Difference between revisions of "Allotrichoma simplex"

Latest revision as of 08:43, 4 January 2012

Taxonavigation

Ordo: Diptera
Familia: Ephydridae
Genus: Allotrichoma

Name

Allotrichoma simplex (Loew) – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

• Discocerina simplex Loew 1861^[1]: 354. Osten Sacken 1878^[2]: 201 [Nearctic catalog]. Aldrich 1905^[3]: 626 [Nearctic catalog]. Jones 1906^[4]: 178 [key, list].
• Allotrichoma simplex. Johnson 1925^[5]: 271 [generic combination; list, Massachusetts]. Cresson 1942^[6]: 108 [list, general distribution in North America]; 1949^[7]: 260 [synonymy]. Wirth and Stone 1956^[8]: 467 [key, California]. Deonier 1964^[9]: 120 [key, Iowa]; 1965^[10]: 501 [natural history]. Wirth 1965^[11]: 736 [Nearctic catalog]. Cole 1969^[12]: 397 [discussion, western United States]. Runyan and Deonier 1979^[13]: 123–137 [discussion, Figs of head and immature stages]. Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995^[14]: 153 [world catalog]. Mathis and Mathis 2008^[15]: 181–182 [shore flies of Plummers Island].
• Allotrichoma filiforme Becker 1896^[16]: 123 [Russia. “Sarepta” (= Volgograd-Krasnoarmejsk); LT ♂ (designated by Papp 1979^[17]: 98), ZMHU]; 1905: 189 [Palearctic catalog]. Krivosheina and Zatwarnicki 1997^[18]: 301–303 [revision]. New Synonym
• Allotrichoma trispinum Becker 1896^[16]: 124 [Poland. “Oderwalde dei Maltsch, Schlesien” [= Malczyce, Lower Silesia]; LT ♂ (designated by Papp 1979^[17]: 99), ZMHU]; 1905: 189 [Palearctic catalog]. Krivosheina and Zatwarnicki 1997^[18]: 301 [synonymy with Allotrichoma filiforme Becker]. New Synonym
• Allotrichoma dahli Beschovski 1966b^[19]: 937 [Bulgaria. Kap Galata; HT ♂, ZMS]. Papp 1979^[17]: 98 [synonymy with Allotrichoma filiforme Becker]. New Synonym
• Allotrichoma trispinum of authors, not Becker, 1896 [misidentification]. Johnson 1925^[5]: 271 [list, Connecticut]. Wirth 1965^[11]: 736 [Nearctic catalog]. Wirth and Stone 1956^[8]: 467 [key]. Cole 1969^[12]: 397 [list]. Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995^[14]: 154 [world catalog].

Description

This species is distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: Small to moderately small shore flies, body length 1.75–2.15 mm. Head: Medial facial carina above facial prominence shallow; labella broad, fleshy, shorter than mediproboscis; clypeus microtomentose, usually gray.
Thorax: Presutural supra-alar seta present. Pleural area lacking stripes. Wing with costal vein ratio 0.25–0.31; M vein ratio 0.42–0.50. Legs blackish brown to black; midtibia bearing numerous, erect setae along dorsal surface.
Abdomen: Male 5th sternal flap in lateral view (Fig. 67) broadly developed to it apex, bearing approximately 15 apical setulae; 5th medial process in lateral view (Fig. 67) narrow, digitiform. Male terminalia (Figs 63–66): Epandrium in posterior view (Fig. 63) rounded dorsally, constricted laterally at base of surstyli; epandrium in lateral view (Fig. 64) somewhat rectangular dorsally with anterior and posterior margins parallel sided, ventral portion with an anterior bulge and a narrow, sharp incision at about level or base of surstylus; cerci in posterior view (Fig. 63) approximate dorsally then extended laterally to form a lyre-like structure that curves laterally than ventrally and medially, apex of cercus bearing 4 short setulae; cercus in lateral view (Fig. 64) shallowly sinuous, nearly parallel sided, apex slightly expanded, bluntly rounded; surstylus (ventral extensions of epandrium) in posterior view (Fig. 63) as relatively wide at base third, thereafter ventrally abruptly narrowed, especially along medial margin, to form an elongate process that is slightly spatulate apically, apical portion bearing several short setulae; surstylus in lateral view (Fig. 64) moderately narrow, slightly expanding with apex obliquely pointed and bearing several short setulae; aedeagus in ventral view (Fig. 65) elongate, narrowly ovate, very slightly tapered apically, in lateral view (Fig. 66) elongate, nearly parallel sided, apex bluntly rounded; phallapodeme in lateral view (Fig. 66) triangular, keel abruptly tapered to narrow, digitiform apex; gonite in ventral view (Fig. 65) bar-like, slightly wider basally, apex with short, lateral process, apex bearing setula, in lateral view (Fig. 66) wide basally, gently but distinctly arched, tapered to apical point.

Type material

The lectotype female of Discocerina simplex Loew, here designated to preserve stability and make more universal the use of this name, is labeled “[United States.] M[arylan]d./Loew Coll./simplex m[ihi]. [handwritten]/Type 11150 [red; number handwritten]/Prop. of Harvard Univ. [yellow]/LECTOTYPE ♀ Discocerina simplex Loew by Mathis & Zatwarnicki 2011 [red].” The lectotype is double mounted (minuten in a block of cork), is in good condition (abdomen removed, dissected, stored in glycerin in an attached microvial), and is deposited in the MCZ (11150).

Type locality

United States. “Maryland.”

Other specimens examined from the New World

CANADA. ONTARIO. Fort Erie (42°53.4'N, 78°55.5'W), 18 Apr 1909, M. C. Van Duzee (1♂; CAS).
UNITED STATES. CONNECTICUT. Fairfield: Putnam Park (41°20.3'N, 73°22.8'W), 18 Jul 1939, A. L. Melander (1♂; USNM).
DELAWARE. Kent: Woodland Beach (39°19.9'N, 75°28.3'W; beach), 18 May 2006, D. and W. N. Mathis (5♂, 3♀; USNM). Sussex: Rehoboth (38°43.2'N, 75°04.6'W), 25 Jun 1939, A. L. Melander (1♂; ANSP).
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Rock Creek, Milkhouse Ford (38°57.9'N, 77°02.9'W), 18 May 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♀; USU).
ILLINOIS. McHenry: Algonquin (42°09.9'N, 88°17.7'W), 1 Jun 1896 (2♂; USNM). Peoria: Peoria (40°45'N, 89°36.9'W), 28 Aug 1917, J. M. Aldrich (2♂; USNM). Washington: Ashley (38°19.8'N, 89°11.5'W), 7 Aug 1917 (1♂; USNM).
INDIANA. Porter: Dunes (near Porter; 41°37'N, 87°04'W), 19 Jul 1933, A. L. Melander (1♂, 1♀; USNM).
IOWA. Allamakee: Waterville (43°12.5'N, 91°17.8'W), 2 Aug 1960, D. L. Deonier (1♀; USNM). Boone: Fraser Dam (42°07.5'N, 93°58.4'W), 4 Sep 1960, D. L. Deonier (2♂; USNM); Ledges State Park (41°59'N, 93°53.2'W), 19 May–9 Oct 1949, 1955, 1958, 1960, D. L. Deonier, J. L. Laffoon (4♂, 4♀; USNM). Dickenson: Gull Point State Park (42°23.3'N, 95°09.9'W), 27 Jun 1960, D. L. Deonier (1♀; USNM). Hamilton: Little Wall Lake (42°16.2'N, 93°38.2'W), 13–14 Jul 1960, D. L. Deonier (3♂; USNM). Louisa: Oakville (6.5 km N, 41°09.8'N, 91°08'W), 10 Aug 1980, D. L. Deonier (14♂, 4♀; USNM); Wapello (41°13.9'N, 91°07'W), 9 Aug 1960, D. L. Deonier (3♂, 6♀; USNM). Monona: Lewis and Clark State Park (42°02'N, 96°10'W), 6 Jun 1960, D. L. Deonier (1♂, 2♀; USNM). Story: Ames (42°02.1'N, 93°37.2'W), 12 May-3 Oct 1959, D. L. Deonier (5♂, 5♀; USNM); Gilbert (6.5 km E; 42°06.5'N, 93°37'W), 25 Jun–22 Jul 1960, 1961, D. L. Deonier (7♂, 4♀; USNM). Warren: Banner Mine (41°26.4‘N, 93°33.8‘W), 7 Aug 1960, D. L. Deonier (1♀; USNM).
MARYLAND. Anne Arundel: Bristol (3 km WSW; 38°47‘N, 76°40‘W; at Jug Bay), 19 Sep 1988, S. F. Larcher, W. E. Steiner (2♂; USNM). Baltimore: Hart-Miller Island (39°15.1‘N, 76°22.4‘W), 31 May 1987, W. E. Steiner, J. M. Swearingen (1♂, 1♀; USNM). Calvert: Calvert Beach (38°27.9'N, 76°28.6'W), 17 Sep 1989, J. M. Hill, W. E. Steiner, J. M. Swearingen (1♂; USNM); Chesapeake Beach (38°41.2'N, 76°32.1'W), 18 Aug 1922, J. R. Malloch (1♀; ANSP). Carroll: Eldersburg (39°24.2'N, 76°57'W), 2 Jun 1985, J. E. Lowry, W. E. Steiner (1♂; USNM). Garrett: Broadford Lake (39°24.7'N, 79°22.4'W; 750 m), 24 Aug 2006, D. and W. N. Mathis (23♂, 2♀; USNM). Montgomery: Clarksburg, Little Bennett Regional Park (39°16'N, 77°16.8'W), 21 Sep 1990, M. J. and R. Molineaux, W. E. Steiner (1♂; USNM); Kensington (39°01'N, 77°04.1'W), 13 Apr 2006, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Little Bennett Regional Park (39°16'N, 77°16.8'W), 20 Apr 2005, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Plummers Island (38°58.2'N, 77°10.6'W), 12 Apr 1914, W. L. McAtee (1♂, 1♀; ANSP). Prince George's: (38°50'N, 76°51'W), 4 Jul 1954, C. W. Sabrosky (1♂; USNM). Talbot: Wittman (38°47.6'N, 76°17.6'W), 19 May 1986, W. E. Steiner (1♀; USNM).
MASSACHUSETTS. Barnstable: Woods Hole (41°31.5'N, 70°40.3'W), 24 Aug 1922, A. H. Sturtevant (1♂; USNM).
MICHIGAN. Monroe: Monroe (41°55'N, 83°23.9'W), 2 Jul 1939, G. C. Steyskal (1♂, 4♀; USNM). Newaygo: (43°25.2'N, 85°48'W), 27 Jun 1953, R. R. Dreisbach (1♂; USNM). Wayne: Detroit (42°23'N, 83°06.1'W), 17 Sep 1939, G. C. Steyskal (1♂; USNM); Grosse Ile (42°07.7'N, 83°08.7'W), 8 Aug 1954, G. C. Steyskal (2♂; USNM).
MINNESOTA. Becker: Detroit Lake (46°49'N, 95°50.7'W), 9 Aug 1935, A. L. Melander (2♂; USNM). Crow Wing: Pequot Lakes (8 km SE; 46°36'N, 84°17'W), 6 Jul 1957, J. L. Laffoon (1♂; USNM). Goodhue: Lake Pepin (44°26'N, 92°10.5'W), 31 May 1951, R. Namba (2♂; USNM). Lake: Basswood Lake (48°04.5'N, 91°34.5'W), 17 Aug 1950, R. Namba (1♂, 2♀; USNM). Mille Lacs: Mille Lacs Lake (46°14'N, 93°39'W), 2 Jun 1937, D. G. Denning (1♂; USNM).
NEW JERSEY. Burlington: Crowley's Landing (39°37.6N, 74°37.2'W), 17 Jun 2004, D. and W. N. Mathis (3♂, 1♀; USNM). Ocean: Tuckerton (39°36.2'N, 74°20.8'W), 17 Jun 2004, D. and W. N. Mathis (19♂, 6♀; USNM).
NEW YORK. Niagara: Niagara Falls (43°05.7'N, 79°03.4'W), 26 Mar 1911, M. C. Van Duzee (2♂; CAS). Tompkins: Inlet Valley (42°24.6'N, 76°32.3'W), 15 May 1956, B. A. Foote (1♂; USNM). Wyoming: Portageville (42°34.2'N, 78°02.4'W), 13 Jun 1963, W. W. Wirth (1♂; USNM).
OHIO. Ashtabula: Geneva State Park (41°51.3'N, 80°58.3'W), 16 Apr 1976, D. L. Deonier (1♂; USNM). Auglaize: St. Marys Lake (= Grand Lake; 40°31.3'N, 84°25.3'W; sedge meadow), 26 May 1977, J. T. Runyan, B. A. Steinly (10♂, 4♀; USNM). Brown: Grant Lake (38°47.3'N, 83°54.9'W), 7 Jul 1975, J. Regensburg (1♂, 1♀; USNM). Butler: Hueston Woods State Park (Acton Lake; 39°34.3'N, 84°44.5'W), 16 Jul 1974, J. Regensburg (12♂, 15♀; USNM); Oxford, Peffer Park (39°29.7'N, 84°43.9'W), 1 Jul 1975, J. Regensburg (1♂; USNM). Champaign: Kiser Lake State Park (40°11.5'N, 83°58'W), 5 Aug 1976, B. A. Steinly (4♂, 7♀; USNM). Clermont: Stonelick State Park (39°13.6'N, 84°03.5'W), 1 Aug 1974, J. Regensburg (6♂, 5♀; USNM). Delaware: Delaware Wildlife Refuge (40°24.5'N, 83°02.7'W), 28 Jun 1977, B. A. Steinly (3♂, 7♀; USNM). Fulton: Harrison Lake (41°38.6'N, 84°22.3'W), 21 Aug 1977, B. A. Steinly (2♂, 5♀; USNM). Hamilton: Whitewater River (39°14.1'N, 84°47.1'W), 5 Aug 1974, J. Regensburg (2♀; USNM). Hocking: Hocking Lake (39°30.5'N, 82°27.2'W), 8 Nov 1974, J. Regensburg (3♂, 3♀; USNM). Lake: Mentor marsh (41°40'N, 81°20.3'W), 16 Jun 1976, D. L. Deonier (1♂; USNM). Lawrence: Vesuvius Lake (38°34.8'N, 82°37.5'W), 23 Aug 1974, J. Regensburg (1♀; USNM). Lorain: Amherst, Beaver Creek (40°29.3'N, 84°32.9'W), 22–24 Aug 1977, B. A. Steinly (10♂, 5♀; USNM); Vermillion River, Mill Hollow (41°22.9'N, 82°19'W), 22 Sep 1976, B. A. Steinly (1♂; USNM). Lucas: Presque Isle (41°41.7'N, 83°27.4'W), 6 May 1977, B. A. Steinly (2♂, 3♀; USNM). Madison: Madison Lake State Park (39°30.9'N, 83°21.3'W), 22 Jul 1974, J. Regensburg (1♂, 1♀; USNM). Meigs: Belleville Dam (39°05.7'N, 81°44.9'W), 20 Aug 1974, J. Regensburg (9♂, 14♀; USNM); Fork Run State Park (39°03.9'N, 81°46.3'W), 27 Aug 1974, J. Regensburg (4♂, 2♀; USNM). Mercer: Montezuma (40°29.3'N, 84°32.9'W), 26 May 1977, B. A. Steinly (10♂, 7♀; USNM); Montezuma Creek (40°29.6'N, 84°33'W), 11 Oct 1976, B. A. Steinly (2♂, 4♀; USNM); Windy Point (40°31'N, 84°32.2'W), 26 May 1977, B. A. Steinly (14♂, 9♀; USNM). Morgan: Burr Oak State Park (39°33.3'N, 82°02.8'W), 26 Aug 1974, J. Regensburg (5♂, 2♀; USNM); Muskingum River near Big Bottom State Memorial (39°31.1'N, 81°47.5'W), 26 Aug 1974, J. Regensburg (1♂, 2♀; USNM). Ottawa: South Bass Island (41°38.6'N, 82°50.3'W), 22 Jul-22 Aug 1977, B. A. Steinly (6♂, 5♀; USNM). Portage: Kent (41°09.2'N, 81°21.5'W), 25 Aug 1969, J. Scheiring (1♂; USNM); Kent (1.6 km E; 41°09.2'N, 81°21'W; dead snail), 2–11 Sep 1972, B. A. Foote (5♂, 1♀; USNM); Kent (5 km E; 41°09.2'N, 81°20'W; muskrat dung), 10 Sep 1975, B. A. Foote (1♂, 3♀; USNM); Ravenna (5 km E; 41°09.5'N, 81°13'W), 3 May 1969, J. Scheiring (3♂, 5♀; USNM). Preble: Four-Mile Creek, Route 725 (39°35'N, 84°45.8'W), 2 Jun-26 Sep 1978, 1979, B. A. Steinly (14♂, 13♀; USNM). Stark: Berlin Reservoir (40°58.9‘N, 81°06‘W), 7 Jul 1976, B. A. Steinly (1♂, 3♀; USNM).
TEXAS. Brewster: Big Bend National Park, Boquillas Canyon (29°12.7'N, 102°53.2'W), 20 Jun 1953, W. W. Wirth (1♂, 1♀; USNM).
VERMONT. Chittenden: Burlington (44°28.5'N, 73°12.7'W), 1 Sep 1957, A. L. Melander (6♂, 10♀; USNM).
VIRGINIA. Accomack: Assateague Island, near Refuge headquarters (37°54.5'N, 75°21.6'W), 3 Oct 2005, D. and W. N. Mathis (2♂, 1♀; USNM). Arlington: 4-Mile Run (38°50.4'N, 77°02.7'W), 28 May 1977, W. N. Mathis (2♂, 3♀; USNM). Culpeper: Lake Pelham (38°27.8'N, 78°02.7'W), 28 Apr 2006, D. and W. N. Mathis (4♂, 2♀; USNM). Fairfax: Annandale (38°49.8'N, 77°11.8'W), 28 Jul 1968, J. W. Adams (1♂; USNM); Great Falls (Clay Pond; 39°00.1'N, 77°15.4'W), 13 Jun-17 Aug 2006, W. N. Mathis, T. Zatwarnicki (11♂, 2♀; USNM); Great Falls (Patowmack Canal; 39°00.1'N, 77°15.2'W), 5 Jul 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Great Falls (Potomac River; 39°0.2'N, 77°15.2'W), 4 Oct 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Great Falls (quarry; 38°59.1'N, 77°14.8'W; 50 m), 13 Jun 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (5♂; USNM); Great Falls (river trail; Potomac River; 38°59.1'N, 77°14.6'W; 60 m), 3 Apr 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM); Scott Run (38°58.1'N, 77°12.2'W), 7 Jun, 1955, C. W. Sabrosky (2♀; USNM); Turkey Run (mouth; 38°57.9'N, 77°09.4'W), 22 May-7 Sep 2006, 2007, W. N. Mathis, T. Zatwarnicki (65♂, 9♀; USNM). Giles: Mountain Lake Bio Station (37°22.5'N, 80°31.3'W; 1176 m), 23 Sep 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). Grayson: Galax (15 km S; Chestnut Creek; 36°34.9'N, 80°53.5'W), 28 Jun 1986, W. E. Steiner (1♂; USNM). Henry: Martinsville Reservoir (36°44.7'N, 79°52.2'W), 17 May 2005, D. and W. N. Mathis (13♂, 1♀; USNM). Loudoun: Lucketts (6 km N, 39°16.3'N, 77°32.9'W), 15 Apr 2005, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). Louisa: Lake Anna (38°05.8'N, 77°53.6'W; Christopher Run Campground), 4 May 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM). Patrick: Woolwine (36°47.4'N, 80°16.7'W; 300 m), 17 May 2005, D. and W. N. Mathis (4♂, 1♀; USNM). Rappahannock: Hazel River (NW Culpeper; 38°33.8'N, 78°11.6'W, 171 m), 28 Jun 2008, W. N. Mathis and T. Zatwarnicki (1♂; USNM). Roanoke: Salem (Roanoke River; 37°16.1'N, 80°02.2'W; 300 m), 23 Sep 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (5♂, 1♀; USNM). Smyth: Saltville (36°52.3'N, 81°46.4'W, 1710 ft), 22 Jun 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM). Spotsylvania: Rappahannock River (38°18.8'N, 77°32.5'W), 15 Apr-10 Oct 2006, 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (21♂, 7♀; USNM). Stafford: Aquia Harbour (38°27.9'N, 77°23.3'W), 15 May 2000, D. and W. N. Mathis (2♂; USNM); Aquia Harbour, Aquia Creek (38°27.8'N, 77°23.1'W), 12 Apr-2 Sep 2006, D. and W. N. Mathis (2♂, 1♀; USNM); Aquia Harbour, Lions Park (38°27'N, 77°23.3'W), 10 Mar-18 Dec 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (27♂, 14♀; USNM); Aquia Landing (38°23.2'N, 77°19'W), 7 May-8 Sep 2003, 2005, D. and W. N. Mathis (12♂, 4♀; USNM); Curtis Park Lake (38°26'N, 77°33.3'W), 30 Mar-2 Jul 2005, 2007, D. Mathis (16♂, 4♀; USNM); Falmouth (38°19.2'N, 77°28.1'W; Rappahannock River; 9 m), 11 Apr-30 Jun 2007, 2008, D. and W. N. Mathis (23♂, 2♀; USNM). York: Maury Lake (ca. James River; 37°02.5'N, 76°29.2'W), 22 Mar-19 Aug 2006, 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂, 1♀; USNM). Westmoreland: Potomac Beach (38°16.4'N, 76°59.6'W; Potomac River), 8 Jun 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM). Independent City: Fredericksburg (Rappahannock River; 38°18.3'N, 77°27.5'W), 14 Apr 2006, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM).
WEST VIRGINIA. Cavell: Culloden (38°25.2'N, 82°03.3'W), Jul 1954, M. R. Wheeler (1♂; USNM). Hardy: Baker (39°02.5'N, 78°44.9'W; 405 m), 20 Jun-13 Jul 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (13♂; USNM); Lost City (1.6 km N, 38°56.5'N, 78°48.9'W; 460 m), 12 Jul 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♀; USNM); Mathias (38°52.6'N, 78°52'W; 465 m), 13 Jul 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM); Trout Pond (38°57.4'N, 78°44.2'W; 595 m), 13 Jul 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂; USNM). Mercer: Ceres (Kee Reservoir; 37°18.4'N, 81°10.4'W; 757 m), 24 Sep 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (5♂; USNM). Morgan: Great Cacapon (39°37.2'N, 78°17.6'W), 3 Jul 1977, W. W. Wirth (1♂; USNM). Perkins: Silver Lake (39°15.3'N, 79°29.8'W; 762 m), 21 Jun 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (3♂; USNM). Pocahontas: Marlinton (Greenbrier River; 38°13.5'N, 80°05.7'W), 21 Jun 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (3♂; USNM); Marlinton, Knapp Creek (38°13'N, 80°06'W), 29 Jun 1982, W. N. Mathis (2♀; USNM). Richie: North Bend State Park (39°13.4'N, 81°06.6'W), 23 Jun 1970, G. C. Steyskal (1♂♀; USNM). Roanoke: Salem (Roanoke River; 37°16.1'N, 80°02.2'W; 300 m), 23 Sep 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (4♂, 1♀; USNM). Summers: Hinton (37°41.8'N, 80°53'W; New River; 427 m), 26 Sep 2007, D. and W. N. Mathis (1♂, 2♀; USNM).

Distribution

(Fig. 68) Nearctic: Canada (Ontario), United States (Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia). Palearctic: Austria, Bulgaria, China (Tibet), Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Morocco, Poland, Spain, Russia (European Territory), Switzerland, Yugoslavia.

Natural history

Deonier (1965^[10]: 501) found this species to be “occasional” in mud shore and sand shore habitats but rare in sedge meadow and Eragrostis mat habitats. Runyan and Deonier (1979)^[13] produced the only illustrations of immature stages, including an egg, the cephalopharyngeal skeleton of the third instar larva, and the puparium.

Remarks

This species has a Holarctic distribution, and Palearctic specimens have been named at least three different times, with Allotrichoma simplex being the senior synonym. The junior synonyms in chronological order are: Allotrichoma filiforme Becker (1896)^[16], Allotrichoma trispinum Becker (1896)^[16], and Allotrichoma dahli Beschovski (1966a)^[20]. In Europe, there is also a very similar species, Allotrichoma strandi Duda, that differs only slightly but apparently consistently from this species. In males of Allotrichoma simplex, the cercus has four apical setulae, compared to three in Allotrichoma strandi, and the mesonotal stripes are more evident in Allotrichoma strandi than in Allotrichoma simplex.
In the Nearctic Region, this is a common species that may have the most widespread distribution.

Taxon Treatment

• Mathis, W; Zatwarnicki, T; 2012: Revision of New World Species of the Shore-fly Subgenus Allotrichoma Becker of the Genus Allotrichoma with Description of the Subgenus Neotrichoma (Diptera, Ephydridae, Hecamedini) ZooKeys, 161: 1-101. doi

Other References

1. ↑ Loew H (1861) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria prima. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 5: 307-359.
2. ↑ Osten Sacken C (1878) Catalogue of the described Diptera of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 16(2 [= publication 270]): xlviii+1–276.
3. ↑ Aldrich J (1905) A catalogue of North American Diptera (or two-winged flies). Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 46 (1444): 1-680.
4. ↑ Jones B (1906) Catalogue of the Ephydridae, with bibliography and description of new species. University of California Publications in Entomology 1 (2): 153-198.
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1} Johnson C (1925) List of the Diptera or two-winged flies. In: Fauna of New England, 15. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History 7: 1-326.
6. ↑ Cresson E (1942) Synopses of North American Ephydridae (Diptera) I. The subfamily Psilopinae, with descriptions of new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 68: 101-128.
7. ↑ Cresson E (1949) A systematic annotated arrangement of the genera and species of the North American Ephydridae (Diptera). IV. The subfamily Napaeinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 74: 225-260.
8. ↑ ^{8.0 8.1} Wirth W, Stone A (1956) Chapter 14. Aquatic Diptera. Pp. 372–482. In: Usinger RL (Ed) Aquatic insects of California. 508+x pp. University of California Press, Berkeley.
9. ↑ Deonier D (1964) Keys to the shore flies of Iowa (Diptera, Ephydridae). Iowa State Journal of Science 39 (2): 103-126.
10. ↑ ^{10.0 10.1} Deonier D (1965) Ecological observations on Iowa shore flies (Diptera, Ephydridae). Iowa Academy of Science 71: 496-510.
11. ↑ ^{11.0 11.1} Wirth W (1965) Ephydridae. Pp. 734–759. In: Stone A, et al. (Eds) A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. Handbook, 276: 1696 pp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1} Cole F, Schlinger E (1969) The flies of western North America. 693+xi pp. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London.
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1} Runyan J, Deonier D (1979) A comparative study of Pseudohecamede and Allotrichoma. Pp. 123–137. In: Deonier DL (Ed) First symposium on the systematics and ecology of Ephydridae (Diptera). 147+iii pp. North American Benthological Society, Oxford, Ohio.
14. ↑ ^{14.0 14.1} Mathis W, Zatwarnicki T (1995). A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International 4: vi+423 pp.
15. ↑ Mathis W, Mathis D (2008) Shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) of Plummers Island, pp. 173–191. In: Brown JW (Ed) The invertebrate fauna of Plummers Island, Maryland. Contribution XXX to the natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 15: iv+226 pp.
16. ↑ ^{16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3} Becker T (1896) Dipterologische Studien IV. Ephydridae. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 41 (2): 91-276.
17. ↑ ^{17.0 17.1 17.2} Papp L (1979) A contribution to the revision of the Palaearctic Ephydridae (Diptera). Folia Entomologica Hungarica series nova, 32 (1): 97-104.
18. ↑ ^{18.0 18.1} Krivosheina M, Zatwarnicki T (1997) Some notes on the Old World Allotrichoma (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of three new species. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 66: 291-310.
19. ↑ Beschovski V (1966b) Allotrichoma dahli n. sp. Eine neue Art von Diptera (Ephydridae) aus Bulgarien. Comptes rendus de l‘Académie bulgare des Sciences 19 (10): 937-939.
20. ↑ Beschovski V (1966a) Allotrichoma valkanovi n. sp. Eine neue Art von (Diptera Ephydridae) aus Bulgarien. Comptes rendus de l‘Académie bulgare des Sciences 19 (9): 851-853.

Images

Figures 63–67. Illustration of Allotrichoma simplex (Loew) (male) 63 epandrium, cerci, surstylus, posterior aspect 64 same, lateral aspect 65 aedeagus, phallapodeme, gonite, hypandrium, ventral aspect 66 same, lateral aspect 67 male 5th sternal flap and medial process, lateral aspect. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.  Figure 68. Distribution of Allotrichoma simplex (Loew).