Aclerda pseudozoysiae
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Ordo: Homoptera
Familia: Aclerdidae
Genus: Aclerda
Name
Aclerda pseudozoysiae Gavrilov-Zimin, 2012 sp. n. – Wikispecies link – ZooBank link – Pensoft Profile
Adult female
Body elongate oval, up to 7 mm long, slightly curved. Antennae small, 1-segmented, with several setae. Eyes and legs absent. Spiracles in two pairs; each with large and nearly circular and heavy sclerotized peritrema, covered by numerous quinquelocular pores. Posterior end of body heavily sclerotized on both surfaces even in very young females, abruptly narrowed and acutely pointed, ridged. Anal cleft short, about the same length as anal plate. Form of anal plate shown on the enlargement of Fig. 1. In general, the structure of anal complex is poorly visible because of heavy sclerotization of anal region of body, but it looks like anal complex in other species of the genus. Tubular ducts of 3 sizes: large tubular ducts about 18 µm long; medium-sized ducts about 10 µm long; and microtubular ducts about 7–8 µm long. All 3 types of ducts form ventral submarginal band as shown in Fig. 1. Microtubular ducts form also a group near labium. Quinquelocular pores form small groups near spiracles (with about 10–20 pores in each group). Dorsal invaginated setae (about 12–15 µm long) arranged along submarginal area of abdomen.
Taxonomic notes
The large and widely distributed genus Aclerda was comprehensively revised by McConnell (1953)[1]. After this review no new Aclerda species have been described from Australasian or Indomalasian regions and in view of this I consider the McConnell’ s identification key as correct until now. Based on McConnell’skey, figures and descriptions, Aclerda pseudozoysiae sp. n. is similar to Aclerda zoysiae McConnell, 1953 which was described from the Philippine Islands, but differs in the presence of 3 types of tubular ducts which are all located on the ventrum only in contrast to Aclerda zoysiae having two types of ducts only (microtubular and macrotubular) distributed on both surfaces of the body.
Material
Holotype: female, K 884, vicinity of Jayapura, under the leaf sheath of undetermined grass (Poaceae), 1.XI. 2011, specimen in a black circle. Paratypes: 1 female on the same slide; 3 females on other slides and series of unmounted females and larvae in acet-ethanol; all with the same collecting data as holotype.
Etymology
The species name “pseudozoysiae”is composed of pseudo (false) and “zoysiae”, and is intended to show its similarity to the related species, Aclerda zoysiae.
Cytogenetics and reproductive biology Both species are ovoviviparous; all stages of embryonic development occur inside the mother’s body. In view of the absence of any notes on ovisacs in other species of Aclerda in the coccidological literature, I suppose that the genus as a whole is ovoviviparous.
Both species have a spermatheca, attached medially between two lateral oviducts (Fig. 2). Unexpectedly, the mode of reproduction is found to be absolutely different in these two species.
Aclerda pseudozoysiae has bisexual reproduction, with the presence of male stages of the life cycle in the analyzed population. The studied male ultimonymphs contained bundles of sperms in their testicles (Fig. 3). Specimens with meiotic divisions were not collected. Male larvae and nymphs, and about 50% of the embryos inside each of the four dissected adult females demonstrated a heterochromatinization of one haploid set of chromosomes (Fig. 4), that is common for the majority of cytogenetically studied groups of the superfamily Coccoidea (see, for example, the review of Gavrilov 2007[2]). According to the special experimental studies, elaborated on different genera of Coccoidea (see Brown and Nelson-Rees 1961[3]) the presence of heterochromatinized haploid set characterizes male developmental stages only and moreover, the heterochromatinized set is usually of the paternal origin. Based on this heterochromatinization, Aclerda pseudozoysiae is suggested to have either a Lecanoid or a Comstockioid genetic system, these systems being difficult to distinguish without special analysis of male meiosis (see, for example, Nur 1980[4]). The diploid karyotype of Aclerda pseudozoysiae includes 16 chromosomes forming gradual size series (Fig. 5).
On the contrary, in the studied population of Aclerda takahashii, no male stages of the life cycle were found and adult females did not have sperms and their spermathecae and oviducts. So, the species demonstrates a parthenogenetic form of reproduction. The diploid chromosomal number of Aclerda takahashii was found to be 18 (Fig. 6, 7) with chromosomes forming more or less gradual size series. Some of the cells showed a nucleolus located at the end of one of the longer chromosomes (Fig. 7) (the localization of NORs in scale insects was discussed earlier by Gavrilov and Trapeznikova 2007[5]). The heterochromatinization of one haploid set of chromosomes was not found in any of about 150 studied embryos from 4 females and, so, theoretically, all these embryos must be female embryos. However, only about 50 % of the embryos inside each studied female were diploid, and the others demonstrated haploid number (n=9) of chromosomes in each of the cells (Fig. 8). This sudden form of parthenogenesis seems to be unknown in scale insects. Usual haplo-diploidy is inherent in different species of Iceryini scale insects (superfamily Orthezioidea), but diploid progeny are characteristically produced by fertilized Iceryini females only (Hughes-Schrader 1948). In the superfamily Coccoidea, parthenogenesis with different ways of diploidy restoration is known in different families, but in all studied cases of deuterotoky and arrhenotoky, haploid embryos are not produced, diploidy is restored in all embryos and the heterochromatinization of one haploid set of chromosomes marks male embryos (Nur 1971[6], 1980[4]). Probably, in Aclerda takahashii the parthenogenetic diploidy restoration takes place in a part of embryos only. The question whether haploid embryos are able to produce viable males/ females can not be answered without additional observations in the field and laboratory experiments.
Original Description
- Gavrilov-Zimin, I; 2012: A contribution to the taxonomy, cytogenetics and reproductive biology of the genus Aclerda Signoret (Homoptera, Coccinea, Aclerdidae) CompCytogen, 6(4): 389-395. doi
Other References
- ↑ McConnell H (1953) A classification of the coccid family Aclerdidae (Coccoidea, Homoptera). Bulletin of the Maryland Agriculture Experiment Station A 75: 1-121.
- ↑ Gavrilov I (2007) A catalogue of chromosomal numbers and genetic systems of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccinea) of the world. Israel Journal of Entomology 37: 1-53.
- ↑ Brown S, Nelson-Rees W (1961) Radiation analysis of a lecanoid genetic system. Genetics 46: 983-1007.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nur U (1980) Evolution of unusual chromosome systems in scale insects (Coccoidea: Homoptera). In: Blackman R Hewitt G Ashburner M (Eds). Insect Cytogenetics. Royal Entomological Society, London: 97-117.
- ↑ Gavrilov I, Trapeznikova I (2007)Karyotypes and reproductive biology of some mealybugs (Insecta: Coccinea: Pseudococcidae). Comparative Cytogenetics 1 (2): 139-148.
- ↑ Nur U (1971) Parthenogenesis in coccids (Homoptera). American Zoologist 11: 301-308.
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