Arotes

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Taxonavigation

Ordo: Hymenoptera
Familia: Ichneumonidae

Name

Arotes Gravenhorst – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

• Arotes Gravenhorst, 1829: 449. Type: Arotes albicinctus Gravenhorst, by monotypy.
• Asthenomeris Förster, 1869: 168. Type: Asthenomeris nigricoxis Förster, 1888, by subsequent inclusion by Schmiedeknecht 1888. Synonymized by Townes et al. 1965.
• Sphalerus Kriechbaumer, 1878: 41. Type: Sphalerus bifasciatus Kriechbaumer (= albicinctus), by monotypy.
• Retanisia Cameron, 1886: 299. Type: Retanisia facialis Cameron, by monotypy. Synonymized by Townes and Townes 1960.

Diagnosis

Arotes can be distinguished from other genera of Acaenitinae by combination of both of the following characters: hind tarsal claws with a sharp, accessory tooth near apex of claw and areolet of fore wing open with intercubitus distal to vein 2m-cu.

Description. Moderately large wasps, mostly black, black and white or black and yellow; legs may be reddish or yellowish in part; antennae with or without white band; fore wing with or without dark spots. Mandible with dorsal tooth equal to or slightly shorter than ventral tooth; clypeus with a pre-apical transverse ridge, the apical edge with medial tubercle in most species; subocular sulcus complete; face centrally swollen, with weak transverse ridges or weak central rugose ridges, and with median vertical ridge which extends between antennae and onto frons as distinct carina; occipital carina complete dorsally. Notaulus strong, reaching posteriorly to centre of mesoscutum; scutellum flattened, laterally carinate at least at anterior end; submetapleural carinae more or less complete, not expanded anteriorly; propodeum quite long, with more or less clearly defined area superomedia; propodeal spiracle elliptical. Fore wing without areolet, intercubitus distal to 2m-cu; vein 2m-cu with two well-separated bullae. All tarsal claws with sharp, accessory tooth near apex of claw. Ventral swelling of 1st sternite from acute to smoothly rounded, bearing numerous, long, erect hairs; ovipositor projecting beyond apex of metasoma by about 1.8-2.7 times length of hind tibia; ovipositor with ventral ridges apically that are vertical and widely spaced.
Key to the world species of Arotes Note. Asthenomeris nigricoxis Förster is a species of Arotes according to Townes et al. (1965), but specimens of this species are not known to us and the original description (Schmiedeknecht 1888) is too brief to allow diagnosis from its congeners. For this reason it is omitted from the key below.
Specimens at CNC with intermediate colour patterns indicate that Arotes albicinctus (Gravenhorst) and Arotes annulicornis Kriechbaumer may be synonyms.

Key to the world species of Arotes — C. Castillo , I. Sääksjärvi , A. Bennett , G. Broad

1		Propodeum completely black (Fig. 1)    2
–		Propodeum with at least some light colour (Figs 2-3)    8
2	(1)	Fore wing with one or two discrete, dark spots (Figs 4-5) or, if male and spot indistinct, antennal flagellum apically broadly yellow-white    3
–		Fore wing lacking discrete, dark spots, at most vaguely infuscate on apical margin; male antenna not broadly yellow-white apically    7
3	(2)	Fore wing with two discrete dark marks, one at apex of wing and one adjacent to pterostigma    Arotes sugiharai Uchida (eastern Palaearctic: Japan)
–		Fore wing with only apical dark mark    4
4	(3)	Flagellum entirely dark    Arotes facialis (Cameron) (Neotropical: Guatemala)
–		Flagellum not entirely dark: lighter ventrally than dorsally and/ or with a medial light band    5
5	(4)	Hind femurpredominantly orange-red    Arotes ustulatus Kriechbaumer (western Palaearctic)
–		Hind femur predominantly black or dark brown    6
6	(5)	Hind tibia orange to orange-brown in basal half    Arotes odontus Uchida (eastern Palaearctic: Russia – Sakhalin Oblast)
–		Hind tibia pale yellow or ivory in basal half    Arotes maurus Rohwer (some specimens) (western and central Nearctic)
7	(2)	First and second tergites with light-coloured posterior margins    Arotes albicinctus (Gravenhorst) (trans-Palaearctic and Oriental)
–		First and second tergites completely black    Arotes annulicornis Kriechbaumer (western and central Palaearctic)
8	(1)	Hind tibia entirely black except may be narrowly light coloured at extreme base    9
–		Hind tibia broadly yellow/white at base, can be black apically, or mostly yellow or red    10
9	(8)	Antennal flagellum without white band (Fig. 4); first sternite sub-basally with smoothly rounded projection    Arotes ucumari sp. n. (Neotropical: Peru)
–		Antennal flagellum with white band (Fig. 5); first sternite sub-basally with acutely angled, sharp projection    Arotes pammae Gauld (Neotropical: Costa Rica)
10	(8)	Hind tibia completely yellow or orange, at most, slightly darker orange at apex    11
–		Hind tibia with some dark colour (black or brown)    13
11	(10)	First sternite sub-basally strongly convex, like a tubercle    Arotes flaviscutatus Wang & Huang (Oriental: China – Fujian Province)
–		First sternite sub-basally weakly convex, not tuberculate    12
12	(11)	Mesoscutum black or orange, sometimes with restricted lighter coloured areas, but not a continuous lighter coloured stripe along notaulus; middle of pronotum just dorsoposterior to pronotal trough almost impunctate, punctures separated by much more than their diameter    Arotes melleus (Say) (some specimens) (central and eastern Nearctic)
–		Mesoscutum black with extensive yellow or white regions, notaulus completely encompassed by a wide yellow or white stripe; middle of pronotum punctate, punctures separated by their own diameter or less    Arotes decorus Say (southcentral and eastern Nearctic)
13	(10)	Mesoscutum black or orange, notaulus not completely encompassed by a wide yellow or white stripe    14
–		Mesoscutum black with extensive yellow or white regions, notaulus completely encompassed by a wide yellow or white stripe    16
14	(13)	Metapleuron extensively rugose to rugoso-punctate (Fig. 6)    Arotes maurus Rohwer (some specimens) (western and central Nearctic)
–		Metapleuron finely to densely punctate without rugosity    15
15	(14)	Metapleuron polished with fine punctures separated by much more than their diameter (Fig. 7); hind femur ventrally evenly narrowing subapically towards apex; female with mesoscutum ranging from completely fulvous (most specimens) to completely black    Arotes melleus (Say) (some specimens) (central and eastern Nearctic)
–		Metapleuron sub-polished with coarser punctures separated by their own diameter or less; hind femur ventrally with a strong, subapical swelling that narrows abruptly towards apex; female with mesoscutum completely black    Arotes moiwanus (Matsumura) (eastern Palaearctic and Oriental)
16	(13)	Hind tibia with at least basal 0.4 light coloured (basal 0.6 light in some specimens)    Arotes amoenus Cresson (southcentral and eastern Nearctic)
–		Hind tibia with no more than basal 0.2 light coloured    Arotes maculatus Sheng & Sun (eastern Palaearctic: China – Henan Province)

Taxon Treatment

• Castillo, C; Sääksjärvi, I; Bennett, A; Broad, G; 2011: First record of Acaenitinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from South America with description of a new species and a key to the world species of Arotes Gravenhorst ZooKeys, 137: 77-88. doi

Images

Figures 1–3. Propodeum of neotropical species of Arotes, posterodorsal view. 1. Arotes facialis, 2. Arotes ucumari sp. n., 3. Arotes pammae.  Figures 4–5. Habitus, lateral view. 4. Arotes ucumari sp. n., holotype female (Peru). 5. Arotes pammae.  Figures 6–7. Metapleuron, lateral view. 6. Arotes maurus, 7. Arotes melleus.