Solanum amygdalifolium (Knapp, Sandra 2013)
| Notice: | This page is derived from the original publication listed below, whose author(s) should always be credited. Further contributors may edit and improve the content of this page and, consequently, need to be credited as well (see page history). Any assessment of factual correctness requires a careful review of the original article as well as of subsequent contributions.
If you are uncertain whether your planned contribution is correct or not, we suggest that you use the associated discussion page instead of editing the page directly. This page should be cited as follows (rationale):
Citation formats to copy and paste
BibTeX: @article{Knapp2013PhytoKeys22, RIS/ Endnote: TY - JOUR Wikipedia/ Citizendium: <ref name="Knapp2013PhytoKeys22">{{Citation See also the citation download page at the journal. |
Ordo: Solanales
Familia: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum
Name
Solanum amygdalifolium Steud., Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 2: 600. 1841 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile
- Solanum amygdalifolium Knapp, Sandra, 2013, PhytoKeys 22: 1-1.
Description
Description. Woody vine to 5+ m long, scrambling in low vegetation, semi-aquatic and along water courses. Stems strongly ridged with 4 whitish green wings along the entire length, completely glabrous; new growth minutely papillose, occasionally pubescent with tangled simple uniseriate trichomes, these soon deciduous. Bark of older stems green to pale yellowish green, the bark not markedly exfoliating. Sympodial units plurifoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, 2-6 cm long, 0.5-2 cm wide, lanceolate to linear (very occasionally with a few shallow lobes, but these lobed leaves always accompanied by simple ones on the same stem), somewhat fleshy to chartaceous, glabrous on both surfaces; primary veins 4-6 pairs, not prominent on either surface; base attenuate; margins entire, not markedly revolute; apex tapering to acute, the ultimate tip rounded; petiole 0.1-0.5 cm long, glabrous or occasionally with a few scattered simple trichomes adaxially, twining to aid climbing. Inflorescences terminal, becoming lateral and sometimes leaf-opposed, 4-13 cm long, usually 4-5 times branched, with 8-15 flowers, glabrous except for a few weak simple uniseriate trichomes at the tips of the branches; peduncle 0.5-2.5 cm long, occasionally absent and the branching beginning at the base of the inflorescence; pedicels 1-1.5 cm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base and apex, slender, spreading at anthesis, glabrous, articulated at the base from a small sleeve and leaving a peg to 1.5 mm high on the inflorescence axis; pedicel scars widely spaced 3-10 mm apart. Buds ellipsoid, the corolla ca. 3/4 exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers all perfect, 5-merous. Calyx tube 1.5-3 mm long, conical, the lobes 1-1.5 mm long, deltate to broadly semi-circular, glabrous, the tips papillate. Corolla 2.5-4 cm in diameter, violet, rotate-stellate, lobed ca. 1/2 of the way to the base, the lobes 8-10 mm long, 8-9 mm wide, planar to spreading at anthesis, abaxially densely pubescent with minute simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.2 mm long, adaxially glabrous with a few simple trichomes along the midvein. Filament tube minute, the free portion of the filaments ca. 1 mm long, densely pubescent with tangled weak simple uniseriate trichomes to ca. 0.5 mm adaxially so the ovary obscured; anthers 5-6 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, loosely connivent, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores usually lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 11-15 mm long, sparsely pubescent in the lower 1/3 to 1/2; stigma clavate, the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a globose to ellipsoid berry, 1-1.2 cm in diameter, to 1.5 cm long, black and dull when mature (yellowish fide Cabrera 1983), glabrous, the pericarp thin; fruiting pedicels 1.2-1.5 cm long, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter, more or less woody, pendent from the weight of the berry. Seeds> 40 per berry, 1.5-2 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, rounded to flattened-reniform, pale yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells circular. Chromosome number: not known.
Distribution
Distribution (Figure 15). In the Rio de la Plata drainage from Buenos Aires, Argentina and adjacent Uruguay to the upper Rio Pilcomayo in Paraguay, and in coastal Brazil from Bahia south to Rio Grande do Sul, from 0-700 m elevation. Solanum amygdalifolium is also cultivated outside of its native range for its showy flowers (Bolivia, Andean Argentina).
Discussion
Discussion. Solanum amygdalifolium occurs over a very broad geographical range in association with fresh (non-brackish) water, and has been characterised as semi-aquatic by some authors (Mentz and Oliveira 2004). In chaco habitats in Paraguay it always grows in riverside thickets, and forms loose scrambling tangles. With its very large, showy flowers, strongly angled stems and narrow, simple leaves, it is not easily confused with any other species of the Dulcamaroid clade; it is somewhat similar to other dulcamaroids from southern South America, particularly narrow-leaved specimens of Solanum flaccidum, but the smaller flowers, more pubescent leaves and unequal filaments of the latter species are distinguishing features. Solanum flaccidum grows in completely different types of habitats than does Solanum amygdalifolium, so confusion in the field is unlikely. In general, Solanum amygdalifolium is quite monomorphic vegetatively over its broad range, varying only in degree of pubescence between individuals and somewhat in inflorescence size depending on plant age, but the flowers of plants from the Chaco regions of Argentina and Paraguay are much larger than those of plants from more coastal populations near the mouth of the Rio de la Plata in Buenos Aires and adjacent Uruguay. Flower size may be related to water availability, as plants collected from near streams and wet places in the wet season all appear to have larger flowers than those from drier areas. The specimens collected in the foothills of the Andes in the provinces of Jujuy and Salta, Argentina appear to have all been from cultivated plants (Cabrera 1983). Two collections were cited in Martius's original description of Solanum persicifolium; Martius 255 appears to be the more widely distributed of the syntypes cited in the protologue and as it is a numbered collection is more reliable for tracing duplicates. The duplicate in M here selected as the lectotype has annotations in Martius's hand. Morton annotated his photograph [Morton neg. 8668] of Martius s.n. (Sao Paulo, the other syntype) at M as holotype, but there is no evidence on the specimen or in the protologue that this is the case. Morong (Morong and Britton 1893) clearly intended Solanum handelianum as a replacement name for Solanum angustifolium Lam.; he cites "S. angustifolium Lam., Illus. no. 2343, not Miller" and although he cites a collection of his own from near Asuncion in Central Paraguay (Morong 818), he does not append "n.sp." to the epithet as he does for all new taxa he described in 1893 from his own collections.
Taxon Treatment
- Knapp, Sandra; 2013: A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae), PhytoKeys 22: 1-1. doi
This treatment was originally uploaded by Plazi, compare this treatment on Plazi. Unless this treatment has been substantially changed on Species-ID, Plazi requests to maintain a link back to the original repository.
