Axis axis

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Suraprasit K, Jaeger J, Chaimanee Y, Chavasseau O, Yamee C, Tian P, Panha S (2016) The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys (613) : 1–157, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2016-08-30, version 100474, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Axis_axis&oldid=100474 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

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BibTeX:

@article{Suraprasit2016ZooKeys,
author = {Suraprasit, Kantapon AND Jaeger, Jean-Jacques AND Chaimanee, Yaowalak AND Chavasseau, Olivier AND Yamee, Chotima AND Tian, Pannipa AND Panha, Somsak},
journal = {ZooKeys},
publisher = {Pensoft Publishers},
title = {The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications},
year = {2016},
volume = {},
issue = {613},
pages = {1--157},
doi = {10.3897/zookeys.613.8309},
url = {http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=8309},
note = {Versioned wiki page: 2016-08-30, version 100474, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Axis_axis&oldid=100474 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.}

}

RIS/ Endnote:

TY - JOUR
T1 - The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications
A1 - Suraprasit K
A1 - Jaeger J
A1 - Chaimanee Y
A1 - Chavasseau O
A1 - Yamee C
A1 - Tian P
A1 - Panha S
Y1 - 2016
JF - ZooKeys
JA -
VL -
IS - 613
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
SP - 1
EP - 157
PB - Pensoft Publishers
M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2016-08-30, version 100474, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Axis_axis&oldid=100474 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.

M3 - doi:10.3897/zookeys.613.8309

Wikipedia/ Citizendium:

<ref name="Suraprasit2016ZooKeys">{{Citation
| author = Suraprasit K, Jaeger J, Chaimanee Y, Chavasseau O, Yamee C, Tian P, Panha S
| title = The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications
| journal = ZooKeys
| year = 2016
| volume =
| issue = 613
| pages = 1--157
| pmid =
| publisher = Pensoft Publishers
| doi = 10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
| url = http://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=8309
| pmc =
| accessdate = 2024-12-13

}} Versioned wiki page: 2016-08-30, version 100474, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Axis_axis&oldid=100474 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.</ref>

See also the citation download page at the journal.


Taxonavigation

Ordo: Artiodactyla
Familia: Cervidae
Genus: Axis

Name

Axis axis (Erxleben, 1777) – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

Referred material

Four crania—DMR-KS-05-04-18-50 (with two antlers), DMR-KS-05-03-00-30 (with left partial and right broken antlers), DMR-KS-05-03-18-X9 (with pedicles), and DMR-KS-05-03-27-1 (with pedicles); two right complete antlers—DMR-KS-05-03-31-30 and DMR-KS-05-03-22-4; a nearly complete left antler, DMR-KS-05-04-4-1; five right fragmentary antlers—DMR-KS-05-03-18-21, DMR-KS-05-03-19-82, DMR-KS-05-03-28-22, DMR-KS-05-06-22-2, and DMR-KS-05-03-28-1; eight left fragmentary antlers—DMR-KS-05-03-00-12, DMR-KS-05-03-19-81, DMR-KS-05-03-22-2, DMR-KS-05-03-24-1, DMR-KS-05-04-09-1, DMR-KS-05-03-19-13, DMR-KS-05-03-26-21, and DMR-KS-05-03-08-17; two left fragmentary maxilla—DMR-KS-05-03-28-6 (with M1–M3) and DMR-KS-05-03-08-31 (with P3, P4, and M1 root); a right P4, DMR-KS-05-04-01-3; a left M1, DMR-KS-05-04-28-5; a left M2, DMR-KS-05-03-14-5; thirteen right mandibles—DMR-KS-05-03-14-2 (with m3), DMR-KS-05-03-20-1 (with p4–m3), DMR-KS-05-03-20-2 (with m2 and m3), DMR-KS-05-03-22-7 (with m2 and m3), DMR-KS-05-04-03-1 (with p2–m3), and DMR-KS-05-03-27-3 (with m2 and m3), DMR-KS-05-03-19-1 (with p2–m3), DMR-KS-05-03-22-8 (with m2 and m3), DMR-KS-05-04-01-1 (with p2–m3), DMR-KS-05-03-24-4 (with m2), DMR-KS-05-03-26-12 (with m2 and m3), DMR-KS-05-04-7-10 (with p3, m1, and m2), and DMR-KS-05-03-26-10 (with p2–m1); eight left mandibles—DMR-KS-05-03-18-22 (with p2), DMR-KS-05-03-22-6 (with m1–m3), DMR-KS-05-03-27-22 (with p3-m2 sockets and broken m3), DMR-KS-05-04-09-2 (with p3, p4, m1 and m2 sockets, and m3), DMR-KS-05-03-00-102 (with p4 and m1), DMR-KS-05-03-19-2 (with m1–m3), DMR-KS-05-03-23-1 (with p2 and p3 roots and p4–m3), and DMR-KS-05-03-29-1 (with p2-m3); a left m1, DMR-KS-05-04-28-6; three m2—DMR-KS-05-03-25-4 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-00-104 (left), and DMR-KS-05-03-22-11 (left); four left m3—DMR-KS-05-04-9-4, DMR-KS-05-03-22-9, DMR-KS-05-04-01-2, and DMR-KS-05-03-08-33; three right fragmentary humeri (distal part)—DMR-KS-05-03-13-4, DMR-KS-05-04-11-32, and DMR-KS-05-03-17-17; six metacarpi—DMR-KS-05-03-18-2 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-19-3 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-22-28 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-08-2 (right), DMR-KS-05-04-30-20 (right proximal fragment), and DMR-KS-05-03-19-37 (left); a right fragmentary femur, DMR-KS-05-03-27-4 (distal part); three metatarsi—DMR-KS-05-03-26-3 (right), DMR-KS-05-03-29-30 (left), and DMR-KS-05-03-15-14 (left).

Material description

Crania and upper dentition: four crania are almost complete, lacking only the anterior portions (e.g., nasal, jugal, palatine, and maxilla) (Fig. 14A–D). The specimen DMR-KS-05-04-18-50 shows nearly complete antlers, lacking only the left brow tine (Fig. 14A, B). The cranium DMR-KS-05-03-00-30 possesses a right antler portion preserving the complete brow tine but the broken main beam (Fig. 14C, D). The specimens DMR-KS-05-03-18-X9 (Fig. 14E) and DMR-KS-05-03-27-1 (Fig. 14F, G) preserve most of the rear part of the skull but lacks zygomatic arcs and antler portions. The specimen DMR-KS-05-03-27-1 preserves a deformed frontal area and broken pedicles (Fig. 14F). The basioccipital and basisphenoid are subtriangular in ventral view and show well-deveoped anterior and posterior tuberosities with a longitudinal groove running along the central part (Fig. 14B, D, G). The lateral edges of the basioccipital and basisphenoid are concave like in Axis. The foramina ovale are large and open ventrolaterally. The shed antlers are characterized by three main tines, smooth surfaces, a short pedicle and brow tine, a long and slender main beam, a high angle (about 100-120°) between the main beam and the brow tine, and a well-developed burr (Fig. 14A, C, H–L). A small ornamented tine (or knob) is sometimes present along the dorsal surface of the brow tine or at the main beam-brow tine junction (Fig. 14C, J–L). The main beam is oriented upward, laterally, and posteriorly, and consists of forked tines apically. At the antlered crown, the inner tine is much shorter than the outer one (Fig. 14A, H, I). The skull and antler exhibit a typical arrangement of recent Axis axis (e.g., the orientation of the main beam and brow tine, the bifurcation at the apical crown tine, and the shape of the basioccipital and basisphenoid) (for measurements, see Appendix 4). P3 and P4 are similar to recent Axis, characterized by well-developed styles, medial cristae (more distinct on the P4), and posterolingual fossettes (Fig. 15A) (for measurements, see Tab. 12). On the P4, the medial cristae join the postmetacrista and divide the fossa into two islands (Fig. 15A, C). Upper molars display distinct styles (particularly the mesostyle), entostyles, and anterior cingula (Fig. 15B, D, E). The metaconule fold is slightly developed. The M2 is slightly wider than the M3 (Tab. 12). The posterior lobe of the M3 is reduced in width (Fig. 15B).

Table 12. Measurements (lengths and widths in millimeters) of cervid teeth from Khok Sung. N=number of specimens.
Length Width
N Range Mean N Range Mean
Axis axis
P3 1 12.40 – 1 13.60 –
P4 2 10.04–11.29 10.67 2 12.19–14.28 13.24
M1 2 13.32–15.19 14.26 2 15.60–15.93 15.77
M2 2 18.07–18.08 18.08 2 17.41–17.84 17.63
M3 1 17.53 – 1 16.42 –
p2 6 7.93–9.54 8.72 6 5.44–6.89 5.93
p3 7 9.17–12.11 10.67 7 6.53–7.14 6.88
p4 8 10.64–13.62 11.65 10 6.77–8.13 7.39
m1 9 11.81–18.20 14.2 13 8.27–10.29 9.59
m2 18 15.94–21.42 17.91 19 8.56–11.67 10.56
m3 18 21.69–25.78 24.1 20 8.87–11.89 10.74
Panolia eldii
P2 1 11.09 – 1 13.97 –
M1 2 12.07–14.95 13.51 2 16.52–17.77 17.15
M2 5 16.67–20.48 19.35 6 17.85–19.35 18.56
M3 5 18.80–21.39 19.96 5 16.99–19.50 18.30
i1 1 12.86 – 1 6.31 –
p2 2 9.97–11.33 10.65 2 7.03–7.44 7.24
p3 2 13.04–13.67 13.36 2 8.33–8.56 8.45
p4 2 13.65–14.05 13.85 2 8.94–9.33 9.14
m1 2 14.67–15.67 15.17 2 11.23–12.25 11.74
m2 2 17.73–19.36 18.55 2 12.63–13.26 12.95
m3 1 23.61 1 12.84
Rusa unicolor
M1 1 17.15 – 1 20.10 –
M2 2 20.67–22.88 21.78 2 23.06–27.07 25.07
M3 1 25.37 – 1 24.97 –
p3 1 17.29 – 1 9.26 –
p4 1 17.71 – 2 10.34–13.35 11.85
m1 2 18.64–20.84 19.74 2 14.39–14.59 14.49
m2 3 22.77–23.82 23.33 3 15.37–15.61 15.46
m3 3 30.78–34.57 32.67 3 15.49–17.85 16.79
Mandibles and lower dentition: twenty one mandibles range from fragmentary (preserving only the broken corpus) to nearly complete (lacking only the ascending ramus and coronoid process) individuals (Fig. 15F–O) (for measurements, see Appendix 5). The mandibular symphyses are almost complete, but all incisors are missing. The protoconulid of the p2 is poorly-developed or absent (Fig. 15F, H, J).

Lower third and fourth premolars exhibit a well developed metaconid which projects obliquely in occlusal view, posterior to the entoconid (Fig. 15F, H, J) (for measurements, see Tab. 12). The latter conid joins the posthypocristid, forming a back valley on moderately worn teeth. The metaconid is bifurcated (two separated flanges: pre- and postmetacristids) on the p4. All lower molars are morphologically characterized by their brachyodont crowns and well-developed stylids (parastylid, metastylid, and entostylid), ectostylids (basal pillars), and anterior cingulids (also called “goat fold”) (Fig. 15F–Q). On the m3, the posterior ectostylid is absent (Fig. 15F, G, J–Q). The third lobe is ring-shaped as it is present on the recent specimens (e.g., MNHN-ZMO-1901-547, MNHN-ZMO-1988-153, ZSM-1951-70, and ZSM-1961-3) (Fig. 15F, P). But the third lobe is sometimes small and poorly-developed, as observed from the recent specimen ZSM-1963-27 (Fig. 15J, L, N). The back fossa is present on unworn to slightly worn teeth (Fig. 15F, P), but absent on moderately to heavily worn ones (Fig. 15L, N). The posthypoconulidcristid is well-developed, a small crest protruding slightly more posterolingually (Fig. 15F).
Postcranial remains: postcranial bones include isolated humeri (Fig. 16A–B), metacarpi (Fig. 16C–H), a femur (Fig. 16I, J), and metatarsi (Fig. 16K–M). The humerus and femur are fragmentary. We identify here these fossil postcranial bones based on the size and proportion compared with the extant specimens (Tab. 13 and Appendices 1, 7, 9–10, and 12).

Table 13. Proportional indices of postcranial remains of identified ruminant taxa from Khok Sung.
Scapula
Specimen Taxa HS/Ld DHA/Ld Ld/SLC LG/BG GLP/LG SLC/BG
DMR-KS-05-03-26-2 Bubalus arnee 1.50 1.28 3.89 1.20 1.30 1.12
DMR-KS-05-02-20-4 Bubalus arnee 1.39 1.42 4.09 1.23 1.26 0.96
DMR-KS-05-06-24-4 Panolia eldii 1.95 1.90 4.62 1.10 1.27 0.74
Humerus
Specimen Taxa GL/Bp GL/Dp GL/Bd GL/Dd Bp/Bd Dp/Dd Bp/Dp Bd/Dd Bd/BT
DMR-KS-05-03-20-2(1) Bos sauveli – – – – – – – 0.99 1.04
DMR-KS-05-03-00-62 Bos gaurus – – 3.41 3.66 – – – 1.07 1.06
DMR-KS-05-05-1-1 Bos gaurus 2.91 2.74 3.44 3.67 1.18 1.34 0.94 1.07 1.05
DMR-KS-05-03-31-1 Bubalus arnee 3.57 3.25 4.30 4.77 1.21 1.47 0.91 1.11 1.05
DMR-KS-05-03-31-8 Bubalus arnee 3.54 3.29 4.25 4.74 1.20 1.44 0.93 1.11 1.03
DMR-KS-05-03-13-4 Axis axis – – – – – – – 1.02 1.09
DMR-KS-05-04-11-32 Axis axis – – – – – – – 1.06 1.07
DMR-KS-05-03-17-17 Axis axis – – – – – – – 1.12 1.04
DMR-KS-05-04-11-35 Panolia eldii – – – – – – – 1.12 1.13
DMR-KS-05-03-18-1 Panolia eldii – – – – – – 0.82 – –
DMR-KS-05-03-15-43 Rusa unicolor – – – – – – – 1.14 1.12
Ulna and radius
Specimen Taxa PL/Bp PL/Dp PL/Bd PL/Dd Bp/Bd Dd/Dp Bp/Dp Bd/Dd Bp/BFp Bd/BFd GL/LO
DMR-KS-05-03-00-61 Bubalus arnee 2.87 5.76 3.04 4.63 1.06 1.24 2.00 1.52 1.15 1.11 3.86
DMR-KS-05-03-31-2 Bubalus arnee 3.15 5.85 3.25 4.61 1.03 1.27 1.86 1.42 1.09 1.12 3.48
DMR-KS-05-03-31-9 Bubalus arnee 3.09 5.88 3.24 4.55 1.05 1.29 1.90 1.40 1.10 1.12 3.45
DMR-KS-05-03-31-10 Panolia eldii 5.06 9.51 5.35 9.32 1.06 1.02 1.88 1.74 1.07 1.14 –
DMR-KS-05-04-11-3 Panolia eldii 4.83 9.09 5.54 8.70 1.15 1.04 1.88 1.57 1.11 1.06 –
DMR-KS-05-03-19-16 Panolia eldii 4.93 8.93 4.87 6.62 0.99 1.35 1.81 1.36 1.22 1.04 –
DMR-KS-05-03-25-9 Rusa unicolor – – – – – – 1.90 – 1.03 – –
DMR-KS-05-03-19-14 Rusa unicolor – – – – – – 1.70 – 1.04 – –
DMR-KS-05-03-26-19 Rusa unicolor – – – – – – – 1.34 – 1.05 –
Femur
Specimen Taxa GL/Bp GL/Dp GL/Bd GL/Dd Bp/Bd Dd/Dp Bp/Dp Dd/Bd
DMR-KS-05-03-9-2 Bos gaurus 3.37 6.29 3.92 3.03 1.17 2.07 1.87 1.29
DMR-KS-05-04-1-1 Bubalus arnee 2.79 5.54 3.48 2.85 1.25 1.95 1.99 1.22
DMR-KS-05-04-1-2 Bubalus arnee 2.67 5.26 3.38 2.82 1.27 1.86 1.97 1.20
DMR-KS-05-03-20-8 Bubalus arnee – – – – – – – 1.46
DMR-KS-05-03-27-4 Axis axis – – – – – – – 1.37
DMR-KS-05-03-27-11 Panolia eldii – – – – 1.26 2.23 2.11 1.33
DMR-KS-05-03-17-36 Panolia eldii – – – – 1.21 2.06 1.93 1.29
DMR-KS-05-03-28-20 Panolia eldii – – – – – – – 1.34
DMR-KS-05-04-05-38 Panolia eldii – – – – – – 1.92 –
DMR-KS-05-03-00-119 Panolia eldii – – – – – – – 1.38
DMR-KS-05-03-19-2 Panolia eldii – – – – – – – 1.41
DMR-KS-05-08-16-1 Panolia eldii – – – – – – 1.84 –
DMR-KS-05-04-11-2 Rusa unicolor – – – – – – – 1.27
DMR-KS-05-03-19-7 Rusa unicolor – – – – – – 1.51 –
DMR-KS-05-03-12-2* Rusa unicolor – – – – – – 1.52 –
DMR-KS-05-04-30-9 Rusa unicolor – – – – – – – 1.27
DMR-KS-05-04-19-10 Rusa unicolor – – – – – – – 1.11
Tibia
Specimen Taxa GL/Bp GL/Dp GL/Bd GL/Dd Bp/Bd Dp/Dd Bp/Dp Bd/Dd
DMR-KS-05-04-1-11 Bubalus arnee 3.24 3.43 4.82 6.03 1.49 1.76 1.06 1.25
DMR-KS-05-04-1-3 Bubalus arnee 3.31 3.50 5.01 6.29 1.51 1.80 1.06 1.25
DMR-KS-05-03-20-9 Bubalus arnee 3.21 3.83 4.60 6.29 1.43 1.64 1.19 1.37
DMR-KS-05-03-28-16 Rusa unicolor 4.00 4.38 6.68 8.48 1.67 1.94 1.10 1.27
Metacarpus
Specimen Taxa GL/Bp GL/Dp GL/Bd GL/Dd Bp/Bd Dp/Dd Bp/Dp Bd/Dd
DMR-KS-05-03-26-27 Bos gaurus 3.66 5.57 3.96 7.66 1.08 1.37 1.52 1.93
DMR-KS-05-03-26-3(1) Bubalus arnee 2.68 4.17 2.64 4.87 0.98 1.17 1.55 1.85
DMR-KS-05-03-18-2 Axis axis 6.50 9.99 6.69 10.55 1.03 1.06 1.54 1.58
DMR-KS-05-03-22-28 Axis axis – 9.59 6.81 10.36 – 1.08 – 1.52
DMR-KS-05-03-08-2 Axis axis 6.36 8.79 6.18 10.18 0.97 1.16 1.38 1.65
DMR-KS-05-03-19-3 Axis axis 6.58 9.06 6.30 10.42 0.96 1.15 1.38 1.65
DMR-KS-05-03-19-37 Axis axis 7.14 11.05 6.84 10.75 0.96 0.97 1.55 1.57
DMR-KS-05-04-30-20 Axis axis 6.87 10.36 – – – – 1.51 –
DMR-KS-05-03-24-2 Panolia eldii 6.39 8.99 6.57 10.41 1.03 1.16 1.41 1.58
DMR-KS-05-03-17-26 Rusa unicolor 5.97 7.57 6.06 9.10 1.02 1.20 1.27 1.50
Metatarsus
Specimen Taxa GL/Bp GL/Dp GL/Bd GL/Dd Bp/Bd Dp/Dd Bp/Dp Bd/Dd
DMR-KS-05-04-1-8 Bubalus arnee 3.80 4.59 3.17 5.54 0.83 1.21 1.21 1.75
DMR-KS-05-04-1-6 Bubalus arnee 3.88 4.39 3.11 5.67 0.80 1.29 1.13 1.82
DMR-KS-05-03-28-30 Bubalus arnee 4.25 4.28 3.40 6.38 0.80 1.49 1.01 1.88
DMR-KS-05-03-26-3 Axis axis 7.21 6.91 6.99 9.16 0.97 1.33 0.96 1.31
DMR-KS-05-03-15-14 Axis axis 6.84 7.37 6.15 9.22 0.90 1.25 1.08 1.50
DMR-KS-05-03-29-30 Axis axis 6.91 6.82 6.52 8.58 0.94 1.26 0.99 1.32
DMR-KS-05-03-28-17 Panolia eldii 8.05 7.71 7.73 11.69 0.96 1.52 0.96 1.51
DMR-KS-05-03-25-8 Panolia eldii 7.81 7.47 7.22 11.57 0.92 1.55 0.96 1.60
DMR-KS-05-03-15-15 Panolia eldii 8.08 7.44 7.37 11.29 0.91 1.52 0.92 1.53
DMR-KS-05-03-19-11 Rusa unicolor 6.64 6.86 6.49 9.20 0.98 1.34 1.03 1.42

Taxonomic remarks and comparisons

The antlers are useful to distinguish among the cervids, whereas the morphologies of lower cheek teeth are identical among Axis. The skulls, antlers, and teeth from Khok Sung are morphologically similar to those observed from recent Axis axis. This suggests a morphological stasis in the evolution of antlers and teeth for this species.
Based on our observation on the extant comparative material of Axis axis (e.g., the specimens MNHN-ZMO-1901-547, MNHN-ZMO-1988-153, ZSM-1951-70, and ZSM-1958-88), we thus demonstrate some dental morphological variation within species. The m3 of Axis axis appears more morphologically variable than the other molars, such as the more or less developed posterior talonids and the presence/absence of back fossae. The cheek teeth of extant Axis axis are relatively similar to those of Axis porcinus (e.g., the specimens MNHN-ZMO-1904-60, MNHN-ZMO-1962-4188, ZSM-1968-493, and ZSM-1969-63). However, Axis axis differs from Axis porcinus in having less developed anterior cingulids on the lower molars and the presence of back fossae on the m3. Recent Axis axis represents an intermediate size between Axis porcinus and two cervid species (Panolia eldii and Rusa unicolor) (Tab. 14). Axis axis from Khok Sung also follows the size tendency of recent populations (Figs 17 and 18).

Table 14. Body mass prediction of Khok Sung ruminants using second molar variables, compared to relative sizes of the recent population (Grzimek 1975[1], Lekagul and McNeely 1988[2], Nowak 1999[3]). The predictive equations follow Janis (1990[4]: table. 16.8).
Body mass (kg)
Cervidae Khok Sung Recent
Taxa N Range Mean Range
Axis axis 17 67.6–127.6 90.8 75–100
Panolia eldii 7 99.1–157.6 133.5 95–150
Rusa unicolor 5 215.6–332.3 255.4 100–350
Bovidae Khok Sung Recent
Taxa N Range Mean Range
Bos sauveli 3 660.8–756.0 720.5 700–900
Bos gaurus 3 808.5–940.8 873.2 700–1000
Bubalus arnee 12 694.5–1243.0 944.7 700–1200
Compared to other Pleistocene cervid species, the cheek teeth of Axis axis from Khok Sung are smaller than those of Axis shansius from Anhui and Yunnan (China) and of Axis javanicus from Ngandong and Buitenzorg in Java and Carnul Cave in India, but are larger than those of Axis lydekkeri from Trinil H. K. (Java) (Figs 17 and 18). Although, Axis javanicus is closely related to or even synonymous with Axis axis according to Meijaard and Groves (2004)[5], it is considered as a valid species due to studies of the geometric morphometric analysis performed on the teeth (Gruwier et al. 2015[6]). According to the scatter diagrams of the dental sizes (Figs 17 and 18), Thum Wiman Nakin and Thum Prakai Phet fossil teeth assigned to Axis porcinus (Tougard 1998[7], Filoux et al. 2015[8]) are much larger than their extant populations and those from Khok Sung. Although the Pleistocene hog deer probably show clinal variation in size (Bergmann’s rule) in response to colder climates. The fossil teeth attributed to Axis porcinus from Thum Wiman Nakin and Thum Prakai Phet, identified by Tougard (1998)[7] and Filoux et al. (2015)[8], possibly reveal a double size (or more) of the recent population. We suggest that these fossils likely belong to either other larger or new cervid species that lived during the Pleistocene across mainland Southeast Asia. We also cast doubt on the occurrence of Axis porcinus in the Middle Pleistocene of Boh Dambang, Cambodia (Demeter et al. 2013[9]). The existence of Axis porcinus in Southeast Asia during the Middle Pleistocene is still doubtful.

Taxon Treatment

  • Suraprasit, K; Jaeger, J; Chaimanee, Y; Chavasseau, O; Yamee, C; Tian, P; Panha, S; 2016: The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications ZooKeys, (613): 1-157. doi

Images

Figure 14. Cranial remains of Axis axis from Khok Sung: A–B DMR-KS-05-04-18-50, a cranium with nearly complete antlers in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views C–D DMR-KS-05-03-00-30, a cranium in lateral (C) amd ventral (D) views E DMR-KS-05-03-18-X9, a cranium in anterior view F–G DMR-KS-05-03-27-1 a cranium in dorsal (F) and ventral (G) views H DMR-KS-05-03-31-30, a right antler in anterior view; (I) DMR-KS-05-03-22-4, a right antler in lateral view J DMR-KS-05-03-18-21, a left antler fragment in lateral view K DMR-05-03-22-2, a left antler fragment in lateral view L DMR-KS-05-03-19-81, a left antler fragment in medial view.
Figure 14. Cranial remains of Axis axis from Khok Sung: A–B DMR-KS-05-04-18-50, a cranium with nearly complete antlers in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views C–D DMR-KS-05-03-00-30, a cranium in lateral (C) amd ventral (D) views E DMR-KS-05-03-18-X9, a cranium in anterior view F–G DMR-KS-05-03-27-1 a cranium in dorsal (F) and ventral (G) views H DMR-KS-05-03-31-30, a right antler in anterior view; (I) DMR-KS-05-03-22-4, a right antler in lateral view J DMR-KS-05-03-18-21, a left antler fragment in lateral view K DMR-05-03-22-2, a left antler fragment in lateral view L DMR-KS-05-03-19-81, a left antler fragment in medial view. 
Figure 15. Dental remains of Axis axis from Khok Sung: A DMR-KS-05-03-08-31, an upper left P3 and P4 in occlusal view B DMR-KS-05-03-28-6, a left upper molar row in occlusal view C DMR-KS-05-04-01-3, a right P4 in occlusal view D DMR-KS-05-04-28-5, a left M1 in occlusal view E DMR-KS-05-03-14-5, a left M2 in occlusal view F–G DMR-KS-05-03-29-1, a left mandible in occlusal (F) and lateral (G) views H–I DMR-KS-05-03-26-10, a right mandibular fragment in occlusal (H) and medial (I) views J–K DMR-KS-05-04-03-1, a right mandible in occlusal (J) and lateral (K) views L–M DMR-KS-05-03-20-1, a right mandible in occlusal (L) and lateral (M) views N–O DMR-KS-05-03-22-7, a right mandible in occlusal (N) and lateral (O) views P–Q DMR-KS-05-03-08-33, a left m3 in occlusal (P) and buccal (Q) views.
Figure 15. Dental remains of Axis axis from Khok Sung: A DMR-KS-05-03-08-31, an upper left P3 and P4 in occlusal view B DMR-KS-05-03-28-6, a left upper molar row in occlusal view C DMR-KS-05-04-01-3, a right P4 in occlusal view D DMR-KS-05-04-28-5, a left M1 in occlusal view E DMR-KS-05-03-14-5, a left M2 in occlusal view F–G DMR-KS-05-03-29-1, a left mandible in occlusal (F) and lateral (G) views H–I DMR-KS-05-03-26-10, a right mandibular fragment in occlusal (H) and medial (I) views J–K DMR-KS-05-04-03-1, a right mandible in occlusal (J) and lateral (K) views L–M DMR-KS-05-03-20-1, a right mandible in occlusal (L) and lateral (M) views N–O DMR-KS-05-03-22-7, a right mandible in occlusal (N) and lateral (O) views P–Q DMR-KS-05-03-08-33, a left m3 in occlusal (P) and buccal (Q) views. 
Figure 16. Postcranial remains of Axis axis from Khok Sung: A–B DMR-KS-05-04-11-32, a right distal humerus in anterior (A) and distal (B) views C–E DMR-KS-05-03-18-2, a right metacarpus in proximal (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views F–H DMR-KS-05-03-19-37, a left metacarpus in proximal (F), anterior (G), and distal (H) views I–J DMR-KS-05-03-27-4, a right distal femur in posterior (I) and distal (J) views K–M DMR-KS-05-03-26-3, a right metatarsus in proximal (K), anterior (L), and distal (M) views.
Figure 16. Postcranial remains of Axis axis from Khok Sung: A–B DMR-KS-05-04-11-32, a right distal humerus in anterior (A) and distal (B) views C–E DMR-KS-05-03-18-2, a right metacarpus in proximal (C), anterior (D), and distal (E) views F–H DMR-KS-05-03-19-37, a left metacarpus in proximal (F), anterior (G), and distal (H) views I–J DMR-KS-05-03-27-4, a right distal femur in posterior (I) and distal (J) views K–M DMR-KS-05-03-26-3, a right metatarsus in proximal (K), anterior (L), and distal (M) views. 
Figure 17. Scatter diagrams of upper cheek tooth (P3–M3) lengths and widths of recent and fossil Axis. Data of Axis javanicus (Trinil H. K.) and Axis porcinus (Thum Wiman Nakin) are from von Koenigswald (1933)[10] and Tougard (1998)[7], respectively.
Figure 17. Scatter diagrams of upper cheek tooth (P3–M3) lengths and widths of recent and fossil Axis. Data of Axis javanicus (Trinil H. K.) and Axis porcinus (Thum Wiman Nakin) are from von Koenigswald (1933)[10] and Tougard (1998)[7], respectively. 
Figure 18. Scatter diagrams of lower cheek tooth (p2–m3) lengths and widths of recent and fossil Axis. Data of Axis javanicus (Trinil H. K.) and Axis porcinus (Thum Wiman Nakin and Thum Prakai Phet) are from von Koenigswald (1933)[10], Tougard (1998)[7], and Filoux et al. (2015)[8], respectively.
Figure 18. Scatter diagrams of lower cheek tooth (p2–m3) lengths and widths of recent and fossil Axis. Data of Axis javanicus (Trinil H. K.) and Axis porcinus (Thum Wiman Nakin and Thum Prakai Phet) are from von Koenigswald (1933)[10], Tougard (1998)[7], and Filoux et al. (2015)[8], respectively. 

Other References

  1. ↑ Grzimek B (1975) Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol 2, 642 pp.
  2. ↑ Lekagul B, McNeely J (1988) Mammals of Thailand. Association for the Conservation of Wildlife, Bangkok, 758 pp.
  3. ↑ Nowak R (1999) Walker’s Mammals of the World. The John Hopkins University Press, London, 1936 pp.
  4. ↑ Janis C (1990) Correlation of cranial and dental variables with body size in ungulates and macropodoids. In: Damuth J MacFadden B (Eds) Body Size in Mammalian Paleobiology: Estimation and Biological Implications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 255–299.
  5. ↑ Meijaard E, Groves C (2004) Morphometrical relationships between South-east Asian deer (Cervidae, tribe Cervini): evolutionary and biogeographic implications. Journal of Zoology 263: 179–196. doi: 10.1017/S0952836904005011
  6. ↑ Gruwier B, de Vos J, Kovarovic K (2015) Exploration of the taxonomy of some Pleistocene Cervini (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae) from Java and Sumatra (Indonesia): a geometric- and linear morphometric approach. Quaternary Science Reviews 119: 35–53. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.012
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Tougard C (1998) Les faunes de grands mammifères du Pléistocène moyen terminal de Thaïlande dans leur cadre phylogénétique, paléoécologique et biochronologique. PhD thesis, University of Montpellier II, Montpellier, France, 175 pp.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Filoux A, Wattanapituksakul A, Lespes C, Thongcharoenchaikit C (2015) A Pleistocene mammal assemblage containing Ailuropoda and Pongo from Tham Prakai Phet cave, Chaiyaphum Province, Thailand. Geobios 48: 341–349. doi: 10.1016/j.geobios.2015.07.003
  9. ↑ Demeter F, Bacon A, Sytha P (2013) État des connaissances actuelles sur le Cambodge. In: Patole-Edoumba E Duringer P Pottier C (Eds) Premiers peuplements d’Asie du sud-est. UNESCO, Phnom Penh, 1–74.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 von Koenigswald G (1933) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der fossilen Wirbeltiere Javas, I. Teil. Wetenschappelijke Mededeelingen (Dienst van den Mijnbouw in Nederlandsch Indië) Vol. 23, 184 pp.
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