Solanum septemlobum (Knapp, Sandra 2013)
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Ordo: Solanales
Familia: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Name
Solanum septemlobum Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 48. 1833 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Solanum septemlobum Knapp, Sandra, 2013, PhytoKeys 22: 1-1.
Description
Description. Woody vine or lax shrub, to several meters long. Stems slightly winged, sparsely to densely pubescent with white, curved, simple uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long, these appressed and all pointing apically, with 4-6 small cells; new growth densely white pubescent with simple uniseriate curved trichomes to 0.5 mm long. Bark of older stems pale brown, glabrescent. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple or more commonly variously pinnatifid and lobed, extremely variable in shape and size, (1-)2-9(-10) cm long, (0.9-)1.2-5 (-8) cm wide, ovate in outline, widest in the basal third of the blade, the upper and lower surfaces sparsely to moderately pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes to 1 mm long like those of the stems, all pointing to the margins (away from the axis); base truncate, then attenuate onto the petiole; margins entire to deeply lobed with 1-4 pairs of lobes to within 1 mm of the midrib, the lobbing irregular towards the leaf apex; apex acute, rounded or if acuminate, the ultimate tip rounded; petiole 0.5-3 cm long, sparsely to densely pubescent like the stems. Inflorescences terminal or lateral, 2.5-16 cm long, open and many times branched, with 10-40 flowers, sparsely pubescent with simple white trichomes like those of the stems, these curved and pointing towards the tip of the inflorescence; peduncle 1-5 cm long; pedicels 7-10 mm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the apex, slender, spreading, glabrous, articulated at the base, leaving a small peg to 1 mm long on the inflorescence axis; pedicel scars irregularly spaced 1-10 m apart, closer towards the distal part of the inflorescence. Buds ellipsoid, the corolla strongly exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers all perfect, 5-merous. Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long, conical, the lobes 0.5-1.5 mm long, broadly deltate, the margins usually thickened and white in dry material, glabrous or with a few white, uniseriate curved trichomes. Corolla ca. 2 cm in diameter, violet with a green eye, this whitish green or brown in dry material, stellate to broadly stellate, lobed 1/2 to 2/3 of the way to the base, the lobes 4-6 mm long, 1.5-4 mm wide, reflexed to spreading at anthesis, glabrous, minutely papillate on the tips. Filament tube ca. 0.5 mm long, the free portion of the filaments ca. 1 mm long, glabrous or pubescent with a few weak uniseriate simple trichomes in the sinuses; anthers 3-4 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, loosely connivent, ellipsoid, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 4.5-7.5 mm long, glabrous; stigma capitate, minutely papillate, green or white in living material. Fruit a globose or slightly ovate berry, 0.8-1 cm wide, 1-1.2 cm long, bright red when ripe, the pericarp thin and shiny, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 0.8-1.3 cm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter, not particularly woody, spreading. Seeds> 20 per berry, ca. 3 mm long, ca. 2 mm wide, flattened reniform, pale yellowish tan or yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the mature seeds appearing pubescent with the elongate lateral cell walls ca. 0.2 mm long, the pitted bases still visible. Chromosome number: not known.
Distribution
Distribution (Figure 90). Solanum septemlobum is a boreal species in China, from sea level to 1200 m; it perhaps extends to adjacent Mongolia but all specimens seen so far are from the Chinese Autonomous Region of Nei Mongol, previously known as "Inner Mongolia". Its southerly distribution overlaps with Solanum pittosporifolium, from which it is sometimes difficult to distinguish.
Discussion
Discussion. Solanum septemlobum usually has seven-parted leaves (as the name implies), but as is common in this clade, leaf division varies from simple to seven-parted. It is not clear from herbarium specimens if these differences in leaf division have an environmental basis, but from field observations on the related Solanum dulcamara, their regulation is likely to be complex. Solanum septemlobum can be difficult to distinguish from its sympatric close relatives, Solanum pittosporifolium and Solanum lyratum, but the flowers are in general larger, and pubescence of stems and leaves is of stiff, curving white trichomes, not long glandular trichomes like those of Solanum lyratum. Solanum pittosporifolium occasionally has a few white trichomes on new stems and leaves, but they are usually very sparse and not as stiff, long or curved as those of Solanum septemlobum. Solanum septemlobum is a more northerly species than either Solanum lyratum or Solanum pittosporifolium, and almost abuts the range of Solanum dulcamara in Mongolia and northern Russia. Bunge's original herbarium and types are said to be either at LE or P (ex. herb. Cosson); the sheet in P clearly annotated in Bunge's hand as " Solanum septemlobum mihi" from Bunge's personal herbarium is here chosen as the lectotype. No duplicates of this sheet have been located in LE, so this P sheet is the logical lectotype. The additional sheet of this collection in P [P00055358] is also apparently from Bunge's personal herbarium, and is annotated by Bunge, but appears to be a duplicate (it is a much smaller specimen and appears to have been broken off from the other sheet) given to Decaisne. The original publication of the name Solanum septemlobum is in 1833 (not in 1835 as stated in some indices), in a preprint from Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersbourg Divers Savans 2:75-148 of 1835. The specimen cited by Linnaeus in describing Solanum quercifolium was used by Knapp and Jarvis (1990) to lectotypify this name; they assumed it was a New World plant following Linneaus' distribution and the annotation on the sheet. The late Bill D'Arcy later recognised that the specimen in question (LINN 248.8) was actually that commonly known as Solanum septemlobum, and the name Solanum quercifolium was rejected (Turland et al. 1996). I have seen many sheets of Solanum septemlobum labelled as Solanum quercifolium in European herbaria from the late 18th and early 19th centuries, this species was clearly in cultivation in botanic gardens at that time, but was later lost in cultivation; there are almost no specimens dating from the mid-19th century to present from European botanic garden collections nor have I seen the species in cultivation in Europe.
Taxon Treatment
- Knapp, Sandra; 2013: A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae), PhytoKeys 22: 1-1. doi
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