Acanthobothrium ningdense
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Ordo: Tetraphyllidea
Familia: Onchobothriidae
Genus: Acanthobothrium
Name
Acanthobothrium ningdense Yang, Chaopin, 2016 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Acanthobothrium ningdense Yang, Chaopin, 2016, Zootaxa 4169: 287-292.
Materials Examined
Ningde Taizhou Xiamen Taishan Hainan Province
Description
Deposited Specimens. Holotype (MPM 21226) and 2 paratypes (MPM 21227 and 21228), 30 paratypes (SYSU 20121113 -1-3 and 20141002-1-27).
Etymology
Etymology. This specific name refers to one of the collecting locations, Ningde, Fujian Province, China. Morphological description. [Based on 38 whole mounts (33 mature and 5 immature) and 2 worms examined with SEM]: Worms anapolytic, 5.1 – 24.1 cm (13.06 ± 5.00; 22) long; greatest width at level of terminal proglottid; with 171 – 499 (254 ± 67; 20) proglottids per worm, excluding some immature proglottids too small to count clearly; genital pores marginal, irregularly alternating, 42 – 56% (48 ± 4; 19) of proglottids length from posterior end. Scolex consisting of scolex proper and conspicuous cephalic peduncle. Scolex proper with 4 linguiform bothridia, bothridia 601 – 1028 (790 ± 111; 19) long by 286 – 405 (326 ± 29; 19) wide; not free posteriorly. Each bothridium with 3 loculi, muscular pad and apical sucker; muscular pad and apical sucker conspicuous with SEM (Figs. 8 – 10). Muscular pad triangular, 167 – 193 (180 ± 18; 2) long by 132 – 140 (136 ± 5; 2) wide. Apical sucker oval, 42 – 45 (44 ± 2; 2) in diameter. Anterior loculus 297 – 548 (444 ± 64; 19) long, middle loculus 108 – 245 (179 ± 38; 19) long, and posterior loculus 111 – 255 (169 ± 34; 19) long; loculi length ratio 1:0.36 – 0.45:0.37 – 0.47 (1:0.40:0.38 ± 0.14:0.09:0.08; n=19); maximum width of bothridia at the level of anterior loculus. Velum absent. Hooks bipronged, hollow, internal channel smooth; each hook with single conspicuous tubercle on proximal part of axial prong; axial prongs longer than abaxial prongs. Axial prong fenestrated in proximal part. Hooks on each bothridium closely linked in proximal portion, with large irregular-shaped sclerite attached (Fig. 2). Lateral and medial hooks approximately equal in size. Lateral hook measurements (n=23): Hook base length 66 – 103 (86 ± 10; 23), axial prong length 90 – 122 (107 ± 9; 23), abaxial prong length 44 – 64 (53 ± 6; 23), total lateral hook length 145 – 195 (177 ± 14; 23). Medial hook measurements (n=23): Hook base length 66 – 101 (84 ± 11; 23), axial prong length 91 – 125 (107 ± 9; 23), abaxial prong length 45 – 65 (54 ± 5; 23), total medial hook length 148 – 202 (177 ± 15; 23). Ratio of total hook length (both medial hook and lateral hook) to bothridial length: 1:4.00 – 5.09 (4.48 ± 0.37; 19). Cephalic peduncle 3202 – 8692 (5829 ± 1806; 16) long by 913 – 1607 (1222 ± 191; 16) wide. Distal bothridial surfaces covered with acicular and capilliform filitriches (Fig. 11). Bothridial surfaces at lateral margin coated with gladiate spinitriches interspersed with capilliform filitriches, beginning at mid-level of posterior loculus (Fig. 12). Proximal portion with densely arranged gladiate spinitriches (Fig. 13). Surfaces of cephalic peduncle covered with gladiate spinitriches only (Fig. 14). Proglottids slightly craspedote. Immature proglottids 94 – 338 (156 ± 51; 22) in number; mature proglottids 21 – 73 (53 ± 13; 20) in number, 225 – 1507 long by 704 – 2077 wide and with length-to-width ratio 0.16 – 1.85 (0.6 ± 0.46; 25):1; gravid proglottids 0 – 103 (45 ± 33; 19) in number; 718 – 2395 long by 1011 – 2974 wide; terminal gravid proglottids length-to-width ratio 0.48 – 1.74 (1.0 ± 0.40; 18):1. Testes irregularly oval in dorsoventral view, 37 – 96 long by 25 – 75 wide, arranged irregularly, from level of ovarian isthmus, overlapping ovary, to anterior margin of proglottid; testicular field one or two layers deep. Testes 117 – 174 (145 ± 20; 18) in total number in mature proglottid, 29 – 66 (46 ± 9; 18) pre-vaginal; 17 – 37 (28 ± 5; 18) post-vaginal; 53 – 94 (76 ± 11, 18) aporal. In gravid proglottids, testes more or less atrophied and situated dorsal to uterus. Vas deferens extensive, coiled, filling intervitelline region anterior to cirrus sac. Cirrus sac straight (Fig. 5), post-equatorial, 214 – 415 (300 ± 61, 18) long by 96 – 196 (144 ± 29, 18) wide, containing coiled cirrus; cirrus expanded at base; proximal and part of distal portion with spinitriches. Vagina opening into genital atrium anterior to cirrus, thick walled, extending from ootype along medial line of proglottid anteriorly, then turning towards genital pore, passing anterior margin of cirrus sac to common genital atrium; vaginal sphincter not observed; seminal receptacle not seen. Ovary located at or near posterior end of proglottid, each lobe consisting of numerous small and distally rounded acini, maximum width 139 – 374 (250 ± 67; 19), bilobed in dorsal or ventral view, essentially symmetrical; poral lobe 359 – 823 (561 ± 139; 18) long and aporal lobe 341 – 731 (547 ± 113; 18) long, extending to (or slightly overlapping) cirrus sac; ovarian isthmus located at approximate mid-point of ovary. Mehlis’ gland posterior to ovarian isthmus. Vitellarium follicular, including 2 lateral bands, each further comprising 2 columns; extending from near anterior margin of proglottid to near posterior margin, interrupted by vagina and cirrus sac dorsally and ventrally, not interrupted by ovary. Uterus in gravid proglottids full of eggs; extending full length, or nearly full length of proglottid. Eggs spherical, conspicuous in gravid proglottid, 10 – 14 (12 ± 1; 16) in diameter.
Discussion
Remarks.Acanthobothrium ningdense n. sp. belongs to species category 4 of Acanthobothrium suggested by Ghoshroy & Caira (2001) because of its characteristics of total length ≥ 15 mm, ≥ 50 proglottids, ≥ 80 testes, and with a symmetrical ovary. Currently, 38 species in category 4 have been reported (Pramanik & Manna 2010; Fyler & Caira 2010; this paper), including six species from D. akajei, the only known host for A. ningdense. Acanthobothrium ningdense n. sp. is readily distinguished from the 31 species in category 4 by the number of the testes, 117 – 174, which is substantially more than A. adlardi Campbell & Beveridge, 2002 (83 – 103), A. cribbi Campbell & Beveridge, 2002 (72 – 96), A. karachiense Bilqees, 1980 (74 – 98), A. microcephalum Alexander, 1953 (90 – 100), A. myliomaculata Srivastav, Shweta & Noopur, 1995 (60 – 98), A. robustum Alexander, 1953 (99 – 101), A. satyanarayanaraoi Sanaka, Vijaya Lakshmi & Hanumantha Rao, 1993 (80 – 90), and A. wedli Robinson, 1959 (80 – 100), but significantly fewer than A. magnum Euzet, 1959 (220) and A. polytesticularis Wang & Yang, 2001 (208 – 228). Acanthobothrium ningdense n. sp. has more post-vaginal testes (17 – 37) than A. zugeinense Yang & Lin, 1994 (9 – 14), A. ramiroi Ivanov, 2005 (5 – 11), and fewer testes on the anti-poral side (53 – 94) than A. hanumantharaoi Rao, 1977 (97 – 108). Acanthobothrium ningdense n. sp. can be distinguished from A. triacis Yamaguti 1952 and A. terezae Rego & Dias, 1976 by possessing symmetrical hooks (medial and lateral hooks nearly identical) rather than asymmetrical hooks as in the latter two. The new species can be distinguished from A. barusi Pramannik & Manna, 2010, A. majumdari Pramannik & Manna, 2010, and A. paramanandai Pramannik & Manna, 2010, by having shorter bothridia (601 – 1028 vs. 1200 – 1300, 1700 – 2300, 1100 – 1900 in length, respectively). The new species is also different from 8 other category 4 species (A. bajaense Appy & Dailey, 1973, A. coronatum (Rudolphi, 1819) Blanchard, 1848, A. dighaense Srivastava & Capoor, 1980, A. heterodonti Drummond, 1937, A. intermedium Perrenoud, 1931, A. musculosum (Baer, 1948) Yamaguti, 1959, A. rhynchobatidis Subhapradha, 1955, A. cestraciontis Yamaguti, 1934) by possessing a conspicuously sclerotised plate connecting two hooks (Fig. 2). Acanthobothrium ningdense n. sp. differs from A. pichelinae Campbell & Beveridge, 2002 by lacking conspicuous lateral spurs on the proximal portion of abaxial prongs, and from A. bengalense Baer & Euzet, 1962 by hook shape (axial prong length much longer than abaxial prong length in A. ningdense vs. axial and abaxial prong in same length in A. bengalense). Acanthobothrium ningdense n. sp. differs from A. matttaylori Fyler & Caira, 2010, A. cannoni Campbell & Beveridge, 2002 and A. dysbiotos (MacCallum, 1921) Williams, 1969 in that it is anapolytic.
Taxon Treatment
- Yang, Chaopin; Sun, Yuan; Zhi, Tingting; Iwaki, Takashi; Reyda, Florian B.; Yang, Tingbao; 2016: Two new and one redescribed species of Acanthobothrium (Cestoda: Onchoproteocephalidea: Onchobothriidae) from Dasyatis akajei (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) in the China Sea, Zootaxa 4169: 287-292. doi
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