Difference between revisions of "Solanum seaforthianum"

Latest revision as of 13:11, 10 May 2013

Taxonavigation

Ordo: Solanales
Familia: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum

Name

Solanum seaforthianum Andrews, Bot. Repos. tab. 504. 1808 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

• Solanum cyrrhosum Dunal, Solan. Syn. 9. 1816. Type: Venezuela. Sucre: Cumaná, 1799-1800, A. Humboldt & A. Bonpland s.n. (lectotype, designated here: P-Bonpl. [P00136348, Morton neg. 8159]; isolectotype: P-Bonpl. [P00136349, Morton neg. 8160]).
• Solanum salignum Willd., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roem. & Schultes], 4: 663. 1819. Type: “In America meridion.”, A. Humboldt & A. Bonpland s.n. (holotype: B-W [B-W-4335, F neg. 2894, IDC microfiche 271-315.298:III.3]).
• Solanum prunifolium Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roem. & Schultes], 4: 662. 1819. Type: Venezuela. Distrito Federal: Caracas, F. Bredemeyer s.n. (holotype: B-W 4321 [IDC microfiche 271-315.297:II.8]; isotype: W).
• Solanum venustum Kunth, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1845: 10. 1845. Type: Germany: Cultivated in Berlin, from tropical America (probably destroyed at B, no specimens found).
• Solanum tenuifolium Dunal, Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 87. 1852. Type: Venezuela. Distrito Federal: Caracas, 1830, Vargas 246 (lectotype, designated here: G-DC [G00144960, F neg. 6741, IDC microfiche 800-61.2068:II.2]).
• Solanum botryophorum Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. 27: 50. 1890. Type: Brazil. Pernambuco: Ins. Fernando Noronha, Sapate and east hills, H.N. Ridley, T.S. Lea & G.A. Ramage s.n. [68] (lectotype, designated here: BM [BM000887992]; isolectotypes: BM [BM000815913], K [K000590078, K000590079]).
• Solanum seaforthianum Andrews var. disjunctum O.E.Schulz, in Urb., Symb. Antill. 6: 169. 1909. Type: Cuba. Santa Clara: Distr. Cienfuegos, Cieneguita, R. Combs 35 (lectotype, designated here: GH [GH00077562]; isolectotypes: K [K000196456], MO [MO-2089893], F [F-357862]).
• Solanum kerrii Bonati, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, sér. 2, 5: 309. 1914. Type: Thailand. Sirincha, 22 Sep 1911, A. Kerr s.n. [2092] (holotype: P [P00055352]; probable isotype: BM [BM000886112, as Kerr 2092]).

Type

England. Cultivated from seeds from the West Indies, no specimens known (lectotype, designated by Symon 1981^[1], pg. 67: Andrews, Bot. Repos. tab. 504. 1808).

Description

Woody vines, twining by the petioles. Stems terete, glabrous or sparsely pubescent with white simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.2 mm long; new growth glabrous or with a few simple uniseriate trichomes on the stems, often drying black. Bark of older stems brown to reddish brown. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple or more often pinnatifid to deeply pinnatifid with up to 4 pairs of leaflets, (2-)3.5–10(-13) cm long, (1-)2–9(-11) cm wide, elliptic to broadly triangular in outline, widest in the basal third, membranous, the upper surfaces glabrous or with tiny simple uniseriate trichomes on the veins and margins, these sometimes extending to the lamina near the base, the lower surfaces glabrous; primary veins 4–6 pairs, in lobed leaves corresponding to the number of lobes, often drying yellowish brown; base acute, truncate or slightly cordate, occasionally oblique and asymmetric; margins less commonly entire, usually 3–7 lobed, the lobes to 5 cm long, 2 cm wide, smaller basiscopically; apex acute to acuminate; petioles 1–4 cm long, adaxially pubescent in a tiny groove with tiny simple trichomes like those of the upper leaf surfaces, twining. Inflorescences terminal, later lateral, to 25 cm long or more, with many open, divaricate branches, with up to 100 or more flowers, glabrous; peduncle to 6 cm long; pedicels 0.8–1.4 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the apex, glabrous, articulated at the base from a small sleeve, leaving a small peg on the inflorescence axis; pedicel scars irregularly spaced 2–6 mm apart, closer together near the tips of the inflorescence branches. Buds globose, slightly inflated, the corolla strongly exserted from the calyx tube long before anthesis. Buds globose, slightly inflated, the corolla strongly exserted from the calyx tube long before anthesis. Flowers all perfect, 5-merous. Calyx tube ca. 0.5 mm long, flattened and open, the lobes < 0.2 mm long, mere apiculae from the entire rim, glabrous with tufts of tiny simple trichomes to 0.2 mm on the apiculae. Corolla 1.1–2.5 cm in diameter, violet or pale violet, stellate, lobed 1/2 to 2/3 of the way to the base, the lobes 5–9 mm long, 3–4.5 mm wide, spreading or slightly cupped at anthesis, densely and minutely pubescent on the tips and margins, the trichomes simple, uniseriate, tangled, otherwise glabrous. Filament tube minute, the free portion of the filaments markedly unequal, the longest filament 2–3 mm long, elongating as anthesis progresses, the other four 1–1.5 mm long, quite variable in length, occasionally with two filaments longer, all glabrous; anthers 2–3 mm long, 1–1.5 mm wide, occasionally one anther slightly larger, ellipsoid, loosely connivent, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores not markedly lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 7–10 mm long, strongly curved away from the anther on the long filament, glabrous, sometimes violet; stigma capitate, the surface minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, 0.8–1.4 cm in diameter, bright shiny red when ripe, glabrous, the pericarp thin; fruiting pedicels 0.8–1.4 cm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at base and apex, pendent from weight of berries, not markedly woody. Seeds 4–20 per berry, 4–4.5 mm long, 2.5–3 mm wide, flattened-reniform, pale yellowish tan, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal, the lateral cell walls elongate to 0.5 mm long, leaving a wing of ca. 0.5 mm around the seed and the seed appearing pubescent. Chromosome number: n=12 (Sarkar et al. 1980^[2]).

Distribution

(Figure 87). Probably native to the islands of the West Indies and coastal northern South America in Colombia and Venezuela, perhaps also on the Caribbean slope of Central America and Mexico; widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics (often escaped and apparently naturalised).

Ecology

Dry forests and thorn scrub in its native range; cultivated in the tropics and subtropics in a wide variety of habitats.

Common names:

Haiti: lilas (Ekman H-403); Colombia: doncenon (Dugand 280). Venezuela: alegría de viajero (Steyermark 62349)

Conservation status

Least Concern (LC); EOO >100,000 km2 (LC) and AOO >10,000 km2 (LC). See Moat (2007)^[3] for explanation of measurements.

Discussion

Solanum seaforthianum is most similar to the Mexican and Central American Solanum dulcamaroides, with which it shares large inflorescences, globose, slightly inflated buds, and flowers with fleshy, keeled lobes. Solanum seaforthianum is easily distinguished from that species in its mostly pinnate leaves (rather than mostly simple on flowering stems) that are almost completely glabrous, and its unequal filaments. The anthers of Solanum dulcamaroides are unusual in that they have a thick, papillate abaxial surface, not present in Solanum seaforthianum. Unequal filaments are also found in the somewhat similar species Solanum flaccidum of southern Brazil and the widespread but morphologically quite distinct Solanum uncinellum. Solanum seaforthianum can be easily distinguished from Solanum uncinellum by its glabrous pinnate leaves, ellipsoid (rather than elongate and pointed) buds, ellipsoid rather than tapering anthers, and its broader corolla lobes. It differs from Solanum flaccidum in its bright red (rather than purple) berries and the glabrous, mostly pinnate or pinnatifid leaves. The native distributions of these taxa do not overlap, but as Solanum seaforthianum is often cultivated, it can be found in a variety of regions, both cultivated and naturalised.
The leaves of Solanum seaforthianum are most usually pinnate or pinnatifid and only rarely simple, the reverse of the case in many other species of the Dulcamaroid clade, except Solanum angustifidum. Solanum seaforthianum differs from Solanum angustifidum in having broad, rather than narrow, leaf lobes and glabrous filaments. In other taxa juvenile leaves are pinnate (see Solanum dulcamaroides), so it may be that the pinnate leaves of Solanum seaforthianum that persist on mature stems are neotenic in nature. The mechanism by which leaf shape is regulated in this group, however, has not been investigated.
Solanum seaforthianum is widely cultivated in tropical areas for its showy flowers in large inflorescences, as is Solanum laxum from southern South America. The two taxa are easily distinguished by leaf shape (pinnate versus simple), pubescence (glabrous versus pubescent with tufts of trichomes in the vein axils) and berry color (red versus purple). The corollas of Solanum seaforthianum are more deeply divided than those of Solanum laxum, and are usually purple rather than white in cultivation. Solanum seaforthianum appears to have escaped from cultivation in both Australia and South Africa, but the extent of its spread is not clear at present.
No original material traceable to the protologue of Solanum seaforthianum exists; Symon (1981)^[1] used the original plate (see Figure 88) as the lectotype. Both Solanum cyrrhosum and Solanum salignum were based on collections made by Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland in northern Venezuela. It is likely that these are based on the same gathering (see Lack 2004^[4]; Knapp 2007) but in the absence of direct evidence I have considered them to be heterotypic; the sheets in P and B-W differ in leaf morphology and may not be from the same plants. I have lectotypified Solanum cyrrhosum with the more completely labelled of two sheets in P-Bonpl. (P000136348). The spelling of Solanum cyrrhosum (e.g., Nee 1999) has sometimes been un-necessarily corrected to “cirrhosum”.
Of the many syntypes of Solanum tenuifolium, the sheet in G-DC of Vargas 246, collected in 1830, has a label in Dunal’s hand saying “Solanum tenuifolium nob.”, making it the logical choice for a lectotype.
Five syntypes were cited in the protologue of Solanum seaforthianum var. disjunctum, two from Cuba (Combs 35, van Hermann 5080), two from Haiti (Buch 80, Buch 467) and one from St. Jan (US Virgin Islands, Raunkiaer 3127), all housed in B, all now destroyed; I have found multiple duplicates of only one of these (Combs 35 from Cuba) and the sheet at GH (GH00077562) is here selected as the lectotype.
The holotype of Solanum kerrii in P bears no locality information, but of three duplicates in BM (the first set of Kerr’s collections) only one, Kerr 2092 collected in 1911, is possible type material; the other two sheets were collected in December 1914 (in Chiang Mai) and 1921 (without locality), too late to have been used by Bonati in 1914.

Specimens examined [countries of putative native range]

Belize. Bot. Centre, Sep 1894, Moloney 115 (K);
Bermuda. Fort Hamilton, Pembroke, 29 May 1970, Manuel 1151 (A);
Brazil. Ceará: Ceará, Brejo Grande, western side of Serra de Araripe, Jul 1839, Gardner 2427 (BM, K); Goias: Aragarças, ca. 3 km N of Barra do Garças, 1 Mar 1968, Philcox & Fereira 4468 (K); Minas Gerais: Três Corações, Rod. 3 Corocoes-S. Tomé das Letras, 4 Feb 1973, Hatschbach & Ahumada 31248 (F); Paraná: Curitiba, Passeio Público, 29 Apr 1969, Hatschbach 21450 (F); Curitiba, 1 Jun 1974, Hatschbach 34464 (BH); Pernambuco: Fernando do Noronha, from East Hills, 22 Sep 1887, Ridley et al. 69 (BM); Rio Grande do Sul: Porto Alegre, 1955, Rambo 57199 (B); São Paulo: Horto Faculdade Farmácia, 27 Sep 1933, Kuhlmann SP-10694 (F); Tocantins: Aurora de Tocantins, Lavadeira, rodovia a Campos Belos a Taguatinga, 11 Feb 1994, Hatschbach et al. 60388 (G).
British Virgin Islands. St. Croix: Mt. Stewart, 19 Jan 1961, Howard 15285 (A); St. Kitts: sin. loc, Walsh s.n. (K); St. Lucia: Vigie, Castries, 4 Jun 1986, Pierre 334 (A); Choisuel, 250 m, 26 Feb 1986, Slane 827 (A); Morne, 243 m, May 1968, Sturrock A-39 (A).
Colombia. Antioquia: Medellín, 1500 m, 30 Jun 1930, Archer 373 (US); Medellín, Aug 1943, Brother Daniel 2956 (US); Medellín, alrededores, 570 m, 25 Oct 1947, Gutiérrez V. et al. 1457 (US); Am Rio Medellin, 1500 m, Sep 1884, Lehmann 231 (BM); Antioquia, 2.5 km NW on road to Turbo, bewteen km 79 and 80, 700 m, 4 Jul 1971, Nee &Mori 4283 (US); Atlantico: Usiacurí, vicinity of Baranquilla, 250 m, Jul 1927, Brother Elias 243 (US); Bolívar: Hacienda de Coloncito, near Turbaco, 200 m, 9 Nov 1926, Killip & Smith 14344 (US); Caldas: Chinchiná, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café, 1360 m, 27 Sep 1948, Hawkes 408 (US); Cauca: Dagua valley, 800 m, Lehmann 4711 (F, US); Cundinamarca: Guaduas, alrededores y orillas del Río San Francisco, 1000 m, 5 Nov 1945, García-Barriga 11753 (US); Bogotá, La Mesa, 1200 m, Triana s.n. (US); Prov. de Tequendama desde Laclusa hasta Anapoima, 700 m, 1854, Triana 3855 /48 (BM); Huila: Altamira, 1920, Brother Ariste-Joseph A 733 (US); Magdalena: Manuare, 700 m, 29 Apr 1944, Haught 4128 (US); Parque Nacional Tayrona, trail to Pueblito, 150 m, 24 Oct 1972, Kirkbride 2519 (US); Meta: Villavicencio, Martson Bates garden, 16 May 1944, Fosberg 21924 (US); Norte de Santander: Ocaña, Engel s.n. (LE); between Pamplonita and Chinacota, Río Pamplonita valley, 1300 m, 17 Mar 1927, Killip & Smith 20747 (US); Valle del Cauca: Lobo Guerrero, Cordillera Occidental, vertiente occidental, 610 m, 9 Sep 1944, Cuatrecasas 17780 (F); hoya del Río de la Vieja, entre Piedra de Moler y Alto del Dinde (entre Cartago y Alcalá), 1170 m, 17 Nov 1946, Cuatrecasas 22986 (F, US); Barranquilla, 13 Dec 1932, Dugand 280 (F); Palmira, 27 Jun 1982, Murphy & Parra 610 (US).
Costa Rica. Alajuela: Cuesta Colorada, Río Itiquis, Finca Las Lluvias, 840 m, 19 Nov 1988, Grayum et al. 9110 (MEXU); Cantón de Alajuela, Valle Central; El Roble a Río Ciruelas; a la par del río, donde cruce el camino a Guácima, 800 m, 29 Sep 1993, Hammel et al. 19409 (MO); Heredia: Belén, Cuenca de Taracoles, San Vicente, 900 m, 23 Dec 2002, González & González 2481 (G); Cantón de Santo Domingo, Town of Santo Domingo, 1150 m, 2 Sep 1990, Solomon 19144 (BM); Limón: Limón, 14 Dec 1881, Lehmann 1062 (G); Zu Garten bei Limón, Dec 1881, Lehmann 1012 (BM, K, US); vicinity of Guápiles, 300 m, 12 Mar 1924, Standley, P.C., 37368 (US); San José: Cantón de Pérez Zeledón, Cordillera de Talamanca, San Isidro de El General, Repunta, Finca de Miguel Quesada, 700 m, 1 Aug 1993, Aguilar & Quesada 2075 (MO); San José, Dec 1984, Pittier & Durand 9097 (BM); San José, 1100 m, Feb 1896, Smith 6671 (US); San José, près la station de San José, 1135 m, Jun 1893, Tonduz 8024 (G, US); San José; Jardin de l’Observatoire, Jul 1896, Tonduz 9097 (G, LE, US).
Cuba. Cienfuegos: sin. loc, Jun 1928, Brens s.n. (L); Cieneguita, 13 Dec 1895, Combs 35 (K); Harvard Tropical Garden, Soledad, Cienfuegos, 29 Sep 1927, Jack 5518 (A); La Habana: Santiago de las Vegas, 30 Sep 1908, Baker s.n. (B); near Morrano, 8 Jan 1905, Hermann 454 (F); Santiago de las Vegas, 9 Dec 1905, Hermann 5080 (F); Pinar del Río: Viñales, 15 Jul 1950, Brothers Alain & Clemente 1481 (GH); Mogote de la Bandera, Viñales, 19 Sep 1953, Brother Alain 3525 (GH).
Dominica. Near road at margin of cultivated area between Wesley and Woodford Hill, 19 Aug 1965, Ernst 2091 (MO); Roseau, Botanic Gardens, 30 May 1940, Hodge 3913 (GH); sin. loc, 1841, Hoskin s.n. (K).
Dominican Republic. Distrito Nacional: Santo Domingo, 24 Jan 1899, Millspaugh 858 (F); La Altagracia: San Rafael de Yuma, 1 km from bridge over Río Duey, on road to Los Negros, 50 m, 6 Feb 1981, Zanoni et al. 10811 (JBSD); Loma el Peñon, 21 klm oeste de Higuey en el camino a El Seibo, al norte del pueblo Bejucalito, 200 m, 22 Oct 1981, Zanoni & Mejía 17351 (JBSD); La Romana: La Romana, El Gato, 50 m, 15 Nov 1973, Liogier 20749 (JBSD); La Vega: Constanza, a la derecha del cruce Culo de Maco, Cordillera Central, 1700 m, 15 Apr 1998, Veloz et al. 1265 (JBSD); Loma El Campanario, Cordillera Central, 4 km oeste de La Culata de Constanza, 1800 m, 8 Sep 1982, Zanoni et al. 23226 (JBSD); Monte Cristi: Distr. of Monción. Cultiv, 30 m, 26 Jun 1931, Valeur 681 (F, G, GH, K, MO); Peravia: Loma Redonda, al N de El Naranjal (de San José Ocoa), Cordillera Central, 600 m, 21 Jun 1984, Zanoni et al. 30778 (JBSD); Puerto Plata: Imbert, Arroyo Seco, area 9, km 2, sitio de la concession de explotación minera La Potranca, 28 Nov 2000, Bastardo & Clase 1245 (JBSD); Sosúa, Parque Nacional El Choco, secc. Cabarete, en la parte central del parque, 200 m, Clase et al. 265 (JBSD); Río Muñoz, 20 Jun 1887, Eggers 2561 (GOET); Isabel de Torres, estribo sur, 780 m, 20 Sep 1975, Liogier & Liogier 23941 (JBSD); Isabel de Torres, estriba este, 750 m, 11 Feb 1977, Liogier & Liogier 26442 (JBSD); Cabarete, El Choco, 50 m, 12 Feb 1977, Liogier & Liogier 26487 (JBSD); Sosúa, Paraje La Catalina, Sección Cabarete, orilla del Río Catalina, 80 m, 10 May 1999, Ángeles & Clase 119 (JBSD); San Pedro de Macorís: en la orilla de la carretera San Pedro-La Romana, lado oriental del puente sobre el Río Soco, 15 m, 29 Oct 1992, Zanoni et al. 47042 (B, JBSD); Sánchez Ramírez: Los Haiteses, 2 hours on foot from Las Cien Tareas of Cotuí, 16 Aug 1980, Dod s.n. (JBSD); Los Haiteses, 2 hours on foot from Las Cien Tareas of Cotuí, 16 Aug 1980, Dod s.n. (JBSD).
Ecuador. Guayas: Cantón Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Mille 971 (F); Cantón Guayaquil, Guayaquil, and vicinity, 1964, Valverde 123 (US); Loja: road Catacocha-Macará, ca. 12 km SW of Catacocha, 1400 m, 8 Nov 1977, Harling et al. 15217 (MO).
El Salvador. Ahuachapán: El Imposible, San Francisco Menéndez, montaña de la division, 12 Aug 1994, López ISF-00388 (LAGU); La Libertad: Jardin Botánico La Laguna, zona 1, San Salvador, Flores 00133 (LAGU); Jardin Botánico La Laguna, zona 24, 805 m, 21 Aug 1998, Renderos 517 (BM, LAGU, MA); Plan de La Laguna, 805 m, 18 Sep 1989, Villacorta 403 (LAGU).
French Guiana. Cayenne, vic, 7 Jul 1921, Broadway 833 (US).
Guadeloupe. Basse-Terre: Route de la Traversée, 17 Feb 1976, Sastre et al. 4306 (A); Grande-Terre: Morne a L’Eau, 14 Jan 1982, Jeremie 983 (A); Les Saintes: Terre-de-Haut, 10 m, 16 Apr 1984, Defferrard 4506 (G); Terre de Haut, Fort Napoleon, 31 Dec 1986, Sastre 8297 (K).
Guatemala. Guatemala: Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, 1500 m, 18 Oct 1994, Poll & Escobar s.n. (BM); Quetzaltenango: El Palmar, 11 Feb 1906, Kellerman 5879 (MEXU); Retalhuleu: Champerico, Nov 1877, Bernoulli & Cario 2343 (GOET); San Felipe, 625 m, Apr 1892, Donnell Smith 2677 (K); Santa Rosa: Santa Rosa, 914 m, Sep 1892, Heyde & Lux DS-3821 (G, K).
Guyana. Military Burial Ground, Aug 1912, Mansfield s.n. (K); Demerara, Parker, C.S., s.n. (K x2); Bel’Air, Jun 1923, Persaud 305 (F, G).
Haiti. Dept. du Sud: Port-a-Piemont, 27 Jul 1917, Ekman H-403 (G); L’Artibonite: Gros Morne, street of Gros Morne, 235 m, 17 Feb 1926, Leonard 9844 (GH).
Honduras. Comayagua: Siguatepeque, 1050 m, 5 Jul 1936, Yuncker et al. 5685 (G, K); El Paraíso: La Lodosa, por el camino hacia el Valle de Jamastrán, ca. 10 km al sureste de Danlí, 900 m, 10 Oct 1994, Linares & Metsger 1783 (MEXU); Francisco Morazán: Ojojona 24 km SO de Tegucigalpa, 1033 m, 3 Aug 1985, Bustillo 21 (B, BM); Tegucigalpa, Colonia 15 de Septiembre, 950 m, 7 May 1983, Guerra C. 181 (MEXU); Campus of EAP El Zamorano, 800 m, 6 Jun 2001, Molina R. & Molina 35157 (MEXU); Tegucigalpa, Barrio Reparto Arriba, 950 m, 12 Oct 1982, Montoya 75 (MEXU); Montaña La Tigra, 20 km al NE de Tegucigalpa, 1500 m, 4 Oct 1983, Rodríguez 191 (MEXU); Lempira: Ciudad de Gracias, 1000 m, 7 Dec 1971, Nelson et al. 317 (MEXU); Ocotepeque: Cordillera Meredón, El Portillo, 1900 m, 5 Sep 1975, Molina R. & Molina 31107 (PMA); Olancho: Catacamas, Outskirts of town on E side, by stream, 11 Sep 1991, Chorley 171 (BM).
Jamaica. Kingston, Park Lodge Garden, 10 Mar 1889, Kidder s.n. (ECON); Pons, Jan 1892, Lloyd, R.N., 1076 (MO); Hanover: Lucea, 1 Mar 1991, Hitchcock s.n. (MO); Manchester: Mandeville, Marshalls Pen, 2.25 mi due NW of Mandeville, 701 m, 3 Nov 1963, Proctor 24153 (BM); Middlesex: Moneague, 21 Jan 1952, Hunnewell 19760 (GH); Saint Elizabeth: Prospect, Apr 1926, Maxwell s.n. (BM).
Martinique. Ste. Pierre, 1853, Bélanger s.n. (G); Lavratier, 17 Apr 1934, Rodríguez 3428 (A); Tivoli, 20 Jan 1939, Stehlé & Stehlé 4345 (A).
Mexico. Baja California: La Paz, 20 Jan 1890, Palmer 74 (GH, K); Chiapas: La Trinitaria, La Trinitaria, 1307 m, 8 Aug 1998, Martínez S. et al. 31083 (MEXU); Acacoyagua, 29 Feb 1948, Matuda 17531 (MEXU); Durango: Pueblo Nuevo, El Zapote, alrededores, 800 m, 12 Oct 1981, Fernández N. 1921 (MEXU); Guanajuato: Arroyo Xichú, cercano al poblado de Xichú, 1380 m, 30 Sep 1987, Santillán 400 (MEXU); Xichú, Las Adjuntas, 1000 m, 18 Oct 1990, Ventura & López 8994 (F, MEXU); Xichú, El Tanque, 1300 m, 4 Dec 1991, Ventura & López 9899 (MEXU); Guerrero: Eduardo Neri, Amatitlán, 1520 m, 25 Oct 1994, Cruz Durán 94 (MEXU); Azueta, Pas de Vallecitos, 2 km al NO de Vallecito de Zaragoza, 530 m, 11 Dec 1985, Soto N. 11628 (MEXU); Guayameo, Las Guacamayas, 19 km al SE de Guaymeo, camino a Placeres de Oro, 1150 m, 7 Sep 1982, Soto N. & Silva R. 4426 (MEXU); Xalitla, 26 Mar 1995, Villa & Hernández 662 (MEXU); Malinaltepec, Malinaltepec, 1600 m, 4 Jun 1989, Wagenbreth 42 (MEXU); Jalisco: Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, camino a Arroyo Hondo, 200 m despues del Aguaje, Cajtitlán, 1555 m, 28 Sep 1997, Cortés R. & Ortiz C. 95 (MEXU); Talpa, ca. 2 miles N on road to Allende, 1200 m, 14 Sep 1960, McVaugh 20200 (G); Guadalajara, 12 Jun 1900, Puga s.n. (MEXU); Tuito, brecha 3 km al N del Tuito, 980 m, 26 Dec 1976, Puga et al. 9631 (MEXU); Michoacán: Coalcomán, Zarzamora, 1200 m, 26 Sep 1933, Hinton 12255 (K); Morelos: Puente de Ixtla, 3 km al SO de la desv. al Puente de Ixtla, sobre la carr. federal a Cuernavaca-Amacuzac, 3 Nov 1987, Cabrera & Cabrera 14670 (CICY); Puente de Ixtla, 3 km al SO de la desv. al Puente de Ixtla, sobre la carr. federal a Cuernavaca-Amacuzac, 3 Nov 1987, Cabrera et al. 14670 (MEXU); Nayarit: Islas Marías, Isla Maria Madre, brecha Rehilete-V. Carranza, 4 Dec 1986, Chiang & Flores F. 1202 (MEXU); Tepic, 4.3 km al E del entronque a la Escondida, carr. vieja Tepic-Mazatlán, 900 m, 17 Sep 1990, Ramírez R. & Flores C. 677 (MEXU); Nuevo León: W of Linares near km 31, 792 m, 20 Oct 1970, Bates et al. 1702 (BH); Puebla: Coxcatlán, San José Tilapa, 700 m from San José on the Tehuacán road for Teotitló and Oaxaca, 950 m, 6 Dec 2003, Calzada 24284 (K); Matamoros, 8 Oct 1942, Miranda 2393 (MEXU); Querétaro: Jalpan, 2 km al SE de Carrizal, 1000 m, 26 Jan 1989, Carranza 1409 (MEXU); Jalpan, San Vicente, al N, 1150 m, 1 Sep 1990, Carranza 2689 (MEXU); Landa, Rincón de la Chirimoya, 2.5 km al SE de Acatitlán de Zaragoza, 1320 m, 26 Jun 1989, González 698 (MEXU); Quintana Roo: Jiquipilas, 550 m, 8 Aug 1993, Ferrera Sarmiento 212 (MEXU); Sinaloa: Sinaloa de Leyva, Los Gatos, al N de Agua Caliente, 12 Oct 1976, Pérez 59 (MEXU); El Saucito, 52 km al E de Mocorito, brecha a Surutato, 300 m, 7 Oct 1985, Tenorio L. 10310 (MEXU); Sonora: Arroyo Santa Ana, 1 km SW de Santa Ana de Yécora, 760 m, 27 May 1996, Búrquez et al. 96-205 (MEXU); Santa Ana de Yécora, 850 m, 2 Oct 1997, Trauba s.n. (MEXU); Tabasco: Huimanguillo, Ocuapan, rumbo a Mecatepec km 9 al sur de Huimanguillo, km 2 rumbo a Fco. Rueda, 16 Jan 1979, Cowan 1783 (MEXU); Tamaulipas: N of Lomas del Real, 7 miles north of main highway on dirt road which turns off just north of Altamira, 27 Oct 1959, Johnston & Graham 4527 (MEXU); Tula, Laguna de Tula, 7 Dec 1993, Moro-Olivo et al. 5058 (MEXU); Veracruz: Emiliano Zapata, carretera Zalapa-Veracruz desv. para los Baños Carrizal, 8 Oct 1975, Calzada 2063 (MEXU); Jalapa, 6 Sep 1936, MacDaniels 933 (BH); Comapa, 1 km al NE de El Coyol, 500 m, 30 Jun 1985, Medina A. & Acosta P. 290 (MEXU); Xalapa, Jardín Botánico Francisco Javier Clavijero, 1300 m, 12 Oct 1979, Ortega O. 1391 (MEXU); Dos Ríos, El Carrizal, 400 m, 11 Nov 1979, Ventura A. 2822 (MEXU); Catemaco, Playa Hermosa, 300 m, 26 Nov 1975, Ventura A. 12156 (MEXU); Yucatán: Valladolid, Xocén, 30 m, 15 Jul 1988, Acosta 188 (CICY); Sabacché, 25 Aug 1956, Enríquez 763 (MEXU); Peto, al 2 km al W de Peto, 9 Mar 1992, Ku Yam 162 (MEXU); Mérida, en el poblado de Molas, 8 m, 2 Feb 1983, Narváez 936 (CICY); Mérida, Mérida, 8 m, 30 Nov 1983, Narváez 1186 (MEXU); Yaxcabá, Tixcacaltuyub, 24 m, 27 Jun 1980, Vargas R. 69 (CICY).
Montserrat. Fox’s Bay, 19 Mar 1979, Howard et al. 19034 (A, BM); Fox’s Bay, 1 m, 6 Feb 1959, Proctor 19055 (A); Coconut Hill, 21 Jan 1907, Shafer 82 (F).
Netherlands Antilles. Saba: Booby Hill, 475 m, 6 Jun 1953, Stoffers 3161 (A).
Nicaragua. Estelí: Sábana Larga, 1060 m, 13 Apr 1981, Moreno 8103 (MEXU); Cerro La Mocuana, faldas del cerro, al E de Trinidad, 750 m, 23 Jun 1981, Moreno 9460 (MEXU); KM 163 on Hwy 1, 13 km N of Río Estelí, bridge on N side of Estelí, 920 m, 1 Sep 1983, Nee & Miller 27696 (BM); km 163 on Hwy 1, ca. 11.2 km N of entrance to Estelí, 920 m, 5 Aug 1977, Stevens 2997 (MEXU); km 163 on Hwy 1, ca. 11.2 km N of entrance to Estelí, 920 m, 29 Jun 1980, Stevens & Montiel 17722 (MEXU); Managua: Esquipulas, 10 km SE of Managua, 13 Jun 1977, Neill 2119 (MEXU); Matagalpa: Carretera al Tuma, 0.5 km antes de llegar a la entrada a “La Cumplida”, 600 m, 8 Sep 1980, Guzmán et al. 741 (BM); camino a San José de los Remates, 1 km N de La Majada, ribera E de Quebrada La Majada, 400 m, 15 Jun 1980, Moreno 797 (MEXU).
Panama. Los Santos: Los Asientos, 15 Aug 1969, Wendehake 26 (PMA); Los Asientos, 15 Aug 1969, Wendehake 29 (PMA); Panamá: campus principal de la Universidad de Panamó, alrededores de la Facultad de Agronomía, 5 Dec 1980, Correa A. 4241 (PMA); Farfan Beach Road, 3 Aug 1967, Kirkbride & Elías 62 (PMA); 0.6-0.9 miles S of intersection Ezra Hurwitz Road and Farfan Road, on E Hurwitz Road, Farfan Beach area and marsh, 2 Nov 1981, Knapp 1930 (MO, PMA); Área de Canal: más o menos 0.5 millas de la carretera de Playa Farfan, en el camino a Palo Seco, 3 Sep 1969, Correa A. et al. 1584 (PMA).
Puerto Rico. Trujillo Plant Station, 14 Jan 1936, Britton & Britton 9867 (BH); Hato Rey, Pennock Gardens, 28 Feb 1967, Howard 16337 (A); Hato Rey, Pennock Gardens, 28 Feb 1967, Howard 16347 (A); Mayaguez, 1916, Hunn s.n. (BH); Vega Alta, Road 675, 2 Feb 1982, Santiago-Blay s.n. (MO); Saban Grande, 22 Mar 1935, Sargent 218 (MO); Uluado, ad Caguana, 23 Feb 1887, Sintenis 6343 (BM, F, G, L, MO).
Saint Lucia. Marquis estate, 3 m, 4 Apr 1958, Proctor 18152 (A, BM).
Saint Vincent/Grenadines. Saint Vincent: sin. loc., 2 Jan 1823, Caley s.n. (BM).
Trinidad and Tobago. Tobago: Scarborough, The Chateau, 18 Sep 1913, Broadway s.n. (G); Old Grange, 28 Aug 1913, Broadway 4693 (BM, GH); Scarborough, 10 Jan 1953, Hunnewell 19989 (GH); Friendsfield road, 9 Oct 1937, Sandwith 1674 (K); Trinidad: San Fernando Hill, 152 m, 1 Feb 1953, Baker & Simmonds 14848 (K); Woodbrook, 3 Sep 1932, Broadway s.n. (A, B); San Fernando, San Fernando Hill, 18 Jul 1926, Broadway 6369 (BM, K); Chancellor Road, Jan 1922, Corstophine & Corstophine s.n. (BM); Chacachacare, SE ridge of island, 9 Feb 1950, Howard 10436 (A); SW Reserve, 4 Nov 1949, Simmonds 14479 (K).
United States of America. Florida: Palm Beach County, Drehev Park, 25 Oct 1966, Cassen 38 (BM); Broward County, Fort Lauderdale, 1 Jan 1964, Meriläinen & Roe 126 (LE); Hawaii: Vaipio, 198 m, 9 Nov 1967, Herbst 700 (L); Kauai, Haiku, where Aakulkui Road crosses Puhi Stream, Lihue District, 85 m, 17 Nov 1975, Herbst & Spence 5558 (L); Hawaii, Hilo, 4 Aug 1981, Schwabe s.n. (B).
Venezuela. Aragua: San Juan de los Morros, Near Morro, 400 m, 3 Jan 1939, Alston 6015 (BM); Maracaibo, 1893, Mocquerys 792 (US); Parque Nacional Guamitas, 760 m, Jul 1940, Williams 13493 (F); Guamitas, cerca del Parque Nacional, Jul 1940, Williams 13493 (US); Bolívar: Cuidad Bolivar and vicinity, on the Orinoco, 60 m, 8 Mar 1921, Bailey & Bailey 1897 (BH); Hato de Nuria, E. of Miamo, Altiplanicie de Nuria; north of road, 400 m, 1 Jan 1961, Steyermark 88841 (US); Carabobo: Punta Palmita, 400 m, 20 Jul 1968, Benítez de Rojas 366 (BM); alrededores hacienda Macapo, camino de penetracion hacia lo Guacamayo, 600 m, 19 Jul 1969, Benítez de Rojas 708 (BM); Las Trincheras, 16 Dec 1891, Warming s.n. (F); Distrito Federal: Las Adjuntas, Dec 1924, Allart 501 (US); Caracas, Cochburn, s.n. (BM); Caracas, 1917, Curran & Haman 1077 (US); Cumbre del Silencio, 17 Jun 1891, Eggers, H.F.A., 13126 (US); Caracas, 914 m, 12 Feb 1854, Fendler 976 (GOET); Caracas, Urb. La Florida, 950 m, 2 Aug 1979, Nee 17113 (F); Caracas, 800 m, Oct 1921, Pittier 9871 (US); Lara: Duaca, 1893, Mocquerys s.n. (US); Miranda: Río Chico, 1 Jun 1923, Jahn 1266 (US); Santa Lucía, 150 m, 6 Mar 1943, Killip & Smith 37028 (US); 7 km E of Cúpira, new road 1 km S of main road, starting at Río Chupaquire S of El Guacuco, 16 May 1981, Leisner & González 11909 (F x2); Carenere, 4-5 kms N between Carenere and Chirimena, 10 m, 22 Nov 1969, Steyermark &Bunting 102316 (US); Mérida: Aricagua, vicinity of Cristobal Colon, 5 Jan 1923, Broadway 492 (US); Nueva Esparta: Island of Margarita, El Valle, 18 Jul 1901, Miller & Johnston . 104 (BM, F, GH, US); Sucre: Cumaná, 304 m, Jul 1842, Funck & Schlim 46 (LE); Sucre, Parque National Mochima, carretera cerca del pueblo de Mochima, 8 Sep 1982, Garafolo 981 (US); Cocollar, 820 m, 28 Apr 1945, Steyermark 62349 (F); alrededores de Cumana, 3 Apr 1969, Trujillo 9374 (BM); Trujillo: lower Cotiza, near Caracas, 800 m, 19 May 1917, Pittier 7169 (US); Cotiza, 22 Mar 1958, Williams 9958 (F); Zulia: Mara, 3 km by air WSW of Corpozulia Campamento Carichuano, 140 m, 30 May 1980, Steyermark et al. 122933 (F, US);
Virgin Islands (US). St. Croix: Scenic Road near Bodkin Mill, 15 Jan 1979, Fosberg & Hayes 58962 (BM); St. Thomas: sin. loc., 1827, Wydler 67 (G).

Specimens examined

[introduced, cultivated or naturalised]. Australia. New South Wales: Moore Park, Richmond River, 15 miles NW of Kyogle, 27 May 1964, Constable 4903 (LE); Queensland: Far North Queensland, Mount Whitfield, Mt. Whitfield, blue arrow trail. Gap at trailside, 130 m, 19 Jul 2011, Bohs & Stern 3886 (BRI, CNS, UT); near Lake Euramoo on the road around Lake Tinaroo, 5 km W of Mobo Crater, 16 Aug 1990, Luckow 3757 (BH); Rockhampton, Jim Crow Mountain, 5 Apr 1963, McKee 10261 (L); Atherton, SFR 191, 7 miles S of Atherton, 600 m, 26 Feb 1965, Rudder 3608 (L); Atherton, vicinity, 17 May 1967, Symon, D.E., 4754 (B); Mount Surprise, 6 miles E, 26 May 1967, Symon 4900 (B); Ymbil, 4 Dec 1958, Walter & Walter 2659 (B).
Burma. Yaunghue, southern Shan states, 1000 m, 30 Aug 1934, Malaise 534 (S).
Central African Republic. region de Mbaiki, Station Central de Boukoko (Oubangi-Chari, A.E.F.), 18 Apr 1951, Tisserant 2083 (BM).
China. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, University nursery, 8 Feb 2001, Hu & Yung 317 (A, NY); Chung Chi College, garden of Glora Barretto, 7 Jun 1970, Hu 10366 (A).
Congo DR. Matadi, Kongo da Lemba, 21 Mar 1956, Dubois 109 (K); Equateur, Sala, 1906, Laurent s.n. (K); Barumbu, 6 Jan 1927, Linder 1880 (K); Shaba, Kumcunie, Feb 1975, Malaisse 8837 (K).
Cyprus. Kyrenia, 5 Jul 1955, Atherton 86 (K).
India. Chota Nagpur, Hazaribagh in hedge in St. Columba’s College compound, 609 m, 24 Oct 1953, Kerr 2343 (BM); Panchagani, Satara District, 4 Nov 1962, Krishnappa 368 (K); Horsely Hills, Andhrapradesh, Chittor Dist, 23 Sep 1977, Maesen 2794 (K); Dehra Dun, Mount Abu, 1219 m, 28 Sep 1958, Raizada 20269 (K); Chandbagh, Dehra Dun and vicinity, 25 Oct 1928, Singh 413 (F, S); Mysore: Hassan, Hassan District, 20 Sep 1971, Gandhi HFP-2060 (K); Hassan, Hassan, 20 Sep 1971, Gandhi 2060 (US); Hassan, Kesagodu-Vatehalla road, 15 May 1969, Saldanha 13521 (US); Hassan, Hassan, outskirts of town, 23 Aug 1969, Saldanha 14649 (US); Palacode: Dharmapuri, Kodagarai village, 22 Jul 1979, Matthew & Venugopal 23911 (A); Tamil Nadu: Yercad, Salem, Servarayans, Yercad Ghat road, near 18th bend, 1200 m, 13 Dec 1977, Arockiasamy 10038 (L); Dharmapuri, Dist. Denikanikottataluk, Denkanikotta, Forest Rest House, 675 m, 30 Oct 1981, Matthew et al. RHT-28530 (K); Dindigul, Dist. Kodaikanal, Palni (Pulney) Hills (formerly Madras State), 700 m, 6 Mar 1987, Matthew & Rajendren RHT-48498 (K).
Indonesia. Java: sin. loc, 10 Apr 1897, Moller s.n. (S); Timor: Lahurus, 600 m, 20 Jun 1968, Schmutz 2221 (L).
Japan. Okinawa: Shioya, 10 m, 29 Jun 1993, Leu & Wang 1961 (A); Nakagami, Ishikawa, Ishikawa Museum Grounds, 3 Jul 1951, Walker & Tawada 5993 (US); Tanujiya, Shana Wan, 20 Jun 1966, Walker 8192 (US); Tokunoshima: Hetono, Ooshima-gun, Amagi-cho, 24 Nov 1994, Kobayashi 2841 (A).
Kenya. Central: Embu, Embu town, police station compound, 1381 m, 17 Apr 2010, Vorontsova et al. 193 (BM, EA, K, NY); Kiambu: Kabete, FTEA region K4, Ngecha road, about 1km past Kitisuru road intersection, 1700 m, 13 Nov 1977, Kuchar 7797 (EA); Nairobi: Nairobi National Museum Botanic Garden, FTEA region K4, Jan 1949, Bally 6565 (EA, K); Kirichwa Ndogo, FTEA region K4, 1660 m, 10 Apr 1969, Bally 13282 (EA); Nairobi, FTEA region K4, Forest road, 8 Jun 1972, Kibuwa 1200 (EA); Chiromo, FTEA region K4, Chiromo Estate, 30 Apr 1970, Mathenge 601 (EA); Chiromo, FTEA region K4, University of Nairobi, Chiromo Campus, behind the Entomology Department, 1676 m, 26 May 1983, Mwangangi 2474 (EA); Nairobi, FTEA region K4, Ring River road, 1740 m, 24 Dec 1972, Sangai 1 (EA); Nakuru: Njoro, FTEA region K3, Egerton University, 2256 m, 25 Jun 1976, Gitonga 284 (EA); Taita Taveta: Bura, FTEA region K7, along Bura-Mugange road, 23 Jul 1972, Cheseny 30-72 (EA); Bura, FTEA region K7, west of Buar River, 4 km south of St. Mary’s Teachers Training College, 970 m, 21 Nov 1997, Mwachala EW-31 (EA); Taita Hills, FTEA region K7, 850 m, 31 Jul 1998, Mwachala 1203 (EA, K).
Lebanon. Beirut, 12 Jan 1951, Anonymous s.n. (G).
Madagascar. Toliara: Taolagnaro, (Fort Dauphim), region of Manambaro, near Tsiary, 34 m, 9 Apr 2007, Wen & Randriatafika 9666 (US).
Malawi. Dist. Zomba, Mingoli Farm, by Likangala River, 13 Jan 1979, Blackmore & Dudley 151 (BM).
Namibia. Gross Waterburg, near Waterberg in Waterberg Mountains, 11 Nov 1947, Rodin 2585 (BH, F); Kunene, Outjo, Farm Franken, 26 Jan 1953, Schwerdtfeger s.n. (B).
New Caledonia. Ouen Toro, 15 Jan 1955, McKee 2006 (L); Grande Terre: Mount Mou, above Col de la Pirogue, on southwest side, 400 m, 2 Aug 1981, Edmondson 3635 (L).
Papua New Guinea. Morobe: Wau, Ian Fraser’s plantation, 360 m, 13 Jan 1981, Kerenga & Kerenga 77239 (L); Wau, route de Bulolo, 17 Apr 1987, Lambinon 87/383 (L).
Paraguay. Alto Paraná: Distrito Ciudad del Este, Cuidad del Este, Vivero Forestal de Itaipu, 12 Oct 1990, Schinini & Cabellero Morini 27250 (G); Central: Asunción, 28 Jul 1972, Schinini 5069 (G); Central-Cordillera: Lago Ypacaraí, Jardin Steiner, Mar 1913, Hassler 11990 (E, F, G x2, K, L, P); Cordillera: San Bernardino, camino a Altos, 5 Dec 1987, Schinini & Bordas 25512 (G).
Peru. Lima: Lima, Miraflores, Lima, 11 Feb 1987, Dreyfus R. 1 (USM); Lima, Lima, esquina Larrabura y Máximo Abril, Jesús Maria, 25 Nov 1956, Tillett 661 -41 (USM); Lima, Lince, cuadra 10 de la Av. Arenales, 14 May 1980, Vilcapoma 337 (USM); Loreto: Alto Amazonas, Yurimaguas, Fortaleza, lower Río Huallaga, 155 m, 29 Oct 1929, Williams 4323 (F); Alto Amazonas, Yurimaguas, on lower Río Huallaga, 155 m, 2 Apr 1930, Williams 7877 (F); Tumbes: Tumbes, mtns. E of Hacienda Chicama, 800 m, 19 Feb 1927, Weberbauer 7636 (F).
Philippines. Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro Province, Apr 1953, Alegaen 206 (L).
South Africa. between Grootfontein and Otavi, 1400 m, 2 Mar 1959, Werdermann & Oberdieck 2391 (B); Transvaal: Lowveld Botanic Garden, N of Nelspruit, Crocodile River valley, 650 m, 23 Sep 1989, Greuter 21464 (B); Letaba, by side of road to Politsi just-SW of Eucalyptus plantations near Merensky Dam, road and railway bridges, 914 m, 18 Apr 1958, Scheepers 265 (EA).
Sri Lanka. Pottuvil, 14 Dec 1975, Bernardi 16014 (US); Matale-Dambulla road, Before mile marker 44 (A9), 215 m, 12 Jan 1968, Comanor 718 (GH, K, US); Yala, behind Yala campsite, 23 Jan 1968, Comanor 831 (K, US); Anuradhapura-Puttalam Road, 29.5 mile post, 3 Feb 1970, Cooray 20308-R (K, US); Menik Ganga, on east bank, 100 meters from Yala Bungalow, west of camp site at bathing spot, 20 Oct 1967, Cooray 102001 R (US); Polonarruwa, at rest house, 8 Jan 1970, Fosberg 51912 (US); Siyambalanduwa, 4 miles N, 27 Nov 1970, Fosberg & Sachet 53074 (US); Amparai, 3 Dec 1977, Fosberg & Jayasinghe 57171 (K, US); Anuradhapura, Kekirawa, 18 Dec 1973, Jayasuriya et al. 1385 (K, US); Kandy, Haragama, 500 m, 19 Jan 1974, Jayasuriya et al. 1409 (K, US); Matara, Naula, 23 Jan 1974, Jayasuriya et al. 1426 (K, US); Wellawaya road, 21 Aug 1974, Kostermans 25435 (G); Menik Ganga, north of Kataragama, 1 mile south of Vaddangewadiya, 23 Oct 1968, Mueller-Dombois 68 102303 (US); Ruhuna National Park, Block I, at Yala campsite, 10 Dec 1967, Mueller-Dombois & Cooray 121087 (US); Puttlam-Anuradhapura road, 7 Feb 1932, Simpson 9162 (BM); Central: Matale, Dambulla, 280 m, 9 Dec 1971, Cramer 3550 (US); Matale, Naula, just north, mile 35 on rt. A9, 22 Oct 1976, Fosberg 56368 (K, US); Monaragala: 7 miles N of Bible, 30 Apr 1976, Jayasuriya 1936 (K, L); North Western: Kurunagala, Weundakanda, 12 Aug 1974, Waas 770 (US); North-Central: Polannaruwa, 60 m, 26 Feb 1972, Cramer 3681 (US); Northgate, Polonnaruwa Sacred Area, 61 m, 27 Aug 1971, Ripley 458 (US).
Swaziland. Ngwavuma, 274 m, 1 Jul 1966, Bayliss 3447 (BH).
Taiwan. Hengchung, Hang Chun Botanical Garden, 26 Dec 1979, Bernardi 19874 (G); Taihoku, Jardin Botanique, Apr 1915, Faurie s.n. (A).
Tanzania. Bushiri Estate, Pangani District, 16 Jun 1950, Faulkner 656 (K); Ngare Nairobi, Moshi district, Northern Prov, 10 May 1949, Rensberg 495 (K); Morogoro, Uluguru Gebirge, S seite, Kissaki, 200 m, 15 Aug 1933, Schlieben 4246 (BM); Handeni: Kideleko, FTEA region T3, 7 km south of Handeni, bottom of Mt. King’ombe, 610 m, 9 Jul 1974, Archbold 1871 (EA); Lushoto: Amani, FTEA region T3, 20 Mar 1906, Braun 1122 (EA); Mombo Forest Reserve, FTEA region T3, Tanga region, 22 Jun 1962, Semsei & Semsei 3487 (EA); Morogoro: Morogoro, FTEA region T6, 548 m, 19 Jul 1969, Harris 2965 (EA); Moshi: Kilimanjaro, FTEA region T2, Sere River, Two Bridges, 1006 m, 4 Jun 1967, Bigger 1100 (EA); Ngare Nairobi, FTEA region T2, Stock Farm, near homestead, 10 May 1949, Rensburg 495 (EA); Tanga: Mzizima, Dar-es-Salaam, Statehouse, 29 Sep 1972, Ruffo 547 (K); Lushoto, Soni, 1252 m, 20 Aug 2010, Anna NPGRC 396 (K); Mafi Hill, E slope above Magamba Sisal Estate, SW of West Usambara Mtns., Lushoto District, 750 m, 27 Jan 1985, Borhidi et al. 85359 (K); Muheza, W of Kwamngumi Forest Reserve, 125 m, 25 May 2000, Mwangoka & Maingo 1299 (MO); Muheza, Kwemnyese public forest patch, E of forest, 100 m, 30 May 2000, Mwangoka & Mkufya 1347 (MO); Mambo Forest Reserve, Tanga region, Kosogwe District, 22 Jun 1962, Semsei 3487 (K); Uzaramo: Dar es Salaam, FTEA region T6, State House, 29 Sep 1972, Ruffo 547 (EA).
Thailand. Suen Dawk, Chiang Mai, 22 Dec 1950, Garrett 1342 (L); Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai, 3 Dec 1914, Kerr s.n. (BM); Chiang Mai, 20 Jan 1921, Kerr s.n. (BM).
Uganda. Bunyoro: Budongo, FTEA region U2, near main Butiaba road at North end of Busingiro Hill, 1100 m, 27 Jun 1973, Synnott 1485 (EA); Karamoja: Kidepo Valley National Park, FTEA region U1, Opok Rest Camp, 4 Dec 1971, Katende K 1379 (EA); Kidepo National Park, FTEA region U1, Apoka Park HQ, Dodoth, 1170 m, 4 Sep 1972, Synnott 1286 (EA); Kidepo National Park, FTEA region U1, Dodoth, 1170 m, 12 Aug 1973, Synnott 1545 (EA); Toro: Queen Elizabeth National Park, FTEA region U2, Mweya, 945 m, 30 May 1969, Lock 69-139 (EA); Western: (U2), Masindi District, W boundary of Budongo Forest Reserve, on E flank of Busingiro Hill, ca. 2 km N of ecotourism camp on road to Butyaba Pier on Lake Albert, 1080 m, 3 Jul 1998, ATBP 786 (MO).
Vanuatu. Melekula Island, S.W. Bay, Wintoua and vicinity, 100 m, 8 Oct 1963, Chew Wee-Lek 389 (L); Efate, près de la cascade de Maat, 11 Jul 1971, Raynal 16057 (L).
Zambia. Victoria Falls, Devil’s Cataract, Nov 1959, Armitage 154 /59 (L); Penhalonga, 1219 m, 6 Feb 1934, Davies s.n. (BM); Victoria Falls, Feb 1959, Head s.n. (BM); Victoria Falls, 903 m, 1 Apr 1974, Gonde 88/74 (B).
Zimbabwe. Masvingo, 16 Jul 1989, Emanuelsson 460 (S); Matopos, 1402 m, Mar 1918, Eyles 981 (BM); N’Dola, 3 Jun 1954, Fanshawe 1262 (S); Harare, north of Lake Robertson on A-road, 31 Jan 1990, Emanuelsson 860 (S).

Taxon Treatment

• Knapp, S; 2013: A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) PhytoKeys, 22: 1-432. doi

Images

Figure 86. Solanum seaforthianum Andrews. (A drawn from Baker 10374 B H drawn from Thompson 947 C drawn from Hatschbach 60388 D drawn from Renderos 517; E-g drawn from McVaugh 20220). Illustration by Bobbi Angell.  Figure 87. Distribution of Solanum seaforthianum Andrews.  Figure 88. Lectotype of Solanum seaforthianum Andrews (Andrews 1808[5]: tab. 504) Reproduced with permission of the Natural History Museum Botany Library.

Other References

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} Symon D (1981) A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 4: 1-367.
2. ↑ Sarkar A, Datta N, Chatterjee U (1980) Chromosome number reports LXVII. Taxon 29: 360-361.
3. ↑ Moat J (2007) Conservation assessment tools extension for ArcView 3.x, version 1.2. GIS Unit, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cats
4. ↑ Lack H (2004) The botanical field notes prepared by Humboldt and Bonpland in tropical America. Taxon 53: 501-510. doi: 10.2307/4135629
5. ↑ Andrews H (1808) Solanum seaforthianum. Botanist’s Repository 1808: tab. 105.