Cryphalus intermedius
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Ordo: Coleoptera
Familia: Curculionidae
Genus: Cryphalus
Name
Cryphalus intermedius Ferrari, 1867 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Cryphalus intermedius Ferrari, 1867: 79.
Type material
According to Horn et al. (1990a)[1], the type material was stored at the Natural History Museum in Vienna. However, no type material was located in that museum (pers. comm. Schillhammer 2018).
Material examined
18 specimens from a single location in Germany (Table 1). Morphological measurements were done on specimens from Germany (7). The average results are shown in Fig. 2.
Diagnosis
This species can be diagnosed from morphologically similar Cryphalus in Europe by the combination of size (usually > 1.93 mm), the broadness (elytral width is 0.9–1 mm), interstrial setae on the elytral declivity short (< 0.05 mm), the penis body ~ 0.55 mm in length (Fig. 14B–E).
Description
Length 1.83–2.10 mm, average size 1.98 mm. Proportions: 2.10× as long as wide, elytra 1.29× as long as wide, elytra 1.70× longer than pronotum. Antennae: club with three procurved sutures marked by coarse and long setae. Funiculus with four antennomeres (including pedicel). Pronotum: dark brown to black on both slope and disc. Profile anterior to summit rounded, wider in line with elytral margin. Anterior margin with 2–6 asperities, the outer ones usually smaller, anterior marginal asperities small, erect setae on entire lateral margins. Anterior slope with < 54 asperities, including the ones on the anterior margin. Disc ~1/4 the length of pronotum, gently sloped, weakly tuberculate surface texture with small hair-like setae. Vestiture on declivity and disc hair-like. Suture between pronotum and elytra weakly sinuate. Scutellum: with few trifurcate setae on the margin towards elytra (Fig. 14D). Elytra: usually brown to black, elytral margins equally wide. Surface smooth. Striae with rows of punctures, each puncture with a short hair-like seta, punctures visible and continues on declivity. Interstrial setae short (0.03–0.05 mm) and erect. Interstrial ground vestiture (scales) are serrated, ~ 2–3× as long as wide and translucent brown with a weak iridescence (Fig. 14B, D, E). Proventriculus: sutural teeth of irregular size, confused, in two or more longitudinal rows. Apical teeth extend laterally over the entire segment. Masticatory brush slightly < 1/2 of the proventricular length (Fig. 7).
Sexual dimorphism. Not enough specimens were available to evaluate difference between males and females, but probably the last ventrite can be used to separate males and females externally, as suggested by (Johnson et al. 2020a[2]). Wood (1982)[3] also suggests that the sexes of several scolytines including Cryphalus, can be separated by males having a clearly visible 8th tergite and the females a highly reduced or absent 8th tergite. This character was not examined.
Male. The aedeagus is probably the biggest among the European species, but due to destroyed apodemes, it was not possible to evaluate the entire length of the aedeagus. The penis body is ~ 0.55 mm, when measured in a dorsal view from the two points furthest away from each other. The penis body when seen from above (dorsally) is almost symmetrical, it is narrowest at the tip and broadens until ~ 1/4 from the base, where it slightly narrows again. Aedeagus apodemes were destroyed during extraction of the aedeagus. The tegmen is sclerotised and completes a ring around the penis body. It is well developed and has two long ventral apodemes, that are ~ 2× the length of the distance between them (Figs 5, 14C).
Larvae. Nothing is known about the characteristics of the larvae of this species.
Host plants
It is known from Larix decidua Mill. (Escherich 1923[4]; Grüne 1979[5]; Pfeffer 1995[6]) and Pinus (Ferrari 1867[7]; Grüne 1979[5]).
Distribution
According to the Palearctic catalogue (Knížek 2011[8]; Alonso-Zarazaga et al. 2023[9]), C. intermedius is found in Europe: Austria, Czechia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine.
The current distribution of C. intermedius is correlated with the natural range of Larix decidua. However, considering that most surrounding countries outside the natural range of L. decidua, have commercial L. decidua plantations, it is likely that C. intermedius will expand to these plantations in the future. For instance, C. intermedius is mentioned from northern Germany in the second supplement to the checklist of German beetles (Köhler 2011[10]). It has also been collected from pine (Ferrari, 1867; Grüne 1979[5]). Grüne (1979)[5] mentions that it occurs in the Alps. See Fig. 14A for distribution map.
Bionomics
The life cycle of the species has not been described in detail. We collected pupae and newly developed adults on 8th of July 2018 from a fallen, but still fresh Larix decidua branch near Dresden, Germany (51°04'26.4"N, 14°28'57.3"E). The number of generations has not been studied in detail, but Trédl (1908)[11] observed newly infested larch branches in July/August and found well developed adults in the same branches in October. Similar to our observations, Trédl (1908)[11] also found well developed adults in July. Wermelinger et al. (2002)[12] collected 18 adult specimens in traps between mid-May and late June. The flight activity in mid-May, the newly developed adults collected in July, and Trédl’s observation of well-developed beetles in October (Trédl 1908[11]) indicate that C. intermedius may have two generations per year, as mentioned by Pfeffer (1955)[13].
Economic significance
As far as we know, there has been no reports of this species causing harm to living trees.
Remarks
Several authors found that the elytra of C. intermedius is 1.33–1.36× as long as wide and that the body size is ~ 2 mm (Ferrari 1867[7]; Grüne 1979[5]; Pfeffer 1995[6]; Noblecourt and Schott 2004[14]). The seven specimens measured in this study were on average 1.98 mm in body size (1.83–2.10 mm) and elytral proportions were on average 1.32 (1.26–1.38) as long as wide.
Pfeffer′s key (1995) also mentions impressed striae posteriorly on the elytra. This character was not measured but we found it a good diagnostic character.
Taxon Treatment
- Justesen, M; Hansen, A; Knížek, M; Lindelow, Å; Solodovnikov, A; Ravn, H; 2023: Taxonomic reappraisal of the European fauna of the bark beetle genus Cryphalus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) ZooKeys, 1179: 63-105. doi
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Other References
- ↑ Horn W, Kahle I, Friese G, Gaedike R (1990a) Collectiones Entomologicae, ein Kompendium über den Verbleib Entomologischer Sammlungen der Welt bis 1960. Teil I: A bis K.Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Berlin, Germany, 220 pp.
- ↑ Johnson A, Hulcr J, Knížek M, Atkinson T, Mandelshtam M, Smith S, Cognato A, Park S, Li Y, Jordal B (2020a) Revision of the bark beetle genera within the former Cryphalini (Curculionidae: Scolytinae).Insect Systematics and Diversity4(3): 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa002
- ↑ Wood S (1982) The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph.Memoirs of the Great Basin Naturalist6: 1–1359. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/248626 [Accessed 03 February 2023]
- ↑ Escherich K (1923) Die Forstinsekten Mitteleuropas (Vol. 2). Parey, Berlin, 342–380.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Grüne S (1979) Brief Illustrated Key to European Bark Beetles. Verlag M. & H.Schaper, Hannover, German Federal Republic, 182 pp.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Pfeffer A (1995) Zentral- und Westpaläarktische Borken- und Kernkäfer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae, Platypodidae).Pro Entomologia, Basel, 310 pp.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ferrari G (1867) Die Forest-und Baumzucht-schadlichen Borkenkäfer (Tomicides Lac.) aus der Familie der Holzverderber (Scolytides Lac.), mit besonderer Berücksichtigung vorzüglich der europäischen Formen, und der Sammlung des k. k. zoologischen Kabinetes in Wien. Carl Gerold’s Sohn, Wien, [2 +] 96 pp.
- ↑ Knížek M (2011) Scolytinae. In: Löbl I Smetana A (Eds) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (Vol.7), Curculionoidea I. Apollo Books, Steenstrup, 86–87. [204–251]
- ↑ Alonso-Zarazaga M, Barrios H, Borovec R, Bouchard P, Caldara R, Colonnelli E, Gültekin L, Hlaváč P, Korotyaev B, Lyal C, Machado A, Meregalli M, Pierotti H, Ren L, Sánchez-Ruiz M, Sforzi A, Silfverberg H, Skuhrovec J, Trýzna M, Velázquez de Castro A, Yunakov N (2023) Cooperative catalogue of Palaearctic ColeopteraCurculionoidea. Monografias Electrónicas, Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 14: e780.
- ↑ Köhler F (2011) 2. Nachtrag zum „Verzeichnis der Käfer Deutschlands“ (Köhler & Klausnitzer 1998) (Coleoptera).Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte (Dresden)55: 109–174. [247–254.] http://www.koleopterologie.de/verzeichnis/download/KOEHLER%202011%20Verzeichnis%20Kaefer%20Deutschlands%20Nachtrag2.pdf [Accessed 28 July 2023]
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Trédl R (1908) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Lebensweise des Cryphalus intermedius Fern.Entomologische Blätter4: 30–31. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Entomologische-Blaetter_4_0030-0031.pdf [Accessed 03 February 2023]
- ↑ Wermelinger B, Duelli P, Obrist M (2002) Dynamics of saproxylic beetles (Coleoptera) in windthrow areas in alpine spruce forests. Forest Snow and Landscape Research 77(1/2): 133–148.
- ↑ Pfeffer A (1955) Kůrovci – Scolytoidea. Fauna ČSR, svazek 6.ČSAV, Praha, 324 pp. [+ 42 Tab.]
- ↑ Noblecourt T, Schott C (2004) Cryphalus intermedius Ferrari, 1867 et Cryphalus saltuarius Weise, 1891, espèces nouvelles pour la faune de France.Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon73(7): 290–292. https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.2004.13532
