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Chrysogorgia

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This page should be cited as follows (rationale):
Cairns S (2018) Deep-Water Octocorals (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the Galápagos and Cocos Islands. Part 1: Suborder Calcaxonia. ZooKeys (729) : 1–46, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2018-01-12, version 164734, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chrysogorgia&oldid=164734 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

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Taxonavigation

Ordo: Alcyonacea
Familia: Primnoidae

Name

Chrysogorgia Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

  • Chrysogorgia Duchassaing and Michelotti 1864[1]: 13; Versluys 1902[2]: 17–33; Kükenthal 1919[3]: 505–511 (key to species); 1924: 388–390 (key to species); Bayer 1956[4]: F216; Bayer and Stefani 1988[5]: 259 (key to genus and some species); Cairns 2001[6]: 754–756; Pante and France 2010[7]: 600 (key to genus); Pante et al. 2012[8]: fig. 2.
  • Dasygorgia Verrill 1883[9]: 21.

Type species

Chrysogorgia desbonni Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864, by monotypy.

Diagnosis

Branching from main branch sympodial in an ascending spiral, clockwise (R) or counterclockwise (L), usually following a repeated geometric branching formula, producing a bottlebrush colony, or dichotomous in one or more parallel planes. Branchlets repeatedly dichotomously branched, resulting in short terminal segments. Polyps large in relation to branchlets, standing perpendicular to branchlets and usually well separated. Sclerites consist of rods and scales. Axis with a brilliant metallic luster, usually golden or yellow in color, and thus referred to as the golden corals.

Distribution

Cosmopolitan, including off Antarctica (Pante et al. 2012[8]: figs 4–5), 100–3860 m deep.

Remarks

In order to manage the relatively large number of species in the genus, now standing at 70, Versluys (1902)[2] divided the genus into three group based on the presence of rods or scales in the body wall and tentacles of each species, which he referred to as Groups A-C. Table 1 is a graphic representation of the four permutations of these two characters as divided between the two regions of the polyp. This table also lists the number of species currently assigned to each group, their geographic and depth ranges, and the branching formulas encountered within the group. A species having the fourth permutation, Group D, was not reported until 2015 (Cordeiro et al. 2015[10]). Recent molecular evidence (Pante et al. 2012[8]), based on three genes, supports the monophyly of the genus as well as groups B and C, but results in Group A being paraphyletic. Regardless of the true phylogeny of the species, the grouping of Versluys (1902)[2], along with the branching formula, served to help distinguish the various species.

Table 1. The four species groups of Chrysogorgia determined by a combination of body wall and tentacular sclerite type.
Body Wall Rods Body Wall Scales
Tentacular Rods Group A: 38 species: Indo-West Pacific, Atlantic; 100–3114 m. 2/5R, 1/4L, 3/8L, 1/3R, 2/5L, 1/3L, dichotomous, irregular, pinnate Group B: 13 species: Indo-West Pacific, western Atlantic; 250–2271 m. 1/4R, 1/5R, 1/6R, 1/7R, 1/7R, 2/5R, biflabellate
Tentacular Scales Group D: 1 species: off Brazil, 1300 m. dichotomous Group C: 18 species: Indo-West Pacific, North Atlantic, Antarctic; 204–3860 m. 1/3L, 1/4L, 2/5L, 1/4R, flabellate

Taxon Treatment

  • Cairns, S; 2018: Deep-Water Octocorals (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the Galápagos and Cocos Islands. Part 1: Suborder Calcaxonia ZooKeys, (729): 1-46. doi


Other References

  1. Jump up ↑ Duchassaing F, Michelotti J (1864) Supplément au mémoire sur les coralliaires des Antilles. Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences de Turin (2)23: 97–206 [reprint paged 1–112] https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.105196
  2. ↑ Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 2.2 Versluys J (1902) Die Gorgoniden der Siboga-Expedition I. Die Chrysogorgiidae. Siboga-Expeditie Monographie 13: 1–120.
  3. Jump up ↑ Kükenthal W (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer “Valdivia”, 1898–1899 13(2): 1–946.
  4. Jump up ↑ Bayer F (1956) Octocorallia. In: Moore RC (Ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F, Coelenterata. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, F166–F189.
  5. Jump up ↑ Bayer F, Stefani J (1988) A new species of Chrysogorgia (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea) from New Caledonia, with descriptions of some other species from the western Pacific. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101(2): 257–279.
  6. Jump up ↑ Cairns S (2001) Studies on western Atlantic Octocorallia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa). Part 1: The genus Chrysogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114(3): 746–787.
  7. Jump up ↑ Pante E, France S (2010) Pseudochrysogorgia bellona n. gen., n. sp.: a new genus and species of chrysogorgiid octocoral (Coelenterata, Anthozoa) from the Coral Sea. Zoosystema 32(4): 595–612. https://doi.org/10.5252/z2010n4a4
  8. ↑ Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 8.2 Pante E, France S, Couloux A, Cruaud C, MacFadden C, Samadi S, Watling L (2012) Deep-sea origin an in-situ diversification of chrysogorgiid octocorals. PLoS ONE 7(6): e38357. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038357
  9. Jump up ↑ Verrill A (1883) Report on the Anthozoa, and on some additional species dredged by the “Blake” in 1877–1879, and by the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer “Fish Hawk” in 1880–1882. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 11: 1–72.
  10. Jump up ↑ Cordeiro R, Castro C, Pérez C (2015) Deep-water octocorals (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) from Brazil: family Chrysogorgiidae Verrill, 1883. Zootaxa 4058: 81–100. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4058.1.4
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