Tinotus
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Ordo: Coleoptera
Familia: Staphylinidae
Name
Sharp, 1883 stat. n. – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Tinotus Sharp, 1883: 170. Type species: Tinotus cavicollis Sharp, 1883. Fixed by Fenyes 1918: 25, by subsequent designation.
- Exaleochara Keys, 1907: 102. Type species: Tinotus morion Gravenhorst, 1802. Fixed by Klimaszewski et al. 2002[1]: 284, by monotypy. As synonym of Tinotus: e.g., Bernhauer & Scheerpeltz 1926: 713; Blackwelder 1952[2]: 163; Ashe 2000[3]: 360; Hanley 2002[4]: 457; Klimaszewski et al. 2002[1]: 284; Gouix and Klimaszewski 2007[5]: 30; Schülke and Smetana 2015[6]: 505.
- Acrimea Casey, 1911: 14. Type species: Acrimea resecta Casey, 1911. Fixed by Fenyes 1918: 20, by subsequent designation. Synonymized by Gusarov 2003[7]: 353.
- Tinotus See further references in Hanley (2002)[4], Klimaszewski et al. (2002)[1], and Gusarov (2003)[7].
Diagnosis
This subgenus is rather easily distinguished from the other congeneric taxa by 1) compact, small (< 4 mm), and 2) strongly spindle-shaped body; 3) 4-5-5 tarsal formula (5-5-5 in the other subgenera of Aleochara); 4) fully carinate mesoventrite; 5) wide and 6) truncate apex of intercoxal process of mesoventrite, 7) and its apex reaching to apex of intercoxal process of metaventrite; 8) median lobe of aedeagus with developed flagellum; 9) female spermatheca without apical invagination of spermathecal head (sensu Welch 1997[8]) and, 10) coiled basally. Minute characters on mouthparts probably define the subgenus as well, e.g., setula a on the first segment of labial palpi located at nearly apical margin of the segment (Fig. 5; see also Sawada 1987[9]).
Remarks
See other characters mentioned in detail by Hanley (2002)[4] and Klimaszewski et al. (2002)[1].
Systematic position
Sharp’s (1833) original description of Tinotus placed this taxon in the group Myrmedoniina (= Lomechusini) due to its 4-5-5 tarsal formula. Since, Tinotus has also been placed in Hoplandriini (e.g., Seevers 1978[10]) or Aleocharini (e.g., Lohse 1974[11]), mainly based on the presence of a pseudosegment on the maxillary and labial palpi (see Hanley 2002[4] for a historical review).
In contrast to these ambiguities, recent studies have refuted all tribal placements other than Aleocharini. Hanley (2002)[4] recognized Tinotus within Aleocharini, suggesting a close relationship with the genus Aleochara, based on the seven shared morphological characteristics of the genus, e.g., bifid to crescent-shaped apex of the ligula. According to the extensive molecular study of Aleochara by Maus et al. (2001)[12], Tinotus was fully resolved within the “bilineata clade” of Aleochara. Similarly, Osswald et al. (2013)[13], who used significantly fewer species (only four species of Aleochara, one of which is Tinotus) but analyzed them with much more molecular markers (4599 bp), also supported the assignment of Tinotus to Aleochara.
In our morphological study of Tinotus and Aleochara species, we found numerous morphological similarities between these genera, including a long intercoxal process of mesoventrite, except for the 4-5-5 tarsal segmentation in Tinotus (5-5-5 in Aleochara). Among the subgenera of Aleochara, Tinotus shares characters with the subgenus Xenochara Mulsant & Rey, 1874, i.e., carinate mesoventrite and fusiform body (including convexed pronotum). Remarkably, the subgenus Coprochara Mulsant & Rey, 1874 seems to be significantly more closely related to Tinotus. In fact, they share some important characters, including a completely carinate mesoventrite and a coiled spermatheca (Yamamoto and Maruyama 2013[14]). Maus et al. (2001)[12] also implied that both subgenera are phylogenetically close to Tinotus. Reduction of the antennal segment or tarsal segmentation in Aleocharinae is associated rather frequently with miniaturization of their body size (e.g., tribes Hypocyphtini and Mesoporini), and Tinotus species are possibly no exception. Therefore, no significant character exists to distinguish Tinotus from Aleochara at the genus level. We herein transfer Tinotus, as the 19th subgenus, to the genus Aleochara.
Taxon Treatment
- Yamamoto, S; Maruyama, M; 2016: Revision of the subgenus Tinotus Sharp, stat. n., of the parasitoid rove-beetle genus Aleochara Gravenhorst (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae) from Japan, Taiwan, and the Russian Far East ZooKeys, (559): 81-106. doi
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Other References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Klimaszewski J, Pelletier G, Sweeney J (2002) Genus Tinotus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae) from America north of Mexico: review of the types, distribution records, and key to species. Canadian Entomologist 134(3): 281–298. doi: 10.4039/Ent134281-3
- ↑ Blackwelder R (1952) The generic names of the beetle family Staphylinidae, with an essay on genotypy. United States National Museum Bulletin 200: 1–483.
- ↑ Ashe J (2000) Aleocharinae. In: Arnett R Thomas M (Eds) American Beetles (Vol. 1) – Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 272–418.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Hanley R (2002) A new species of Mexican Tinotus from the refuse piles of Atta ants, including an annotated world catalog of Tinotus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae: Aleocharini). Coleopterists Bulletin 56(4): 453–471. doi: 10.1649/0010-065X(2002)056[0453:ANSOMT]2.0.CO;2
- ↑ Gouix N, Klimaszewski J (2007) Catalogue of aleocharine rove beetles of Canada and Alaska (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). Pensoft Publishers, Sofia and Moscow, 165 pp.
- ↑ Schülke M, Smetana A (2015) Staphylinidae. In: Löbl I Löbl D (Eds) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, revised and updated edition. Vol. 2. Hydrophiloidea, Staphylinoidea. Brill, Leiden, 304–1134.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Gusarov V (2003) Revision of some types of North American aleocharines (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae), with synonymic notes. Zootaxa 353: 1–134.
- ↑ Welch R (1997) The British species of the genus Aleochara Gravenhorst (Staphylinidae). Coleopterist 6(1): 1–45.
- ↑ Sawada K (1987) Atheta and its allies of Southeast Asia (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). V. Singaporean species described in Cameron, 1920. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University 27(2): 137–150.
- ↑ Seevers C (1978) A generic and tribal revision of the North American Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Fieldiana Zoology 71: 1–289.
- ↑ Lohse G (1974) Die Käfer Mitteleuropas. Bd. 5. Staphylinidae II (Hypocyphtinae und Aleocharinae) Pselaphidae. Goeke & Evers, Krefeld, 381 pp.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Maus C, Peschke K, Dobler S (2001) Phylogeny of the genus Aleochara inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase sequences (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 18(2): 202–216. doi: 10.1006/mpev.2000.0874
- ↑ Osswald J, Bachmann L, Gusarov V (2013) Molecular phylogeny of the beetle tribe Oxypodini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Systematic Entomology 38(3): 507–522. doi: 10.1111/syen.12011
- ↑ Yamamoto S, Maruyama M (2013) Revision of the subgenus Coprochara Mulsant & Rey of the genus Aleochara Gravenhorst from Japan (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Zootaxa 3641(3): 201–222. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3641.3.1
