Callogorgia kinoshitai
| Notice: | This page is derived from the original publication listed below, whose author(s) should always be credited. Further contributors may edit and improve the content of this page and, consequently, need to be credited as well (see page history). Any assessment of factual correctness requires a careful review of the original article as well as of subsequent contributions.
If you are uncertain whether your planned contribution is correct or not, we suggest that you use the associated discussion page instead of editing the page directly. This page should be cited as follows (rationale):
Citation formats to copy and paste
BibTeX: @article{Horvath2019ZooKeys860, RIS/ Endnote: TY - JOUR Wikipedia/ Citizendium: <ref name="Horvath2019ZooKeys860">{{Citation See also the citation download page at the journal. |
Ordo: Alcyonacea
Familia: Primnoidae
Genus: Callogorgia
Name
Callogorgia kinoshitai (Kükenthal, 1913) – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Callogorgia kinoshitae Kükenthal, 1913: 264–266; text figs E, F, pl 8, fig. 10 (= CaligorgiakinoshitaeKükenthal 1913[1]: 264–266 [spelling difference]); 1919: 370; 1924: 270.
- Callogorgia kinoshitae : Bayer 1982[2]: 122. Cairns 2007b[3]: 512 (listed). Cairns and Bayer 2009[4]: 29 (listed).
- [[ | ]] (?) Caligorgiasertosa Wright & Studer, 1889: 75–77. Nutting 1909[5]: 715.
Type locality
USA, California, 218–2472 m. Possible collection location for type La Jolla, San Diego, based on work of Kükenthal (1913[1]; 1924[6]).
Type specimens
Repository of type(s) unknown.
Material examined
6 lots (see Appendix 3: List of material examined).
Description
Colony (Figure 33A) flabellate, usually branched in regularly alternate, pinnate pattern; some colonies (often main branches) rarely dichotomous; most branches in one plane. Maximum colony height over 30 cm (base excluded); average height of colonies in SBMNH collection ±15 cm. Central stem slightly bent in geniculate (jointed, zig-zag) pattern, giving off branches at angles or joints; few branches give off branchlets in similar manner. Distance between branches/branchlets on same side of central stem roughly one cm (slightly larger than one cm closer to base and less than one cm toward tips of branchlets). All branchlets unbranched, parallel to each other. Distal ends of branchlets extremely thin, more flexible, with branchlets often recurved back on themselves. Axis stiff, longitudinally striated; creamy yellow to tan, covered with fairly thin coenenchyme. Color of living colony (?)white to creamy-white; perhaps very light pinkish-beige; color in alcohol creamy whitish-beige to light tan. Five or six polyps (rarely four) regularly arranged in each whorl (most common number being five); whorl diameter 2.1–2.2 mm; generally, four to five whorls per centimeter of branch length. Minimal distance between whorls no more than 1.0 mm (often less), but evident. Polyps 2.0 mm tall; slightly clavate, covered in four to eight rows of nearly spindle-shaped (rods) sclerites; polyps strongly curved from base outward, upward and inward toward axis (Figure 33B), thus apertures directed toward stem or branch. Sclerites (Figures 34A, B, 35A–E) predominantly scales, flattened (sometimes oblong, fusiform; some appearing as flattened caveman clubs) on stem and branches, with long tooth-like spines, and radiating ribs. Outer sclerite surface may also have many small to medium-sized warts, bumps and granules. Scales imbricating (like roof tiles), fan-shaped on polyp walls. Aperture edge of polyp with ctenate marginal scales, inside of which are bases of eight opercular scales; these form tall, pyramidal opercula, with height ~0.5 mm. Opercular scales (Figures 34Bd, 35D) distinctly differentiated from body scales, not overreached by marginals, not bending inward over them. Individual opercular scales elongate triangles, especially on abaxial side, forming a conspicuous, elongated spine when polyp is fully retracted; these scales bear thickened, longitudinal ridges on their inner surface, ending with truncated points. Opercular scales up to ~0.65 mm long by 0.2 mm wide at broader end; adaxial opercular scales much smaller. Upper layer (ring) of marginal scales (Figure 35E) large, with radiating ribs, furrowed at their edge; others (proceeding proximally) show these markings feebly, if at all. Longitudinal rows of scales on polyp body commonly numbering seven (rarely eight), best seen on abaxial and lateral sides (inner lateral scales number four on each side of polyp); only abaxial rows of body scales complete. Adaxial rows reduced or absent; if present, generally two scales placed distally, two proximally, revealing large area of naked adaxial wall; thus, total number of scales within a row varies, but typically eight (with six to nine possible) scales in row; most numerous on exposed, abaxial side. Largest body wall scales, abaxial (Figures 34Ba, b, 35E); abaxial scales near tip of polyp smaller, those of adaxial side up to ~0.1 mm across by 0.1 mm tall. Lateral scales slightly smaller (Figure 34Bc). Coenenchymal sclerites (Figure 35A–C) dense, as elongated, nearly spindle-shaped rods often covered with numerous thorns or prickles.
Etymology
Named in honor of Kumao Kinoshita of Japan (Cairns 2018).
Distribution
Callogorgiakinoshitai appears to extend from Monterey Bay to as far south as Chile, based on collection location data found recorded at several institutions (see Appendix 3: List of material examined). Based on specimens housed in SBMNH collection, it would appear that the species does extend further north, into waters off Oregon and Washington (USA).
Biology
Generally found in deep water (averaging 800–1,000 meters). Intertwined amongst branches may be found moderate to large Ophiuroidea, along with either what appear to be anemones (quite large, very fleshy and wrinkled) and/or possibly a type of acorn barnacle, attached to stems and branches.
Remarks
Kükenthal (1919[7], 1924[6]) speculated that the species C.kinoshitae(i) might be a junior synonym of Caligorgiasertosa Wright & Studer, 1889 (note error in spelling of genus name), as described by Nutting (1909)[5]. Nutting (1909)[5] indicated five localities for what he called C.sertosa, all in the vicinity of USA, California, San Diego, Point Loma light-house. Nutting also established the type for C.sertosa, that being collected at Station 192, off Kei Island, South Pacific, 255 m, by R/V ‘Challenger’. Perhaps Nutting’s specimens from the San Diego area should be ascribed to this species rather than to C.sertosa. In any event, the two are indeed separate species. Researchers with greater exposure to, and expertise on, this species (SD Cairns) should be consulted regarding legitimacy of C.sertosa as senior synonym. Cordeiro et al. (2019) does not show this synonymy in the WoRMS Database. Earlier descriptions for both C.kinoshitae(i) and C.sertosa found in Kükenthal (1919)[7] clearly indicated the distinct differences used to distinguish between these two species. Based on locations of collection events, with C.sertosa having its type collected from Kei Island in the South Pacific, the two appear to be separate, distinct species.
Taxon Treatment
- Horvath, E; 2019: A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia – Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia ZooKeys, 860: 183-306. doi
Images
|
Other References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kükenthal W (1913) Über die Alcyonarienfauna Californiens und ihre tiergeo-graphischen Beziehungen.Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik35(2): 219–270. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16718
- ↑ Bayer F (1982) Some New and Old species of the Primnoid Genus Callogorgia Gray, with a revalidation of the Related Genus Fanellia Gray (Coelenterata: Anthozoa).Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington95(1): 116–160. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/972
- ↑ Cairns S (2007b) Calcaxonian Octocorals (Cnidaria; Anthozoa) from Eastern Pacific Seamounts.Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences58(25): 511–541. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7491
- ↑ Cairns S, Bayer F (2009) A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia).Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology629: 1–79. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.629
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Nutting C (1909) Alcyonaria of the California coast.Proceedings of the United States National Museum35: 681–727. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.35-1658.681
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kükenthal W (1924) Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich, Vol. 47. Walter de Gruyter & Company, Berlin, 1–28 + 478 pp.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kükenthal W (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutsche Tiefsee-Expeditionen ‘Valdivia’ 1898–99, 13(2): 1–946. [30–89 pls]
