Acupalpa

Notice:

This page is derived from the original publication listed below, whose author(s) should always be credited. Further contributors may edit and improve the content of this page and, consequently, need to be credited as well (see page history). Any assessment of factual correctness requires a careful review of the original article as well as of subsequent contributions. If you are uncertain whether your planned contribution is correct or not, we suggest that you use the associated discussion page instead of editing the page directly. This page should be cited as follows (rationale): Shaun L. W (2011) Revision of the stiletto fly genera Acupalpa Kröber and Pipinnipons Winterton (Diptera, Therevidae, Agapophytinae) using cybertaxonomic methods, with a key to Australasian genera. ZooKeys 95 : 29–79, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2011-05-04, version 5588, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Acupalpa&oldid=5588 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers. Citation formats to copy and paste BibTeX: @article{Shaun2011ZooKeys95, author = {Shaun L., Winterton}, journal = {ZooKeys}, publisher = {Pensoft Publishers}, title = {Revision of the stiletto fly genera Acupalpa Kröber and Pipinnipons Winterton (Diptera, Therevidae, Agapophytinae) using cybertaxonomic methods, with a key to Australasian genera}, year = {2011}, volume = {95}, issue = {}, pages = {29--79}, doi = {10.3897/zookeys.95.1461}, url = {http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/1461/abstract}, note = {Versioned wiki page: 2011-05-04, version 5588, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Acupalpa&oldid=5588 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.} } RIS/ Endnote: TY - JOUR T1 - Revision of the stiletto fly genera Acupalpa Kröber and Pipinnipons Winterton (Diptera, Therevidae, Agapophytinae) using cybertaxonomic methods, with a key to Australasian genera A1 - Shaun L. W Y1 - 2011 JF - ZooKeys JA - VL - 95 IS - UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.95.1461 SP - 29 EP - 79 PB - Pensoft Publishers M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2011-05-04, version 5588, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Acupalpa&oldid=5588 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers. M3 - doi:10.3897/zookeys.95.1461 Wikipedia/ Citizendium: <ref name="Shaun2011ZooKeys95">{{Citation | author = Shaun L. W | title = Revision of the stiletto fly genera Acupalpa Kröber and Pipinnipons Winterton (Diptera, Therevidae, Agapophytinae) using cybertaxonomic methods, with a key to Australasian genera | journal = ZooKeys | year = 2011 | volume = 95 | issue = | pages = 29--79 | pmid = | publisher = Pensoft Publishers | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.95.1461 | url = http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/1461/abstract | pmc = | accessdate = 2024-12-13 }} Versioned wiki page: 2011-05-04, version 5588, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Acupalpa&oldid=5588 , contributors (alphabetical order): Pensoft Publishers.</ref> See also the citation download page at the journal.

Taxonavigation

Ordo: Diptera
Familia: Therevidae

Name

Acupalpa Kröber – Wikispecies link – ZooBank link – Pensoft Profile

• Acupalpa Kröber 1912: 152; Kröber 1913: 18; Mann 1929: 23; Hardy 1939: 47 [as Acutipalpa]; Irwin and Lyneborg 1989: 354 [catalogue]; Winterton 2000: 227 [revision]; Winterton et al. 2001: 197. Type species: Acupalpa rostrata Kröber 1912: 152.

Diagnosis

Antennal scape shorter than or equal to flagellum; antenna elongate, cylindrical, total length slightly longer than or equal to head length; upper part of frons flat or slightly concave above antenna; face either protruding anteriorly below antennal base, or broadly rounded, expansive, short dark setae often present; parafacial setae absent; palpus apically narrow or acute, not spatulate; mouthparts length variable, frequently elongate and forward projecting (Fig. 3H); male postocular ridge with single row of macrosetae immediately laterad of ocellar tubercle, female with more than one row; wing infuscate, usually strongly banded; setae absent on wing vein R1; cell m3 closed; velutum patches on fore and hind femora; femora without macrosetae; single type of setal pile on femora, setae not appressed; prosternal furrow without setae; post spiracular pile absent; pleuron orange to black, overlain with sparse silver pubescence; mid coxa without setae on posterior surface; gonocoxites with velutum patch on ventral surface (Fig. 3B); articulated gonocoxal process present; hypandrium present; ventral apodeme of parameral sheath forked; dorsal apodeme of parameral sheath ‘T’-shaped (Fig. 3F); three spermathecae in female; spermathecal sac present, sac simple or with smaller additional lobes basally, often with outer elongate lobes; spermathecal ducts joining common duct before bursa (Fig. 3G), female with A1 and A2 acanthophorite spines well developed; female sternite 8 emarginate along posterior margin.

Comments

Acupalpa is a genus with some distinctive wasp mimicking species (Figs 1–2), often strikingly coloured with black and orange. The male terminalia are relatively conserved throughout both Acupalpa and Pipinnipons, and species identification is more easily and reliably accomplished using external characters of either sex. Closely related to Pipinnipons and Agapophytus, Acupalpa can be distinguished by the elongate, cylindrical antennae, scape not longer than flagellum, face usually expansive and protruding, and palpi that are acuminate or narrowly cylindrical. The latter two characters specifically differentiate Acupalpa from Pipinnipons, as the face is always narrow and the palpi spatulate in Pipinnipons. Agapophytus is separated from Pipinnipons and Acupalpa by the length of the scape ranging from relatively equal length, to significantly longer than the flagellum.

Included species

Acupalpa albimanis (Kröber), comb. n., Acupalpa albitarsa Mann, Acupalpa boharti sp. n., Acupalpa divisa (Walker), Acupalpa dolichorhyncha sp. n., Acupalpa glossa sp. n., Acupalpa imitans (White), comb. n., Acupalpa irwini Winterton, Acupalpa melanophaeos sp. n., Acupalpa miaboolya sp. n., Acupalpa minuta sp. n., Acupalpa minutoides sp. n., Acupalpa notomelas sp. n., Acupalpa novayamarna sp. n., Acupalpa rostrata Kröber, Acupalpa semirufa Mann, Acupalpa westralica sp. n., Acupalpa yalgoo sp. n., Acupalpa yanchep sp. n.

Key to Acupalpa species

Key to Acupalpa species — W. Shaun L.

1		Abdomen ground colour completely brown to black (terminal segments sometimes orange in female) (e.g. Figs 51016)    2
–		Abdomen with any number of segments 1–3 completely or partially orange or yellow (e.g. Figs 7–911–12)    11
2		Fore and mid coxae brown to black, overlain with silver-grey pubescence (e.g. Figs 5–61318)    4
–		Fore and mid coxae orange to pale yellow (Figs 1620)    3
3		Lower pleuron orange; fore femur brown; base of mid and hind femora orange; foreleg second tarsomere pale (Fig. 16)    Acupalpa notomelas sp. n.
–		Pleuron uniformly brown to black; fore and mid femora brown to black dorsally, pale ventrally; hind femur brown to black; foreleg second tarsomere brown to black (female only) (Fig. 20)    Acupalpa westralica sp. n.
4		Scape and pedicel yellow; fore and mid femora yellow (Fig. 18)    Acupalpa rostrata (Krober)
–		Scape and pedicel brown to black (rarely pale basally); fore and mid femora brown to black    5
5		Very small sized species (< 3.5 mm total body length); pleuron with longitudinal stripe of silver velutum; flagellum grossly enlarged (> 3 time combined scape and pedicel length) (Fig. 14); two notopleural macrosetae    6
–		Size variable, but usually larger than 5.0 mm; pleuron colour and vestiture variable but never with longitudinal silver velutum stripe; flagellum length sub-equal to 0.5 times combined scape and pedicel length; always more than two notopleural macrosetae    7
6		Coxal macrosetae pale; frons width slightly narrower than ocellar tubercle width; wing vein M1 and M2 originating separately from discal cell; fore tibia uniformly brown to black (Fig. 14) (male only)    Acupalpa minuta sp. n.
–		Coxal macrosetae black; male frons slightly wider than ocellar tubercle width; wing vein M1 and M2 fused basally and originating as a petiolate stem from discal cell; fore tibia yellowish basally (Fig. 15) (male only)    Acupalpa minutoides sp. n.
7		Fore tibia pale yellow to white, rarely brown distally; male abdomen without silver velutum; small species (Figs 613)    8
–		Fore tibia dark, rarely pale basally; male abdomen with silver velutum; larger species (Figs 522)    9
8		Scutum overlain with mostly uniform brown-bronze pubescence; fore tibia uniform white-cream (Fig. 6)    Acupalpa boharti sp. n.
–		Scutum overlain with grey and brown striped pubescence; fore tibia white-cream, but darker basally (Fig. 13)    Acupalpa miaboolya sp. n.
9		Basitarsi white to cream, fore-basitarsus darker basally, all tarsomeres 3–5 dark (Fig. 4)    Acupalpa albimanis (Krober), comb. n.
–		Basitarsi brown to black, tarsomeres 2–5 white    10
10		Male frons at narrowest point slightly narrower than width of ocellar tubercle (western Australia) (Figs 222)    Acupalpa yanchep sp. n.
–		Male frons approximately equal width to ocellar tubercle at narrowest point (eastern Australia) (Fig. 5)    Acupalpa albitarsa Mann
11		Femora pale yellow to orange (Figs 9–10121719)    12
–		Femora brown to black (Figs 7–81121)    16
12		Coxae pale orange; pleuron dark with orange suffusion; male abdomen without silver velutum (Figs 1217)    13
–		Coxae dark (rarely dark orange), overlain with silver-grey pubescence; pleuron completely dark, overlain with silver pubescence; male abdomen with or without silver velutum dorsally (Figs 9–1019)    14
13		Pleuron mostly dark; scutal setae minute; genal setae dark; male frons width equal to width of anterior ocellus (Fig. 12)    Acupalpa melanophaeos sp. n.
–		Pleuron mostly orange; scutal setae medium length; genal setae pale; male frons width equal to width of ocellar tubercle (Fig. 17)    Acupalpa novayamarna sp. n.
14		Tibia and tarsi mostly darkened apically; frons profile concave; male abdomen with dense silver velutum dorsally (Fig. 19)    Acupalpa semirufa Mann
–		Tibia and tarsi without distinctive darkening apically; frons profile rounded; male abdomen without dense silver velutum dorsally    15
15		Abdominal segments 2–3 bright orange, with orange suffusion of segments 1 and 4; haltere knob brown (Fig. 9)    Acupalpa glossa sp. n.
–		Abdominal segments 2–3 slight orange-tan laterally; haltere knob white (Fig. 10)    Acupalpa imitans (White), comb. n.
16		Tibia brown to black (Figs 7–8)    17
–		Tibia yellow to cream basally, dark apically (Figs 1121)    18
17		Mouthparts greatly elongate, much longer than head length; foreleg basitarsus entirely white to cream (Fig. 8)    Acupalpa dolichorhyncha sp. n.
–		Mouthparts approximately equal to head length; foreleg basitarsus darker basally, pale distally (Fig. 7)    Acupalpa divisa (Walker)
18		Antennal scape and face with short, dark setae; face flat, not protruding anteriorly (male only) (Fig. 21)    Acupalpa yalgoo sp. n.
–		Antennal scape and face with pale setae; face protruding anteriorly (Fig. 11)    Acupalpa irwini Winterton

Taxon Treatment

• Shaun L., W; 2011: Revision of the stiletto fly genera Acupalpa Kröber and Pipinnipons Winterton (Diptera, Therevidae, Agapophytinae) using cybertaxonomic methods, with a key to Australasian genera ZooKeys, 95: 29-79. doi

Images

Figure 1. Acupalpa divisa (Walker), female, Brisbane, Queensland. Body length= 7.0 mm. (Photo: Anthony O’Toole, University of Queensland).  Figure 2. Acupalpa yanchep sp. n., female, Yanchep, Western Australia. Body length= 9.0 mm. (Photo: S.L. Winterton).  Figure 3. Acupalpa spp.: A Acupalpa notomelas sp. n., epandrium dorsal B gonocoxites, ventral C Acupalpa imitans (White), comb. n., gonocoxite, lateral D same, aedeagus, lateral E Acupalpa rostrata Kröber aedeagus, lateral F Acupalpa imitans, gonocoxites, epandrium removed and aedeagus in situ, dorsal G Acupalpa rostrata, female spermathecal sac complex, dorsal H Acupalpa melanophaeos sp. n., female head, lateral I Acupalpa rostrata, male head, anterolateral. Abbreviations: ag accessory gland c cercus d distiphallus da dorsal apodeme of parameral sheath ea ejaculatory apodeme f furca ga gonocoxal apodeme gp (articulated) gonocoxal process gs gonostylus gx gonocoxite h hypandriumgp gonocoxal process (articulated) lea lateral ejaculatory apodeme s spermatheca ss spermathecal sac ssd spermathecal sac duct va ventral apodeme of parameral sheath v velutum patch vl ventral lobe. Scale lines = 0.2 mm.  Figure 4. Acupalpa albimanis (Kröber), comb. n., (Holotype of Acupalpa pollinosa), male, anterolateral view [Morphbank: 576222]. Body length = 6.5 mm.  Figure 5. Acupalpa albitarsa Mann, male, anterolateral view [576246]. Body length = 7.0 mm.  Figure 6. Acupalpa boharti sp. n., female, lateral view [576266]. Body length = 5.0 mm.  Figure 7. Acupalpa divisa (Walker), male, anterolateral view [576245]. Body length = 7.0 mm.  Figure 8. Acupalpa dolichorhyncha sp. n., male, anterolateral view [576248]. Body length = 8.0 mm.  Figure 9. Acupalpa glossa sp. n., male, anterolateral view [576249]. Body length = 8.0 mm.  Figure 10. Acupalpa imitans (White), male, anterolateral view [576250]. Body length = 7.0 mm.  Figure 11. Acupalpa irwini Winterton, female, anterolateral view [576251]. Body length = 9.0 mm.  Figure 12. Acupalpa melanophaeos sp. n., female, anterolateral view [576252]. Body length = 9.0 mm.  Figure 13. Acupalpa miaboolya sp. n., male, anterolateral view [576253]. Body length = 5.0 mm.  Figure 14. Acupalpa minuta sp. n., male, lateral view [581505]. Body length = 3.0 mm.  Figure 15. Acupalpa minutoides sp. n., male, lateral view [581506]. Body length = 3.5 mm.  Figure 16. Acupalpa notomelas sp. n., male, anterolateral view [576254]. Body length = 6.0 mm.  Figure 17. Acupalpa novayamarna sp. n., male, anterolateral view [576255]. Body length = 7.0 mm.  Figure 18. Acupalpa rostrata Kröber, Neotype male, anterolateral view [576256]. Body length = 7.0 mm.  Figure 19. Acupalpa semirufa Mann, male, anterolateral view [576257]. Body length = 7.0 mm.  Figure 20. Acupalpa westralica sp. n., female, anterolateral view [576258]. Body length = 8.0 mm.  Figure 21. Acupalpa yalgoo sp. n., male, anterolateral view [576259]. Body length = 8.0 mm.  Figure 22. Acupalpa yanchep sp. n., male, anterolateral view [576260]. Body length = 6.0 mm.