Difference between revisions of "Solanum uncinellum"

Latest revision as of 13:12, 10 May 2013

Taxonavigation

Ordo: Solanales
Familia: Solanaceae
Genus: Solanum

Name

Solanum uncinellum Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 26: t.15. 1840 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

• Solanum scandens L., Pl. Surin. 6 [5?]. 1775, non Solanum scandens Miller, 1768. Type:Surinam. Sin. loc., Anon. [C.G. Dalberg] (lectotype, designated by Knapp and Jarvis 1990^[1], pg. 356: LINN 248.24 [BH neg. 6807]).
• Solanum laetum Miq., Stirp. Surin. Sel. 135. 1851. Type:Surinam. Sin. loc., H.C. Focke & A. Kappler 616 (holotype: U [U0006807]).
• Witheringia pendula Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis [Roemer & Schultes], 3: 522. 1818. Type: Brazil. Sin. loc., Anon. (holotype: B?, destroyed, originally from Link herbarium; no duplicates located).
• Solanum pensile Sendtn. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 10: 50. 1846. Type: Brazil. Pará: “in sylvis ad Santarem e alibi prope fluvium Amazonum per prov. Paraënsum”, C. Martius s.n. [2746] (lectotype, designated here: M [M0166108]).
• Solanum ipomoea Sendtn. in Mart., Fl. Bras. 10: 50. 1846. Type: Brazil. Amazonas: Coari, Rio Negro, Nov, C. Martius s.n. (lectotype, designated here: M [M0171831, F neg. 6535].
• Solanum leucosporum Dunal, Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 99. 1852. Type: Surinam. Sin. loc., 1845, W.R. Hostmann 1100 (holotype: G [G00301650]; isotypes: BM [BM000778127], K [K000196564], LE, OXF [OXF00055157, OXF00055160], U [U0006808], W [1889-291698]).
• Solanum sempervirens Dunal, Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 13(1): 88. 1852. Type: Guyana. Sin. loc., 1839, R. Schomburgk 594 (lectotype, designated here: G-DC [G00144693, F neg. 6740, IDC microfiche 800-61.2068:II.3]; isolectotypes: B [F neg. 2698] destroyed, BM [BM000934974, BM000778126],F [F-533357], G [G00070226], K [K000196558, K000590200], L [L-905298-52], TCD [TCD0006846]).
• Solanum ipomoeum St.-Lag., Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 135. 1880, nom. illeg. superfl. Type: Based on Solanum ipomoea Sendtn.
• Cyphomandra yungasense Rusby, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 195. 1899. Type: Bolivia. La Paz: Yungas, 6000 ft, 1885, H.H. Rusby 2475 (holotype: NY [NY00138678]).
• Solanum ipomoeoides Chodat & Hassl., Bull. Herb. Boissier sér. 2, 4: 80. 1903. Type: Paraguay. Cordillera: Caraguatay, Oct 1900, É. Hassler 3320 (lectotype, designated here: G [G00070177]; isolectotypes: G [G00070176, G00070178], K [K000196523], P [Morton neg. 8218]).
• Solanum ipomoea Sendtn. var. angustifolium Witasek, Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Denkschr. 79: 333. 1910. Type: Brazil. São Paulo: Rio Paranapanema, Salto Grande, 500 m, R. von Wettstein & V. Schiffner s.n. (holotype: W [W-1922-0001512, F neg. 33082]; isotype , F [F-871102]).
• Solanum ipomoea Sendtn. var. ipomoeoides (Chodat & Hassl.) Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 15: 119. 1918. Type: Based on Solanum ipomoeoides Chodat & Hassl.
• Solanum ipomoea Sendtn. var. macrostachyum Hassl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 15: 120. 1918. Type: Paraguay. Upper Rio Paraná, K. Fiebrig 5848 (holotype: G [G00070172, Morton neg. 8600]; isotypes: G [G000701723, G00070174, G00070175], US [US-1175779]).
• Solanum penduliflorum Rusby, Descr. S. Amer. Pl. 113. 1920, non Solanum penduliflorum Dammer, 1912. Type: Colombia. Magdalena: Santa Marta, 1/4 mile from coast, Don Diego, 5 May 1898-1899, H H. Smith 2661 (holotype: NY [NY00172127]; isotype: CM [CM-211196]).
• Solanum styracioides Rusby, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 4: 230. 1895. Type: Bolivia. La Paz: Prov. Larecaja, between Tipuani and Guanai, Dec 1892, M. Bang 1662 (lectotype, designated here: NY [NY00726013]); isolectotypes: BM [BM000778122], E [E00190766], G [G00070208, G0007209], LE, MICH, MO [MO-5468314], NY [NY00726014], W [W-1893_5619]).
• Solanum volubile Rusby, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 26: 194. 1899, non Solanum volubile Sw., 1797. Type: Bolivia. Beni: junction of Río Beni and Río Madre de Dios [i.e. Riberalta], Aug 1886, H. Rusby 839 (holotype: NY [NY00172248]; isotypes: BM [BM000778194], GH [GH0077786], NY [NY00172247, NY00172246], US [US-1324894, US-32591]).
• Solanum tinctum C.V.Morton, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 29: 43. 1944. Type: Based on Solanum penduliflorum Rusby
• Solanum miquelii C.V.Morton, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 29: 43. 1944. Type: Based on Solanum laetum Miq.
• Solanum scandens L. var. laetum (Miq.) Bitter ex Amshoff, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 75: 655. 1948. Type: Based on Solanum laetum Miq.
• Solanum granelianum D’Arcy, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 60: 758. 1974 [1973]. Type: Panama. Darién: Cana-Cuasi Trail, Chepigana District, 5500 ft., 17 Mar 1940, M.E. Terry & R.A. Terry 1605 (holotype: MO [MO-1195589]; isotypes: A [A00077492], BKL [00002338], F [F-1066335]).
• Solanum palenquense D’Arcy, Selbyana 2(1): 63. 1977. Type: Ecuador. Los Ríos: Palenque Science Center, halfway between Santo Domingo de Los Colorados and Quevedo, 150-220 m, 26 Oct 1974, C. Dodson 5674 (holotype: MO [MO-2251894, flowers in packet only, see below]; isotypes SEL [n.v.], US [US-2843963], WIS [frag.], Río Palenque Science Center [n.v.]).

Type

Cultivated in the “garden of the Horticultural Society” [England. Chiswick], July 1837, Anon. (holotype: CGE).

Description

Large woody vines, climbing to canopy by means of twining petioles. Stems often hollow, minutely puberulent with tiny simple 1–2-celled trichomes to densely pubescent with dendritic trichomes to 1 mm long, the trichomes sometimes enlarged at the base; new growth minutely puberulent to densely pubescent with dendritic trichomes. Bark of older stems dark reddish brown, glabrescent. Sympodial units plurifoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple or occasionally pinnately 2–3-lobed, (2.5-)6–15(-20) cm long, (1.5-)3–9(-11) cm wide, elliptic to narrowly ovate, widest near the middle or in the basal third, coriaceous to chartaceous, the upper surfaces glabrous and somewhat shiny to pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes along the veins to evenly pubescent on the veins and lamina with dendritic trichomes to 1 mm long, the lower surfaces glabrous (W Ecuador) to minutely simple puberulent to densely dendritic pubescent, the pubescence denser than that of the upper surfaces; primary veins 6–8 pairs, conspicuously arched; base acute to truncate or cordate; margins entire or pinnatifid, the sinuses to within 0.5 cm of the midrib; apex acute; petiole 1–6 cm long, very variable in length along the stem, minutely puberulent to densely pubescent with dendritic trichomes like those of the stems and leaves, especially in the adaxial groove, twining. Inflorescence terminal or sometimes lateral, 4–20(-30+) cm long, several times branched, the branches very variable in length, with up to 100 flowers, finely and densely puberulent with tiny simple trichomes to densely pubescent with dendritic trichomes; peduncle 1.5–6 cm long, not particularly distinct; pedicels 0.5–1 cm long, 0.5–1 mm in diameter at the base, 1.5–2 mm in diameter at the apex, stout, spreading at anthesis, minutely puberulent to densely pubescent like the rest of the inflorescence, the pubescence sparser distally, articulated at the base from a small sleeve leaving a tiny peg on the inflorescence axis; pedicel scars more or less evenly spaced 2–5 mm apart on the flowering parts of the inflorescence rhachis. Buds narrowly ellipsoid and tapering, with a terminal pointed nipple, the corolla very exerted from the calyx tube early in bud. Flowers all perfect, 5-merous. Calyx tube 1–1.5 mm long, conical or broadly conical, the lobes apparently absent or mere apiculae from the rim to broadly deltate, glabrous to very minutely puberulent, the tips with a few uniseriate simple trichomes. Corolla 2–3 cm in diameter, purple, violet or white, often with a mixture of colours, fleshy, deeply stellate, lobed nearly to the base, the lobes 12–16 mm long, 1.5–2.5 mm wide, planar at anthesis, densely papillate on both surfaces with simple trichomes (papillae) to 0.3 mm, or the adaxial surface glabrous with only a few trichomes along the keeled lobe midvein, these giving the flowers a white cast in dried material, the tips cucullate. Filament tube minute, the free portion of the filaments markedly unequal, one anther with a longer filament 2–5 mm long, the other 4 anthers with filaments 1–2 mm long, glabrous or occasionally minutely puberulent with simple papillae within; anthers 5–8 mm long, 1.5–2 mm wide, tapering, the base markedly sagittate to hastate, the lobes 0.5–1 mm long, tightly connivent, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary glabrous; style 10–13 mm long, usually equal in length to the longest anther, densely pubescent in the basal 2/3 (within the anther tube) with tiny dendritic trichomes to 0.5 mm long or very occasionally (W Ecuador) glabrous or only minutely puberulent, held tightly against the anther with the long filament; stigma capitate, occasionally somewhat bilobed, the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, to 2 cm in diameter, red, violet or metallic blue when ripe, not shiny, glabrous, the pericarp thin and leathery; fruiting pedicels to 1.5 cm long, ca. 2.5 mm in diameter, apparently erect, but probably hanging from the weight of the berry. Seeds 20–30 per berry, 3–7 mm long, 2–5 mm wide, flattened-reniform, the surfaces appearing hairy from the lateral testa cell walls, these to 1 mm long, the testal cells pentagonal. Chromosome number: not known.

Distribution

(Figure 102). Widely distributed throughout tropical America from Costa Rica to Argentina, from 0–2200 m elevation.

Ecology

In a wide variety of open and exposed habitats from lowland rainforest to dry chaco vegetation; usually in open sites either on forest margins or a canopy liana.

Common names

Peru: margarita (Ferreyra 1022); Bolivia: cashixopá (Chácobo language, Boom 4101).

Conservation status

Least Concern (LC); EOO >100,000 km2 (LC) and AOO >10,000 km2 (LC). Marginal populations that are morphologically distinct may harbour interesting genetic variation. See Moat (2007)^[2] for explanation of measurements.

Discussion

Solanum uncinellum is the oldest name for the species that has variably been called either Solanum pensile or Solanum ipomoea, depending upon the type of pubescence (see below). The provenance of the plant grown in the Horticultural Society’s garden in Chiswick (London, England) was not known to Lindley, but from the fact that it was grown outdoors in England it is likely to have been from the southern part of the species range. The lack of branched pubescence may be due to the wet conditions under which it would have been grown in England (see Figure 103). The holotype in the Lindley herbarium at CGE is labelled “HHS July 1837” (Herbarium of the Horticultural Society) and “S. uncinellum, Bot. Reg. 1840 t. 15” in Lindley’s hand. Rusby (1895) described a new section Andropedas for his Solanum styracioides, citing its unusual anther morphology, which he considered intermediate between Cyphomandra (=Solanum section Pachyphyllum (Dunal) D’Arcy) and Solanum. The tapering anthers on unequal filaments are unique in the Dulcamara clade, and were considered a distinguishing feature by Rusby. Solanum dulcamara also has tapering anthers, but they are tightly connivent with the pores operating as a single opening (Glover et al. 2004^[3]), while those of Solanum uncinellum are more loosely associated. Other species in the clade with unequal filaments (e.g., Solanum seaforthianum) have ellipsoid anthers.
Solanum uncinellum is a very widespread and variable species, occurring in a huge range of habitats throughout the American tropics. The extremes of pubescence variation in Solanum uncinellum look very different, but an entire range of intermediates occur scattered throughout the region; no consistent geographic patterns can be discerned. Even within a single collection (e.g., duplicates of Schomburgk 594), almost glabrous and densely pubescent sheets can be seen. Plants from the southern part of the range (the Chaco of Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina) are more consistently pubescent with dendritic trichomes and often have cordate leaf bases (as do both syntypes of Solanum ipomoea), and those from western Ecuador have almost completely glabrous leaves. Specimens from the Amazon and Guianas, however, are mostly dendritic-pubescent with elliptic leaves or have a mixture of dendritic and simple trichomes of varying densities. Pubescence density and type may depend upon the microclimate or exposure status of the plant or part of plant, as has been observed in other species (e.g., Solanum confertiseriatum, see Knapp 2002). Flower morphology is remarkably consistent throughout the range of the species, although flower size varies from plant to plant.
Juvenile leaves of Solanum uncinellum are not known, but are likely to be pinnate or deeply pinnatifid. A series of sterile specimens from tropical America variously identified as “Solanum dulcamara” (MacBride 1962) are probably juvenile specimens of Solanum uncinellum. Some specimens (Rimachi 8110) from the Iquitos area of Peru are densely pubescent like those from the southern portion of the species range, and have pinnate leaves on reproductive stems. Associating juvenile foliage with adult plants of Solanum uncinellum will be difficult, but would be useful in determining if, like many other members of the clade (e.g., see Solanum dulcamaroides), this species has pinnate pre-reproductive leaf morphology.
Solanum uncinellum is not easily confused with any other Neotropical Solanum species; the elongate flower buds with an apical nipple, narrowly stellate corollas and large complex inflorescences are all distinctive. In fruit it could be confused with other members of the Dulcamaroid clade, but short petioles and “hairy” seeds distinguish it from any other South American species. “Hairy” seeds also occur in Solanum dulcamaroides and Solanum seaforthianum, but those taxa differ from Solanum uncinellum in flower shape (neither of them are deeply stellate with narrow corolla lobes) and morphology (only Solanum seaforthianum has unequal filaments, but not as pronounced as in Solanum uncinellum) and in leaf characters. The leaves of Solanum seaforthianum are glabrous and pinnate, while those of Solanum uncinellum are usually variously pubescent; the leaves of Solanum dulcamaroides have a promounced submarginal vein.
Solanum flaccidum, with which Solanum uncinellum is sympatric in the southeastern part of its range, also has anthers borne on unequal filaments, but in that species the anthers are ellipsoid, not tapering, and the long filament is less than twice the length of the rest of the filaments, whereas in Solanum uncinellum the long filament is approximately two times the length of the rest. The corollas of Solanum flaccidum are also more rotate than those of Solanum uncinellum, with broader lobes.
From specimen labels it appears that Solanum uncinellum has red, purple or metallic blue berries when ripe. Fruiting collections with ripe berries are not especially common, and these color differences do not appear to have a geographic component. It may be that berry color changes through development, as has been observed in other species such as Solanum nitidum (also of the Dulcamaroid clade; see Knapp 1989^[4]).
Linnaeus described Solanum scandens using collections from Surinam he cited as coming from C.G. Dalberg, and although there is no direct evidence on the lectotype specimen that Dalberg actually collected it, it is likely to have been one of his gatherings. In 1781, Linnaeus filius included a Solanum scandens in his Supplementum (Linnaeus 1782^[5]), which has often been taken as the coining of a new name. Bearing in mind the materials available to Linnaeus filius, his direct citation of a Dalberg specimen and the fact that LINN 248.24 is the only sheet of Solanum uncinellum in the Linnaean herbarium, it is clear that rather than coining a new name, Linnaeus filius was including his father’s Solanum scandens in his own treatment.
Six syntypes were cited in the protologue of Solanum pensile, many of these are un-numbered collections that have been difficult to trace with certainty. The lectotype selected here at M (M0166108) has a long descriptive label in Sendtner’s hand and is numbered as “2746”. Martius’s herbarium name of “Solanum arcuatum” is crossed out and the epithet pensile written above it. Two specimens were cited in the description of Solanum ipomoea, I have selected as a lectotype that sheet in M (M0171831) from Coari on the Rio Negro that has a label with a description in Sendtner’s hand and is in flower. The other syntype Martius s.n. at M (M0171830) from Pará does not have such a label, and is only in fruit.
A label with a note in Dunal’s hand on holotype specimen of Solanum leucosporum at G reads – “Il faut ecrire leucoporum Dun! non leucosporum comme dans le Prodromus ou on a corrige mal a propos en mettant une S, ‘antherae poris duobus niveis’ Dun. l.c.” [It is necessary to write leucoporum Dun! not leucosporum as it is written in the Prodromus where the letter S has been inserted incorrectly; ‘anthers with two white pores’] ; he had clearly wanted to name this species S. “leucoporum” for the clearly delineated pores on the attenuate anthers.
Dunal (1852)^[6] cited two duplicates of Schomburgk 594 in his description of Solanum sempervirens, one from the Boissier herbarium and another from “herb. DC”. I have selected the G-DC duplicate as the lectotype for this name as it is better preserved. Two Bolivian collections from the Department of La Paz were cited in the original description of Solanum styracioides, Bang 522 of unspecified locality (“Yungas”) and Bang 1662, collected two years later; I have selected the latter as the lectotype as it is represented by more duplicates that are more widely distributed.
Two Hassler collections from central Paraguay were cited in the original description of the extremely pubescent form of Solanum uncinellum (Solanum ipomoeoides), Hassler 3320 and Hassler 4093: the former is represented by more duplicates and is selected here as the lectotype.
The holotype of Solanum palenquense at MO and an isotype at US both have stems with markedly bicolorous leaves attached mounted on the sheet and loose flowers (and fruit) in a packet. Michael Nee (pers. comm.) has suggested that the finely ridged stems and petioles plus the sharp tooth-like tips of the nearly entire margin show the leafy stems are from a plant of Piptocarpha poeppigiana (DC.) Baker (Asteraceae). The flowers in the packets on both sheets are definitely those of Solanum uncinellum and the logical lectotype would be the contents of the packet of the MO sheet. The mixed collection is certainly due to the canopy vine status of both taxa.

Specimens examined

Argentina. Chaco: General Vedia, Jan 1933, Meyer 830 (A); Corrientes: Capital, Isla Lagraña, in the Río Paraná a little N of the mouth of the Arroyo Sombrero, 14 Dec 1976, Pedersen 11548 (A, CORD, K, MO); Formosa: Monte Tuayalea [?], 1919, Jörgensen 2986 (GH, MO, SI); Pilcomayo, El Paraíso, 4 Oct 1981, Valla et al. 17665 (MO); Salta: Orán, Finca San Andres. Administracion Las Juntas, 30 Oct 1997, Schinini et al. 33035 (F, GH, MO); Orán, Campo Grande, 600 m, 24 Nov 1927, Venturi 5588 (BM, F, GH, S, SI).
Bolivia. Beni: General José Ballivián, Espíritu, 200 m, 12 Sep 1986, Beck 5988 (CORD, K); La Paz: Nor Yungas, Corocoro, 12 km NE of Caranavi, 1400 m, 16 Jan 1984, Gentry et al. 44346 (MO); Nor Yungas, 10 km by road (ca. 5 km by air) N and above Caranavi, 1400 m, 1 Nov 1984, Nee & Solomon 30307 (F, MO); Sud Yungas, al Beni 10 km de Palos Blancos hacia Yucumo, 920 m, 24 Dec 1987, Seidel & Schulte 3205 (CORD); Santa Cruz: Andrés Ibáñez, 12 km E of center of Santa Cruz, on road to Cotoca, 375 m, 28 Jan 1988, Nee 36071 (G, MO, US); Ñuflo de Chavez, along road from Colonia Okinawa 1 to San Ramon, 2 km SW of Los Troncos, alluvial plain of E side of Rio Grande, 250 m, 2 Dec 1990, Nee & Coimbra 40147 (MO); Ichilo, Río Yapacani, 1 Oct 1926, Steinbach 7588 (GH); Ñuflo de Chavez, c. 1 km N of Puerto Rico on road to Trinidad. Alt. 300 m, 27 Sep 1998, Wood & Mamani 14006 (K).
Brazil. Acre: 20 km from Rio Branco-Porto Acre road, 11 Oct 1980, Lowrie et al. 477 (F); Monte Mó, Rio Acre, Dec 1911, Ule 9759 (G, K); Rletterpfl. Seringal S. Francisco, Apr 1914, Ule 9762 (K, L, US); Amapá: Mazagão, BR156, road under construction which will connect Macapá with Monte Dourado, 81 km WSW of Macapá, ca. 11 km SW of Rio Preto, 20 Dec 1984, Mori & Cardoso 17473 (K, MO, US); Amazonas: Tefé, Paranaguá, basin of Rio Jurua, 22 May 1933, Krukoff 4535 (A, G, K, S, US); Humaitá, Livramento, near Livramento, on Rio Livramento, basin of Rio Madeira, 12 Oct 1934, Krukoff 6751 (A, G, K, S); Rio Negro, Delta of the Rio Jauaperi, 11 Jun 1989, Mori et al. 20468 (MO); Rio Negro, Santo Antonio, 8 Aug 1991, Mori & Gracie 21971 (US); along the Rio Negro between Manaus and São Gabriel, above and below junction with Rio Branco, E of Carvoeiro, 26 Jun 1979, Poole 1621 (GH, K, MO, US); Solimoês, Jun 1857, Spruce 1706 (K); Bahia: Itapebí, Faz. Lombardi, rod. Sta. Maria Eteran, 14 Aug 1971, Santos 1801 (US); Espírito Santo: Linhares, km 6-8 ramal do lado L. proximo do Vale do Rio Doce, 2 Oct 1971, Santos 2041 (US); Maranhão: Maracassumé River region, 13 Sep 1932, Froes 1895 (A, K, S); Island of São Luís, Estrada do Tirical, Feb 1939, Froes & Krukoff 11538 (F); Maracassumé River region, 13 Sep 1932, Krukoff 1895 (G); Mato Grosso: Sinop, 24 km E of BR163 at Rio Celeste on road to Vera (MT225), 20 Sep 1985, Thomas et al. 3916 (K, US); Mun. de Novo Mundo, Parque Estadual Cristalino, acampamento 35 km acima de pousada, 257 m, 11 Feb 2008, Zappi 1192 (K); Pará: Belém, south forest of the I.A.N, 22 Dec 1942, Archer 8020 (US); Boa Vista on the Tapajos river, May 1929, Dahlgren & Sella 211 (F); Rodovia Belem-Brasilia, km 93, 19 Aug 1959, Kuhlmann & Jimbo 54 (MO); Districto Acará. Thomé Assú; Maquita, 50 m, 3 Aug 1931, Mexia 6040 (BM, GH, K, US); Rio Jari, margem dereita, entre S. Melitão e Monte Dourado, 5 May 1968, Oliveira 4398 (US); BR 163, km 913; Cuiabá-Santarem, north of Rio Pará 13 Nov 1977, Prance et al. 25324 (F, US); Altamira, km 23 da Transamazonica, Centro de Experimentação de EMBRAPA, 21 Oct 1977, Silva et al. 3464 (BH); Parque Nacional do Tapajós, km 60 da estrada Itaituba-Jacarecanga, 20 Nov 1978, Silva & Rosario 3848 (BH); Serra dos Carajás. AMZA camp 3-Alfa, 475 m, 7 Jun 1982, Sperling et al. 5946 (K, US); Rondônia: Boa Vista, Mata alagada na margem do Rio Uraricoeira, margem sul da Ilha de Maracá, 16 May 1987, Lima & Nelson 752 (K, MO); Costa Marques, Rio Cauterinho along hwy. BR 429, 200 m, 23 Mar 1987, Nee 34455 (K, US); Ilha 7 de setembro, Ponto III, 13 Oct 1986, Toledo et al. 246 (F); Mineração Campo Novo BR-421 a 2 km a oeste da Mineração Campo Novo al 20 km de Ariquemes WSW, 14 Oct 1979, Vieira et al. 462 (K, MO, US); Roraima: Alto Alegre, SEMA Estação, Ilha de Maracá, Furo Paraná de Firmino of Rio Uraricuera on S side of island. Within 1 km of end of Nova Olinda, 12 Jun 1986, Hopkins et al. 674 (GH, K, US); SEMA Ecological Reserve, Ilha de Maracá, Roraima. Ilha de Nova Olinda, 4 Jul 1987, Milliken & Bowles 400 (K); rodovia Perimetral Norte, Igarapá Paruana, leste de Caracaraí, 1 Jul 1974, Pires & Leite 14846 (US).
Colombia. Amazonas: Puerto Nariño, Río Amazonas about 2 km downstream from Puerto Nariño, 28 Jan 1969, Plowman et al. 2422 (ECON, GH); Antioquia: near Río León approx. 20-30 km upstream and south of the river mouth and approx. 15 km west of Chigorodó, 100 m, 16 Mar 1962, Feddema 1936 (US); Río Palmas, Río Dulce, 1500 m, Lehmann 7279 (K); Providencia, Anorí, slopes above forest road Providencia-Ahibe, secondary forest along Buenos Aires river, 500 m, 30 Apr 1973, Soejarto 3965 (F, GH); Boyacá: Reg. of Mt. Chapon, extreme western part of Dept. Boyacá, north-west of Bogota, 1932, Lawrance 400 (F); Caldas: Santa Cecilia, Tatamá, 800 m, 24 Nov 1945, Sneidern 5006 (F, S, US); Cauca: Tambo, west flank of Cordillera Occidental, 1500 m, 12 Nov 1946, Haught 5248 (US); Chocó: Río Chintado, 1–2.5 hours above La Nueva, 6 Feb 1967, Duke 9868 (US); Río Atrato, 2-5 hours below Río Sucion above Loma Teguerre, 16 May 1967, Duke 11011 (US); Río Truando, gallery between the boom (bun) and Río Salado, 18 May 1967, Duke 11165 (US); Cundinamarca: Pacho-Paime Highway, 2200 m, 13 Aug 1947, Haught 6071 (US); Guaviare: Río Guaviare, (parte alta), 9 Nov 1939, Cuatrecasas 7579 (F, US); Magdalena: Campano, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta above Minca [transect 3], 1680 m, 16 Jan 1989, Gentry & Cuadros 64773 (MO); Meta: Villavicencio, 700 m, 2 Jan 1876, André 805 (K); Villavicencio, Apai, 500 m, 12 Nov 1938, Cuatrecasas 4783 (US); Nariño: Reserva Natural La Planada, 7 km above Chucunés on road between Tuquerres and Ricaurte, along Sendero La Vieja, 1780 m, 7 Mar 1990, Croat 71158 (MO); Putumayo: Comisaria de Putumayo: vertiente oriental de la cordillera, bosques entre Mocoa y Sachamates, 29 Dec 1940, Cuatrecasas 11421 (F, US); Umbría, 325 m, Oct 1930, Klug 1818 (A, BM, F, GH, S, US); Tolima: Über Ligause, Dec 1882, Lehmann 2318 (BM); Valle del Cauca: inter Tolima & Cali, André 2613 (K); Cordillera Occidental; vertiente occidental; hoya del río Sanquininí, lado izquierdo, La Laguna, 1250 m, 10 Dec 1943, Cuatrecasas 15693 (F, US); Monte El Tabor, Cordillera occidental; filo de la cordillera sobre Las Brisas, 1970 m, 19 Oct 1946, Cuatrecasas 22406 (F, US); Cordillera Occidental, vertiente occidental, hoya del río Digua, Río San Juan, abajo de Queremal a la derecha del río entre km 52 y 53, 1300 m, 19 Mar 1947, Cuatrecasas 23881 (CORD, F); La Cumbre, Cordillera Occidental, 1500 m, 11 Jul 1922, Hazen 11836 (GH, US); La Cumbre, Cordillera Occidental, 14 May 1922, Pennell 5716 (GH, US).
Costa Rica. Puntarenas: Cantón de Puntarenas, R.B. Monteverde, Cordillera de Tilarán, Piedades Norte, Burial, Reserva Biológica de Oberdorsf, 1500 m, 6 Sep 1993, Bello & Cruz 5347 (BM); Monte Verde area, valley of Río San Luis just S of Monte Verde, 1000 m, 18 Jun 1985, Hammel & Haber 13920 (BM); Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce Osa Península, Rancho Quemado, ca 15 km W of Rincón, in bottom of valley along Río Riyito near bridge and in forest along road on ridge above valley, 250 m, 31 May 1988, Hammel et al. 16925 (BM).
Ecuador. Carchi: Cantón Tulcán, Reserva Indígena Awá, Parroquia Tobar Donoso. Centro El Baboso, 1800 m, 17 Aug 1992, Tipaz et al. 1813 (BM); Esmeraldas: Cantón San Lorenzo, Reserva Étnica Awá, Parroquia Alto Tambo, centro de la Union. Cañon del Rio Mira, 250 m, 22 Mar 1993, Aulestia & Aulestia 1395 (MO); Cantón Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Montañas de Mache, 35 km W of Quinindé, 5 km W of Santa Isabel, old Mono road near SE ridge, 400 m, 20 Oct 1994, Bass et al. 179 (BM); Cantón Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Mache Mountains, 35 km W of Quinindé, 5 km W of Santa Isabel, 8 km southwest of reserve along old Mono road, 400 m, 21 Nov 1994, Clark & Bergman 316 (BM, US); Cantón Quinindé, Bilsa Biological Station, Montañas de Mache, 35 km W of Quinindé, 5 km W of Santa Isabela, on recently logged property of Sr. Ríos, along old Mono road, 400 m, 20 Oct 1994, Pitman & Bass 872 (BM, F); Los Ríos: Río Palenque Science Center, km 56 Rd Quevedo-Sto Domingo, 150 m, 5 Feb 1979, Dodson et al. 7568 (F); Río Palenque Field Station, halfway between Quevedo and Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 200 m, 23 Feb 1974, Gentry 10138 (MO); Morona-Santiago: Cantón Taisha, Taisha, 457 m, 15 Feb 1952, Cazalet & Pennington 7793 (B, K, US); Cantón Morona, Cordillera del Cutucú, Associacion Shuar Sevilla, Comunidad Angel Ruby, pie del Cerro Muchin, 1050 m, 8 Jun 2002, Suin et al. 1982 (MO); Napo: Jatun Sacha Biological Station, 450 m, 12 Jun 1995, Acevedo & Cedeño 7296 (US); Talag, 15 km SSW from Tena, Cerro Antisana, 609 m, 11 Jul 1960, Grubb et al. 120 (K); Shinguipino Forest, between Rios Napo and Tena, 8 km SE of Tena, Cerro Antisana, 442 m, 20 Sep 1960, Grubb et al. 1645 (K); Cantón Quijos, Reserva Ecológica Antisana, Cordillera de los Guacamayos, cruce del oleoducto de la compañia ARCO, entre El Mirador y camino de La Virgen, 2300 m, 12 Jan 1999, Vargas & Narváez 3582 (BM, MO); Orellana: Puerto Francisco de Orellana (Coca), aprox. 40 km SE of the town (Auca oil field), 300 m, 4 Nov 1976, Balslev & Madsen 10579 (MO, US); Armenia Vieja Río Napo, ca. 12 km SW of Coca (Puerto Francisco de Orellana), 12 Jan 1973, Lugo S. 2679 (K); carretera Hollin-Loreto-Coca, km 60, 1000 m, 10 Dec 1987, Neill et al. 8063 (K, MO); Cantón Aguarico, south slopes of Volcán Sumaco. 5 km east of Huamaní, Ridge above west side of valley of Río Pucuno, new road to Galeras under construction, 1100 m, 19 Oct 1989, Neill & Palacios 9111 (BM); Orellana, Maxus petroleum pipeline road, under construction, 2 km south of Río Napo, Comuna Pompeya, 220 m, 4 Dec 1992, Neill et al. 10189 (BM); Orellana, Yasuní, Estación Cientifica Yasuní, 25 Jun 2001, Persson et al. 4488 A (BM, MA); Pastaza: 10-20 km N of Canelos, 12 Nov 1974, Lugo S. 4573 (K); Veracruz, Indillama, 22 Nov 1974, Lugo S. 4640 (K); Hacienda San Antonio de Baron von Humboldt, 2 km al NE de Mera, 1100 m, 27 Feb 1985, Neill et al. 6075 (BM, MO); Cantón Mera, Mera, 2 km al NE, Hacienda San Antonio de Baron von Humboldt, 1100 m, 20 Feb 1985, Palacios et al. 00026 (US); Cantón Pastaza, Pozo petrolero Ramirez, 20 km al sur de la población de Curaray, 300 m, 21 Feb 1990, Zak & Espinoza 5034 (BM, K, MEXU); Pichincha: Santo Domingo de los Colorados, 20 km W of town, 304 m, 20 Oct 1961, Cazalet & Pennington 5093 (B, US); ca. 35 km N of Santo Domingo de los Colorados, vicinity of bridge over Rio Blanco, 250 m, 3 Feb 1974, Gentry 9607 (MO); Zamora-Chinchipe: Cantón Nangaritza, Parroquia Zurmi, Comunidad Centro Shaime (along Río Nangaritza). Forest 2-4 km NW of Centro Shaime, 1000 m, 13 Dec 2001, Clark et al. 6465 (QCNE, US).
French Guiana. Akouba Booka goo Soula, Camp #3, bassin du Haut Marouini, 160 m, 9 Sep 1987, Granville et al. 10046 (US); Haut Litany,15 km en amont de la Koulé-Koulé, monts Tumac Humac, 160 m, 29 Jul 1993, Granville et al. 11875 (B); Crique Tamanoir, Riviere Mana, 18 Aug 1962, Hallé 573 (P); Crique Tamanoir, Riviere Mana, 20 Aug 1962, Hallé 597 (P); Cayenne, Poiteau s.n. (W); fluminis La Manaduti, Jul 1824, Poiteau s.n. (K); La Mona, Poiteau s.n. (LE); Saül, Layon La Fumée, 13 May 1986, Prévost 2137 (K); Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Acarouany, May 1898, Sagot 459 (BM, G, K, S, W).
Guyana. North-West, Barima River, 19 Mar 1923, Cruz 3420 (F, GH, US); Montagne de la Trinité, zone sud, Bassin de la Mana, 100 m, 18 Jan 1998, Granville & Crozier 13686 (B, K); Mt. Russell District, Mar 1886, Jenman 2096 (K); Hoobaloo Creek, May 1897, Jenman 7237 (K); Pomeroon Rover, Jan 1904, Jenman 7824 (K); Berbice River, New Dageraad, 4 Oct 1981, Maas et al. 5534 (K, S); Oronogue, New River, 25 Dec 1935, Myers 5905 (K x2); Oronogue, New River, 25 Dec 1935, Myers 5905 (K); Demerara, Parker s.n. (K); Barima-Waini: Waini River, Marabo Shortcut, 2 Feb 1922, Cruz 1284 (F, GH, US); Waini R., NW District, 4 Apr 1923, Cruz 3583 (F, GH, US); Assakatta, NW District, 9 Sep 1923, Cruz 4289 (US); Morawhanna, vic., Barima R, 1 Jan 1920, Hitchcock 17487 (GH, S, US); Upper Sebai River; 8 km upriver from Sebai Village, 12 Dec 1991, Hoffman et al. 635 (US); Demerara-Mahaica: Hyde Park, 1922, Warren s.n. (F); Northwest Distr.: Mabaruma-Aruka River, 8 Mar 1945, Fanshawe 5112 (K); Pomeroon Distr.: Kabakaburi, 10 Feb 1923, Cruz 3261 (K); Pomeroon-Supenaam: Pomeroon R, 12 Dec 1922, Cruz 3226 (GH, US); Kabakaburi, 2 Feb 1923, Cruz 3261 (F, GH, US); Red Lock ± 5 km WSW of Anna Regina, 4 Apr 1989, Gillespie & Persaud 1112 (US); Pomeroon River watershed; Issororo River, 9-10 km W of confluence with Pomeroon River, 9 Sep 1992, Hoffman & Roberts 2673 (US); Potaro-Siparuni: Iwokrama Rainforest Reserve, Burro-Burro R. betw. Ounari Rapids and confluence with Siparuni R, 60 m, 9 Sep 1995, Clarke 288 (US); Iwokrama Rainforest Reserve, Burro Burro River, between Sandstone & confluence of Sipariparu R, 65 m, 3 Mar 1996, Clarke 1552 (US); Iwokrama Rainforest Reserve, Iwokrama Mts., 0-1 km SE of camp at bottom of gorge, 75 m, 3 Mar 1997, Clarke et al. 4235 (US); along Essequibo River, upstream from Kurupukari Falls, from 1–3 km S of falls, Iwokrama, 61 m, 9 Sep 1990, McDowell 3338 (US); Iwokrama Reserve, Essequibo River, Lady Smith Creek, 50 m, 2 Feb 1995, Mutchnick 857 (US); Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo: Dadanawa, vic., upper Rupununi R, 5 May 1922, Cruz 1392 (F, GH, US); South Rupununi Savanna, savanna-forest interface ca. 12 km S of Aishalton along road to Marudi, 200 m, 10 Oct 1993, Henkel et al. 3418 (US); Cool-wind Mt. (Wadi-di-awar), Kanuku Mts, 500 m, 2 Feb 1985, Jansen-Jacobs et al. 364 (US); Kuyuwini Landing, Rupununi District, Kuyuwini River, 150 m, 30 Oct 1992, Jansen-Jacobs et al. 3187 (B, F, K, US); along Essequibo River, between Cashew Falls and Apoteri, 68 m, 9 Sep 1990, McDowell 3391 (US).
Panama. Coclé: Road from La Pintada to Coclesito, 600 m, 7 Feb 1983, Hamilton & Davidse 2875 (MO); Cuna Yala: San Blas, El Llano-Cartí Road, 19.1 km from Interamerican Highway, 350 m, 5 Mar 1985, Nevers et al. 4971 (MO).
Paraguay. Paraguaria centralis, 1897, Hassler 3826 (BM); Chaco: Santa Rita, orilla del monte cerca de la costa del rio, 29 Mar 1917, Rojas 2437 (MO); Paraguarí: Estero del Ypoa, 29 km W of Carapegua, W of Pacheco, 13 Jan 1990, Zardini & Velázquez 17492 (G, MO); Presidente Hayes: Rio Negro on route to Fortin General Bruguez, 25 Jul 1995, Zardini & Pietrobón da Silva 43177 (MO); San Pedro: Primavera, Alto Paraguay, bordering Rio Tapiracuai, 11 Sep 1957, Woolston 873 (S, US).
Peru. Amazonas: Río Cenepa, ridge above Quebrada Chikisinuk, a tributary of Huampami, entering from S about 5 km from confluence with Cenepa, 268 m, 21 Dec 1972, Berlin 648 (MO, W); Bagua, Yamayakat, Quebrada Kusú, Dist. Imaza, 130 m, 15 Nov 1990, Díaz et al. 4131 (MO, USM); Bagua, Cerro Apág, comunidad Aguaruna Kusú-Listra, margen derecha de Quebrada Kusú, 600 m, 15 Sep 1996, Díaz et al. 8140 (MO, USM); Condorcanqui, Rio Cenepa, Rio Cenepa region, orilla de Quebrada Huampami, 18 Jan 1973, Kayap 154 (MO); Condorcanqui, Rio Santiago, Valle del Rio Santiago, Quebrada Caterpiza, 2-3 km atrás de la comunidad de Caterpiza, 180 m, 1 Jan 1980, Tunqui 521 (MO); Luya, Tullanya, Quebrada San Francisco, Dist. Camporedondo, 1700 m, 29 Nov 1996, Vasquez & Rojas 21893 (MO, USM); Cusco: Cusco, Campamento Armihuari, Camisea Production Unit, Dist. Camisea, 469 m, 28 Jan 1997, Acevedo et al. 9255 (US, USM); Cusco, Camisea, Campamento Segakiato, 5 km downriver from Community Segakiato, SI-MAB plot Segakiato, 1400 m, 1 Oct 1997, Acevedo et al. 10070 (F, K, US); La Convención, Armihuari Sur, Dist. Echarate, 478 m, 10 Feb 2011, Huamán & Delgado 483 (USM); La Convención, Armihuari, Río Camisea, Dist. Echarati, 535 m, 11 Oct 1998, Núñez V. et al. 24183 (US, USM); Quispicanchis, San Lorenzo Tiwantari, 550 m, 15 Oct 1960, Vargas 13476 (US); Huánuco: Leoncio Prado, La Divisoria, Plantación Margarita, 1500 m, 15 Aug 1946, Ferreyra 1022 (US, USM); Leoncio Prado, La Divisoria, 21.8 km E of Puente Pumahuasi (Río Tulumayo) on raod from Tingo Maria to Pucallpa, Dist. Hermilio Valdizán, 1550 m, 27 Dec 1981, Plowman & Schunke Vigo 11718 (F, USM); Tazo Grande, Monzon River, 893 m, 20 Sep 1965, Schunke Vigo 865 (F, G, US); Leoncio Prado, Tingo Maria, to the west, 675 m, 19 Sep 1964, Schunke Vigo 6617 (US); Divisoria, 1700 m, 18 Sep 1946, Woytkowski 34550 (BM, F); Junín: Tarma, Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 m, Nov 1929, Schunke 135 (F); Chanchamayo, Pampatigre, Fondo Romero, above Santa Ana, SE of La Merced, 1500 m, 7 Mar 1985, Stein & Todzia 2343 (MO, USM); Loreto: Alto Amazonas, Andoas, Río Pastaza near Ecuador border, 230 m, 17 Nov 1979, Gentry & Díaz 28266 (F, MO); Maynas, Yanomono, Explorama Tourist Camp, 120 m, 19 Feb 1981, Gentry et al. 31481 (MO); along Río Marañon, near mouth of Río Tigre, 115 m, 19 Aug 1929, Killip & Smith 27539 (US); Río Morona, lower Marañon valley, 150 m, 20 Aug 1929, Killip et al. 29164 (US); Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 m, Oct 1929, Klug 484 (F, US); Florída, Río Putumayo, at mouth of Río Zubineta, 200 m, Mar 1931, Klug 2071 (A, BM, F, GH, S, US); Maynas, Isla Rondiña, opposite Leticia, Río Amazonas, 18 Mar 1977, Plowman et al. 6399 (GH, USM); Iquitos, Maynas, Rio Amazonas, Cotillo Islas, in front of Padre Isla, 1 Jun 1978, Rimachi Y. 3615 (MO, US); Maynas, Río Momón, trocha del caserio de Balcon al caserio de Porvenir, Dtto. Iquitos, 7 Nov 1985, Rimachi Y. 8110 (MO, USM); Alto Amazonas, Pongo de Manseriche, Dist. Manseriche, 650 m, 25 Nov 1997, Rojas et al. 681 (MO, USM); Maynas, Gamitana Cocha, Río Mazán, 10 Mar 1935, Schunke Vigo 357 (A, F, US, USM); Maynas, Esperanza, Río Tahuayo, 140 m, 26 Jan 1981, Vasquez & Jaramillo 1273 (MO, USM); Alto Amazonas, Capuhari Sur, Campamento Petrolero, 200 m, 25 Mar 1982, Vasquez et al. 3045 (MO, USM); Alto Amazonas, Cerros Campanquiz, 22 km S of La Vista, 850 m, 12 Feb 1978, Wasshausen & Encarnación 1012 (USM); Madre de Dios: Tambopata, Santuario Nacional Pampas del Heath, Rio Heath, Pto. San Antonio, 210 m, 15 Sep 1996, Aguilar & Castro 1085 (MO); Tambopata, Quebrada Loboyoc, Dist. Las Piedras, 161 m, 21 Oct 2005, Farfán et al. 773 (USM); Manu, Parque Nacional Manu, Cocha Cashu Biological Station, 20 Aug 1976, Foster & Augspurger 3264 (F, US, USM); Manu, Parque Nacional Manu, Cocha Cashu, in vicinity of ox-bow lake of Río Manu, between Panuaga and Tayakome, 17 Aug 1974, Foster et al. 3365 (USM); Manu, Río Cumerjali, Río Manu, Parque Nacional Manu, 350 m, 25 Oct 1986, Foster & D’Achille 12047 (USM); Río Madre de Dios, small tributary 1 hour below Puerto Maldonado, 250 m, 22 Apr 1977, Gentry et al. 19623 (F, MO, USM); Tambopata, Las Piedras, Cusco Amazónico, 200 m, 6 Dec 1991, Timaná 3659 (MO); Pasco: Oxapampa, Pichis Valley, near Paujil, 10 km downriver from Puerto Bermúdez, E side of river across from big bend with large island, 300 m, 24 Sep 1982, Foster 8900 (MO, USM); Pasco, Río Paucartambo, 30 km SW of Oxapampa, 1860 m, 31 Dec 1972, Madison 963 (GH); Oxapampa, Pozuzo, Distrito Pozuzo, Puesto de vigilancia Huampal, 1250 m, 23 Sep 2002, Monteagudo et al. 3986 (BM, MO); Oxapampa, Distrito Huancabamba, Sector Grapanazu, limite Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemillen, 2210 m, 15 Oct 2003, Rojas et al. 1795 (BM, MO); Oxapampa, Comunidad Nativa Alto Lagarto, reserva Comunal Yanesha, Dist. Palcazu, 500 m, 5 Oct 2008, Rojas & Ortiz 6179 (USM); Oxapampa, Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemillén, sector San Alberto, 2200 m, 20 Jan 2003, Vasquez et al. 27834 (USM); Piura: Piura, Montaña de Cuyas, 8 km NE of Ayabaca, transect 1, 2410 m, 25 Sep 1991, Gentry et al. 75070 (MO, USM); San Martín: Lamas, Alonso de Alvarado, Plantano yacu, carretera a Moyabamba, 800 m, 23 Apr 1973, Schunke Vigo 6015 (US); Tarapoto, Cerro Campana, Dec 1855, Spruce 4327 (BM, K, W); Rioja, Bosque de Protección, Dist. Nuevo Cajamarca, cerca del Poblado Palestina, camino al la Cueva Palestina, 890 m, 1 Nov 1996, Sánchez Vega & Dillon 8401 (BM); Rioja, Dist. Pardo Miguel, margen izquierda del Río Serranoyacu, 1250 m, 2 Jul 1999, Sánchez Vega et al. 9983 (BM); Ucayali: Requena, Río Ucayali; Supay Forest Reserve, Jenaro Herrera, 20 Feb 1987, Gentry et al. 56194 (MO, USM); Purús, Puerto Esperanza, al este del aeropuerto, Dtto. Purús, 190 m, 20 Mar 2002, Schunke Vigo & Graham 15118 (USM); Coronel Portillo, Sacarita del Río Utiquinia, margen izquierda del Río Utiquinia, Dist. Calleria, 150 m, 24 Mar 2003, Schunke Vigo & Graham 15403 (BM, USM); Coronel Portillo, Quebrada Pumayacu, margen izquierda del Río Utiquinia, 150 m, 31 Mar 2003, Schunke Vigo & Graham 15474 (USM); Coronel Portillo, Yarinacocha, Caño a Pucallpa, 250 m, 28 Mar 1981, Vasquez & Jaramillo 1533 (CORD, F, MO).
Surinam. Sipaliwini, vicinitiy of airstrip along Ulemari River, 71 km up Ulemari River from its confluence with Litani River, 150 m, 1 May 1998, Evans &Peckham 2968 (US); Paramaribo, Focke 57 (L); Haut Litany, Litany River, confl with Koule-Koule, Monts Tumuc-Humac, 160 m, 7 Jul 1993, Granville et al. 11875 (K, US x2); along Ulemari River, ca. 13 km upstream from its confluence with Litani River, 150 m, 3 Apr 1998, Hammel et al. 21289 (BM); Brokopondo, NW Brokopondo Stuwmeer Lake, SE of Brownsberg Nature Reserve, mouth of Whitey Creek, 15 m, 2 Feb 1998, Hoffman 5268 (US); Sipaliwini, Jacob Kondre Village, 1-2 km S of village on Saramacca River, 40 m, 7 Jul 2000, Hoffman 5468 (US); Lucie River, 2-10 km below confl. with Oost River, Wilhelmina Gebergte, 225 m, 9 Sep 1963, Irwin et al.55565 (K x2, US); Marowijne, Nassau Mountains, Plateau C, 500 m, 26 Jan 2003, Jansen-Jacobs et al. 6290 (US); ad aquas pr. u. Paramaribo, Apr 1844, Kappler 1599 (G, W); Marieparten, 1857, Kegel 1294 (GOET); Lely Mts., SW plateaus, 550 m, 18 Sep 1975, Lindeman et al. 23 (K, MO); Nickerie, Kabalebo Dam project area, 30 m, 9 Sep 1980, Lindeman et al. 80-528 (US); Nickerie, area of Kabalebo Dam project, bank of Baroeba creek near road km 113, 21 Sep 1980, Lindeman et al. 528 (S); Kwatta, Paramaribo, 7 Jun 1916, Samuels s.n. (US); Groningen, Station, 10 May 1916, Samuels 63 (L); Pl. Pietersburg, May 1850, Wullschlägel 373 (GOET, W).
Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad: near Siparia quarry, 8 Apr 1921, Britton & Broadway 2820 (K).
Venezuela. Amazonas: Manapiare, San Juan de Manapiare, 90 m, 25 Jun 1998, Fernández 12992 (BH); Brazo Casiquiare, Capibara, 2 Feb 1931, Holt & Blake 651 (US); rapids of Trapichote, Delta of Ventuari, 126 m, 20 Apr 1942, Llewelyn 14985 (F); Río Negro, Cerro de La Neblina, Neblina Massif, bongo (dugout) trip along Rio Mawarinuma downstream in NW direction from base camp at mouth of canyon for approx. 4 km, 140 m, 4 Apr 1984, Stannard 515 (K); a lo largo del rio Coro-Coro, río abajo de la pista de aterrizaje de Yutaje, 150 m, 30 Apr 1978, Steyermark & Redmond 117089 (F); between Paso el Diablo and Caño de Culebra; 25-30 km SE Puerto Ayacucho, 100 m, 5 May 1980, Steyermark et al. 122314 (MO, US); Aragua: PN Henri Pittier, road Maracay to Ocumare, km 28, ca. 1.5 km above the road, 785 m, 3 Apr 1990, Edwards et al. 399 (K); Ocumare valley, 3 Apr 1926, Pittier 12159 (US); Choroní valley, 18 Feb 1937, Pittier 13917 (US); entre Rancho Grande y la Regresiva, 1000 m, 5 Apr 1947, Pittier 15376 (US); Bolívar: Rio Icutu (Rio Nichare), from 4 km upstream of Icutu Village, 1000 m, 20 Aug 1985, Horner et al. 418 (MO); Cerro Bolívar, between Pilot Plant and Tunnel E-4, 28 Feb 1953, Maguire & Wurdack 34446 (MO); Río Chiguao, “El Araguaney”, 5 May 1987, Stergios 10995 (US); Rio Caura, a la altura del raudal Sejato, 9 May 1988, Stergios & Delgado 12972 (MO); Matacuchillo, vecindades; 22-25 kilometros oeste-suroeste del aeropuerto de Santa Elena, cerca de los limites entre Venezuela y Brasil, 920 m, 8 Aug 1976, Steyermark et al. 112281 (US); Carabobo: a lo largo de las cabeceras del rio San Gián, arriba de La Toma, al sur de Borburata, 750 m, 30 Mar 1966, Steyermark & Steyermark 95331 (B, F, GH, K, S, US); Borburata, Feb 1942, Tamayo 2216 (US); Delta Amacuro: Curiapo, 12 Dec 1952, Gines 4965 (US); Río Cuyubini, vic. of sawmill, between mouth of Río Cuyubini and first main fork at Hacienda Caicarocoro, 90 m, 11 Nov 1960, Steyermark 87535 (US); Trujillo: Boconó, Parque Nacional Guaramacal, Parque Nacional Guaramacal, near Quebrada Honda, 1900 m, 28 Dec 2000, Dorr & Stergios 8764 (BM); Zulia: Lagunillas, cuenca del Embalse Burro Negro (Pueblo Viejo): laderas occidentales de la Serrania de Ziruma o El Empalado, a lo largo del rio Grande, unos 13 km al norte del Embalse, 550 m, 1 Apr 1982, Bunting et al. 11152 (MO); faldas inferiores, a lo largo de la Quebrada Perayra, afluente del Rio Tocucu, suroeste de la Mision del Los Angeles de Tocucu (Tocucu), al suroeste de Machiques, 450 m, 29 Aug 1967, Steyermark 99869 (MO, US).

Taxon Treatment

• Knapp, S; 2013: A revision of the Dulcamaroid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) PhytoKeys, 22: 1-432. doi

Images

Figure 101. Solanum uncinellum Lindl. (A–F drawn from Hammel et al. 21289 G drawn from Nee 37364 H drawn from Nee 36071 I drawn from L.B.B. 9830). Illustration by Bobbi Angell.  Figure 102. Distribution of Solanum uncinellum Lindl.  Figure 103. Plate accompanying the original description of Solanum uncinellum Lindl. clearly showing the unequal anthers and narrow petals typical for this species (Lindley 1840[7]: tab. 15). Reproduced with permission of the Natural History Museum Botany Library.

Other References

1. ↑ Knapp S, Jarvis C (1990) The typification of the names of New World Solanum species described by Linnaeus. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 104: 325-367. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1990.tb02227.x
2. ↑ Moat J (2007) Conservation assessment tools extension for ArcView 3.x, version 1.2. GIS Unit, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cats
3. ↑ Glover B, Bunnewell S, Martin C (2004) Convergent evolution within the genus Solanum: the specialized anther cone develops through alternative pathways. Gene 331: 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.01.027
4. ↑ Knapp S (1989) A revision of the Solanum nitidum species group (section Holophylla pro parte: Solanaceae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Botany) 19: 63-112.
5. ↑ Linnaeus f (1782 [1781]) Supplementum plantarum systematis vegetabilium. Impensis Orphanotrophei, Brauschweig.
6. ↑ Dunal M (1852) Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13(1): 1–690. V. Masson, Paris.
7. ↑ Lindley J (1840) Solanum uncinellum. Edwards’s Botanical Register 26: t. 15.