 × 10–25 | not present | 3–6 | 35–66 × 5–10 | 35–66 × 5–10 | not present |
| Cyamon | Cyamon neon | massive | 20 mm | 860–1290 × 6–10 | 191–306 × 1.5–3 | yes, spined | 270–468 × 14–24 | not present | 2–4 | 33–69 × 6–14 | 30–132 × 7–14 | not present |
| Cyamon | Cyamonargon | arborescent | 35 mm | 960 × 15 | 210–348 × 3–4 | yes, spined | 350–593 × 15–42 | not present | 2–5 | 33–78 × 6–22 | 30-162 × 5–21 | not present |
| Cyamon | Cyamon quadriradiatum | encrusting | not known | 1042 × 41 | 347 | yes? | not present ? | not present | 4 | 76 | 76 | not present |
| Cyamon | Cyamon quinqueradiatum | encrusting | 3 mm | 129–1989 × 3-33 | 492–698 × 3–5 | no | 129–1989 × 3–33 | not present | 4–5 | 45–93 × 4–11 | 31–51 × 3–7 | not present |
| Cyamon | Cyamon hamatum sp. n. | encrusting | unknown | 1300 × 30 | 272–355 × 2.5–5 | yes, spined | 421–604 × 16–31 | not present | 3–4 | 104–126 × 11–21 | 42–65 × 10–20 | not present |
| Cyamon | Cyamon spinispinosum | encrusting | 1 mm | not present | 302–366 × 7–10 | yes | 657–822 × 32–38 | not present | 3–8 | 90–234 × 9–14 | 15–36 × 6–12 | not present |
| Trikentrion | Trikentrion muricatum | arborescent | 200 mm | not present | not present | no | not present | 287–528 × 13–31 | 2–3 | 78–156 × 12–27 | 42–84 × 12 –27 | 57–102 × 4–18 |
| Trikentrion | Trikentrion laeve | arborescent | 45 mm | 750–1062 × 4–9 | 234–433 × 0.5–2.5 | no | not present | 175–242 × 6–13 | 2–4 | 59–89 × 10–15 | 47–75 × 9–13 | 32–60 × 4–11 |
| Trikentrion | Trikentrion flabelliforme | flabelliform or arborescent | 60–260 mm | 405–1034 x3–9 | 182–392 × 0.5–4 | no | not present | 135–340 × 5–22 | 2–4 | 96–123 × 10–17 | 51–84 × 9–17 | 35–88 × 6–12 |
| Trikentrion | Trikentrion helium | bladed bush | 70 mm | 952–3393 x18–42 | 372–510 × 2.5–3.5 | no | not present | not present | 2–4 | 66–144 × 8–30 | 96–192 × 7–36 | 84–123 × 10–15 |
| Trikentrion | Trikentrion catalina | flabelliform | 150 mm | 1400–5400 × 8–40 | 130–730 × 3–8 | no | not present | not present | 3–4 | 79–126 × 16–31 | 156–236 × 18–29 | 63–88 × 7–13 |
| Trikentrion | Trikentrion africanum sp.n. | thin branch | 65 mm | 295–1394 × 9–24 | 192–358 × 2–3 | no | not present | not present | 2–3 | 27–96 × 11–21 | 33–121 × 9–19 | 49–61 × 5–11 |
