Difference between revisions of "Chthonius (Gardini, Giulio 2013)"

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(Chthonius (Gardini, Giulio 2013))
(Chthonius (Gardini, Giulio 2013))
 
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  | journal = Zootaxa
 
  | journal = Zootaxa
 
  | volume = 3655
 
  | volume = 3655
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  | pages = 112 -- 123
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  | pages = 140 -- 142
 
  | doi = TODO
 
  | doi = TODO
 
  | citationurl =  
 
  | citationurl =  
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  | Familia = Chthoniidae
 
  | Familia = Chthoniidae
 
  | Genus = Chthonius
 
  | Genus = Chthonius
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  | Specific name = beieri
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  | Specific name = zoiai
 
  | Infraspecific name =  
 
  | Infraspecific name =  
 
  | Taxon rank = genus
 
  | Taxon rank = genus
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  | Taxon authority = Lazzeroni 1966: 497
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  | Taxon authority = Gardini 1990: 248
 
  | Taxon status =  
 
  | Taxon status =  
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  | Nomenclature citation = {{Nomenclature citation| ''{{Taxon name|Chthonius beieri}}'' Gardini, Giulio, 2013, Zootaxa 3655: 112-123.}}  
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  | Nomenclature citation = {{Nomenclature citation| ''{{Taxon name|Chthonius zoiai}}'' Gardini, Giulio, 2013, Zootaxa 3655: 140-142.}}  
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  | Wikispecies page name = Chthonius_beieri
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  | Wikispecies page name = Chthonius_zoiai
 
  | ZooBank ID =  
 
  | ZooBank ID =  
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  | Pensoft Profile = Chthonius_beieri
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  | Pensoft Profile = Chthonius_zoiai
 
}}
 
}}
  
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{{Section|class=description|heading = Description|content=Not {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''tetrachelatus''}}: Lazzeroni 1969 a: 324 (in part, see {{Taxon name|Chthonius siculus|''C. siculus''}}); Lazzeroni 1969 b: 395 (in part, see {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius nanus|''C. nanus''}}); Gardini 2008 a: 13 (in part, see {{Taxon name|Chthonius concii|''C. concii''}}).
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=[[Type]] locality:[[Italy]], Liguria, La Spezia Prov., La Spezia, Grotta della Taglia 79 Li/SP (44 °06ʹ0 3 ʺN 9 ° 47 ʹ 30 ʺE).}}
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{{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) tetrachelatus''}}: DeVore-Scribante 1999: 21, 139, 226, 266, figs 15 a–g; Gardini 2008 b: 632; Gardini 2009 b: 24, figs 1–14.}}
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=[[Type]] locality:[[Czech Republic]], Prague, Karlovo námĕstí (50 °04ʹ 32 ʺN 14 ° 25 ʹ 11 ʺE).}}
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{{Section|class=distribution|heading = Distribution|content=Distribution.[[Italy]]: Liguria.}}
  
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{{Section|class=distribution|heading = Distribution|content=Distribution. Western Palaearctic Region, chiefly Mediterranean; introduced to eastern [[Canada]], [[U.S.A.]] (including Hawaii), [[Cuba]], [[Argentina]], [[Seychelles]] and southwestern [[Australia]] (Harvey 2011).}}
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{{Section|class=diagnosis|heading = Diagnosis|content=Diagnosis (Ƥ). An anophthalmic hypogean {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} ({{Taxon name|Ephippiochthonius|''Ephippiochthonius''}}) from eastern Liguria that differs from other species of the {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}} group in the following combination of characters: movable cheliceral finger with isolated subapical tooth (di) at level with the spinneret and a median prominent group of 5 subequal teeth; chelal hand (in lateral view) without a rounded hump distad of trichobothria ib-isb, weakly depressed proximally ib-isb, without hollow just before the base of the movable chelal finger; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.031–0.035 mm); length of chela 0.75– 1.06 (3), 0.92–1.07 (Ƥ) mm, length of movable chelal finger 0.45–0.63 (3), 0.54–0.62 (Ƥ) mm; chela 6.4–6.5 (3), 5.8–6.6 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.7 (3 Ƥ).}}
  
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{{Section|class=diagnosis|heading = Diagnosis|content=Diagnosis (3 Ƥ). An eyed epigean {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} ({{Taxon name|Ephippiochthonius|''Ephippiochthonius''}}) that differs from other species of the {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}} group in the following combination of characters: movable cheliceral finger without isolated subapical tooth (di) and with spinneret in both sexes; posterior margin of carapace with 2 macrosetae or with 2 macrosetae and 1 lateral microseta on each side; hand of chela not depressed—or with a very weak depression—at level of trichobothria ib-isb, without hump distad of ib-isb; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 3–4 (rarely 5) teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.024–0.040 mm); distal half of movable chelal finger with 5–8 triangular, pointed teeth; length of chela 0.65–0.95 (3), 0.55–1.04 (Ƥ) mm, length of movable chelal finger 0.38–0.56 (3), 0.39–0.60 (Ƥ) mm; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.3–1.5.}}
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=[[Type]] material examined.[[ITALY]] —Liguria: La Spezia Prov.—1 3 1 T ([[paratype|paratypes]]), La Spezia, Vallone di Biassa, Grotta della Taglia 79 Li/SP, 160 m a.s.l., 9.IX. 1979, A. & L. Briganti & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3 ([[holotype]]) 1 Ƥ ([[paratype]]), id., 21.II. 1982, G. M. Schiaffino & S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ ([[paratype]]), “ {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} Gestroi E. S.[[typu|typus]]!” “Bocca Lupara 12.II. [18] 96. [R.] Gestro”, [La Spezia, Grotta di Bocca Lupara 74 Li/SP] (MSNG).
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Other material examined. ITALY— Liguria: Genoa Prov.—1 3 1 Ƥ, Castiglione Chiavarese, San Pietro Frascarese, Grotta da Prima Ciappa superiore 976 Li/GE, 420 m a.s.l., 21.XII. 1975, L. Briganti, L. A. Cassulo & S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., 24.X. 1976, L. A. Cassulo & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 6.XI. 1977, L. Briganti, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg. Liguria: La Spezia Prov. – 1 Ƥ, Lerici, Grotta dei Branzi 468 Li/SP, 350 m a.s.l., 14.II. 1982, S. Durante & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3, Maissana, Tann-a de Strie (= Tann-a de Liciorno) 147 Li/SP, 880 m a.s.l., 29.IV. 1982, S. Zoia leg.}}
  
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=[[Type]] material examined. ITALY— Marche: Ancona Prov.—1 Ƥ ([[paratype]]) (“ {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius beieri|''beieri''}} Lazzeroni, [[paratypu|paratypus]], G. Lazzeroni det.”), Sirolo, 13.VII. 1966, C. Baroni Urbani leg. (MSNV).
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{{Section|class=description|heading = Description|content=Description of adults (Ƥ). Troglomorphic facies, integument depigmented; hispid granulation on lateral surfaces of carapace and on cheliceral palm. Carapace 1.05–1.1 times longer than broad, slightly constricted posteriorly; anterior margin (fig. 270) between median macrosetae with sharp denticles, rarely weakly prominent with larger denticles, but always without epistome; no eyes or eye-spots (fig. 271); chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), macrosetae thin; 0 or 2 preocular microsetae on each side; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.11–0.13 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4, tergite I rarely with 2 or 3 setae. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 9– 10:(3) 9–10 (3):(2) 7–8 (2): 8–9: 6–9: 6–7: 6: 6: 7; genital opening of males flanked by 6–7 setae on each side (4 + 5 setae in male from Maissana: Tann-a de Strie). Chelicerae (figs 272–273) 2.2–2.4 times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 2 microsetae laterally; fixed finger with 7–8 subequal teeth and 4–5 proximal microtubercles; distal half of movable finger with a group of 5 prominent teeth and with an isolated subapical tooth (di) at level of spinneret; gl ratio 0.52–0.60; spinneret weakly raised in males, prominent and rounded apically in females; rallum with 11 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3–4 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 10–12 coxal spines, coxa III with 4–6 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 7.05–7.2 (3), 6.4–7.7 (Ƥ) times as long as broad; chela (fig. 274–275) 6.4–6.5 (3), 5.8–6.6 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.6–2.7 (3), 2.4–2.8 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, with a weak depression proximad of trichobothria ib-isb; fixed chelal finger with 13–15 triangular, pointed teeth (except proximal one rounded apically) with dental canals; base of finger with 5–10 microtubercles; tip of finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.031– 0.035 mm); distal half of movable chelal finger with 8–10 triangular, pointed teeth (the proximal one sometimes reduced, widely rounded) with dental canals; proximal half of finger, staring distad of sb, with straight, thick marginal lamina, rarely irregularly undulated; coupled sensilla pc variably placed between sb and halfway between b and sb; trichobothria as in fig. 275; basal apodeme of movable finger strongly sclerotized, long, rectangular; trichobothria eb-esb-ist mostly placed in a straight line, rarely ist a little proximad of line eb-esb; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.3–1.5 (3 Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.2–1.25 (3 Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.7 (3 Ƥ).
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Other material examined. ITALY— Venezia Giulia: Gorizia Prov.—3 3 1 Ƥ, Doberdò, Lago di Doberdò, 12.IV. 1981, E. Bognolo leg.; 1 3, id., Lago di Doberdò, 17.IV. 1983, E. Bognolo leg. Venezia Giulia: Trieste Prov.—1 3, Banne, Grotta Arnaldo [[Germani]], 11.II. 1979, M. Seriani leg., entrance; 1 Ƥ, Basovizza, 28.IV. 1983, E. Bognolo leg.; 1 3, Basovizza-Gropada, near Grotta Abisso Plutone, 21.X. 1979, M. Seriani leg.; 2 3, Borgo Grotta Gigante, 280 m a.s.l., 30.IX. 2007, L. Galli leg., {{Taxon name|Fraxinus ornus|''Fraxinus ornus''}} and {{Taxon name|Quercus|''Quercus''}} wood; 1 3, Duino, 20 m a.s.l., 9.IV. 1993, F. Gasparo leg.; 2 3, Duino-Aurisina, Grotta tra bivio Aurisina e Sistiana 411 VG/TS, 102 m a.s.l., 26.VIII. 1988, F. Gasparo leg., entrance; 1 3, Muggia, Lazzaretto, 1 m a.s.l., 21.IV. 2002, F. Gasparo leg., meadow near seaside; 1 3, San Dorligo della Valle, San Lorenzo, Stagno n.119, 19.VII. 1999, F. Stoch leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., San Lorenzo, meadow near Stagno n.119, 9.IX. 1999, F. Stoch leg.; 1 3, id., San Lorenzo, Stagno n. 119, 455 m a.s.l., 4.VIII. 1999, F. Stoch leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., 7.VI. 2000; 1 3, id., 26.V. 2000; 2 3 3 Ƥ 1 D, id., 6 / 13.IX. 1998; 1 Ƥ, id., 14.VII. 2000; 1 T, id., Bagnoli della Rosandra, 22.IX. 1983, M. Bodon leg.; 1 3, id., Grotta delle Gallerie 420 VG/ TS, 340 m a.s.l., 7.IV. 1985, F. Gasparo leg.; 1 Ƥ, Sgonico, Baratro dei Cavalli, 24.IV. 1982, M. Seriani leg.; 1 3 4 Ƥ, Sistiana, Costa dei Barbari, 510 m a.s.l., 12.IV/ 15.IX. 1992, F. Gasparo leg., traps in {{Taxon name|Quercus ilex|''Quercus ilex''}} wood; 1 Ƥ, Ternova Piccola, Carso Triestino, 25.IV. 1980, E. Bognolo leg., under stone; 1 Ƥ, Trieste, Monte Spaccato, 400 m a.s.l., 16.VI. 1996, C. Giusto, R. Regalin & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3 2 Ƥ, id., Percedol, 4.XII. 1981, M. Seriani leg.; 1 3, id., Monrupino, 3.I. 1982, M. Seriani leg., {{Taxon name|Quercus|''Quercus''}} wood; 3 3 3 Ƥ, id., Orto Lapidario, 30.VI/ 31.VII. 1994, Gruppo Entomologico Mus. Trieste leg.; 15 3 2 Ƥ 1 T 1 D, id., Vicolo delle Rose 73, 120 m a.s.l., 18.V. 1986, F. Gasparo leg.; 1 3, id., 25.IV. 1987; 1 3 4 Ƥ 1 T, id., Miramare, 30 m a.s.l., 1.IX/ 1.X. 1991, F. Gasparo leg., pitfall traps; 1 3 3 T, id., 1.X/ 1.XI. 1991; 1 Ƥ, id., 1.V/ 1.VI. 1991; 1 3 3 Ƥ, id., Villa Opicina, 16.VI. 1982, M. Seriani leg. Friuli: Udine Prov.—1 3 1 Ƥ, Attimis, Porzus above Attimis, 750 m a.s.l., 10.VII. 1990, F. Gasparo leg., broad-leaved wood; 1 3, Forni, 2.VIII. 1980, M. Seriani leg.; 1 Ƥ, Gonars, Paludi del Corno, 1.IV. 2001, A. Zanetti, A. Tagliapietra, G. Tomasin & G. Governatori leg., tufts of {{Taxon name|Schoenus nigricans|''Schoenus nigricans''}}, basic peat (MFNB); 1 Ƥ, Marano, [[Isola]] di Martignana, S slope, 7.V/ 9.VI. 2004, G. Colombetta leg., pitfall traps in dunes; 1 Ƥ, Moruzzo, Torbiera di Borgo Pegoraro, 16.X. 2001, G. Colombetta leg., pitfall traps in wood (MFNB); 1 3, Musi, Monte Musi, 14.XI. 1980, M. Seriani leg., moss; 1 3 1 Ƥ, Pioverno, Venzone, 250 m a.s.l., 11.II/ 14.VII. 1992, F. Gasparo leg., pitfall traps in {{Taxon name|Ostrya carpinifolia|''Ostrya carpinifolia''}} wood. Veneto: Belluno Prov.—1 Ƥ, Agordo, La Muda, 550 m a.s.l., 2.VII. 1985, G. Gardini leg. Veneto: Padua Prov.—1 3, Rovolon, Buso dell’Orso 1398 V /PD, 28.V. 1983, E.Piva & I. Ferrari leg. (MSNV). Veneto: Venice Prov.—1 Ƥ, Bibione, 17.VII. 1997, leg.? (MFNB); 4 3 3 Ƥ, Caorle, Valle Vecchia (Brussa), 0–5 m a.s.l., 26.VII/ 12.VIII. 1999, P. Glerean leg.; 1 3, id., 12 / 26.VIII. 1999, coastal pinewood (MFNB); 2 3 4 Ƥ, id., 11 / 26.VII. 1999 (MFNB); 1 3, id., 18.XII. 1999 / 9.I. 2000 (MFNB); 1 3, id., 29.V/ 13.VI. 1999 (MFNB); 1 T, id., 2 / 15.IV. 2000 (MFNB); 1 Ƥ, id., 1 / 14.V. 2000 (MFNB); 17 3 14 Ƥ, Venezia, [[Isola]] S. Giorgio, 21.VI/ 20.VII. 1996, H. Hansen leg. (MSNVE); 1 Ƥ, id., 17.III/ 18.IV. 1994 (MSNVE); 1 Ƥ 1 T, id., 18.II/ 17.III. 1994 (MSNVE); 1 3 2 Ƥ, id., 5.X/ 8.XI. 1994 (MSNVE); 2 Ƥ, id., 19.V/ 21.VI. 1994 (MSNVE); 2 3 1 Ƥ, id., 20.VIII/ 5.X. 1994 (MSNVE); 1 Ƥ, id., Laguna Veneta, Cassa colmata A, 10.IV. 1995, Celano leg. (MSNVE); 13 3 19 Ƥ 1 T, id., Giardini Biennale, VIII. 1992, H. Hansen leg., meadow (MSNVE). Veneto: Verona Prov. – 2 Ƥ, Bussolengo, Parco Natura Viva, 17.V. 2002, Marzotto & Vanin leg. (SVP); 2 3, id., 30.VIII. 2002 (SVP); 4 3, id., 29.III. 2003 (SVP); 1 3, id., 14.VI. 2003 (SVP); 1 T, id., 13.VIII. 2002 (SVP); 2 3, id., 26.VII. 2002; 3 Ƥ, id., 28.VI. 2002 (SVP); 1 3, id., 19.IX. 2002 (SVP); 1 3 2 Ƥ, id., 28.VI. 2003 (SVP); 2 3 (G. Lazzeroni det.), Custoza, 29.IV. 1968, G. Osella & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 7 3 6 Ƥ (G. Lazzeroni det.), Valli Grandi Veronesi, Torretta, 12.IX. 1968, G. Lazzeroni & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ 1 T, Verona, Giardino Giusti, 8.IX/ 14.X. 2005, F. Ballarin leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ, id., 24.V/ 28.VI. 2005 (MSNV); 1 T, id., 2.VIII/ 8.IX. 2005 (MSNV); 1 T, id., 14.X/ 21.XI. 2005 (MSNV); 1 3, id., 1.II/ 7.III. 2006 (MSNV); 1 Ƥ, id., 7.III/ 12.IV. 2006 (MSNV); 1 Ƥ (G. Callaini det.), Verona, Cologna Veneta, 15.VII. 1979, R. Gioco leg. (MSNV); 1 3 2 Ƥ 1 T (G. Lazzeroni det.), id., 11.IX. 1968, G. Lazzeroni & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ (G. Lazzeroni det.), id., Monte, 13.V. 1968, G. Osella & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 3 3 8 Ƥ (G. Lazzeroni det.), id., fort near Monte, 28.V. 1968, G. Lazzeroni & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 1 3 1 Ƥ (G. Lazzeroni det.), id., Navene, 8.IX. 1968, L. Tamanini leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ (G. Lazzeroni det.), id., between S. Ambrogio and Monte, 13.V. 1968, G. Osella & A. Montolli (MSNV); 1 3 (G. Lazzeroni det.), id., S. Maria in Stelle, 20.V. 1966, Braga leg. (MSNV); 5 3 4 Ƥ (G. Lazzeroni det.), id., between S. Vigilio and Torri, 4.VI. 1968, G. Lazzeroni & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV); 1 3 (G. Lazzeroni det.), id., Vajo del Paradiso S slope, 28.III. 1968, G. Lazzeroni leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ (M. Beier det.), id., Museo Storia Naturale, 27.X. 1961, leg.? (MSNV); 11 3 13 Ƥ 2 T (G. Lazzeroni det.), id., Villa Bartolomea, 11.IX. 1968, G. Lazzeroni & A. Montolli leg. (MSNV). Veneto: Vicenza Prov.—2 Ƥ, [[Isola]] Vicentina, Grotta Azzurra 938 V/VI, 11.V. 1985, I. Ferrari leg. (MSNV); 1 3 1 Ƥ, Nanto, Covolo Fortificato di Trene 340 V/VI, 27.VIII. 1984, I. Ferrari leg. (MSNV); 2 Ƥ, Solagna, Monte Grappa, Col Cavallino, 13.IX. 1992, F. Rigobello & B. Peruffo leg.; 1 3, id., 30.V. 1992; 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 27.III. 1993; 3 Ƥ, Valdagno, Grotta Predelle 1307 V /VI, 395 m a.s.l., 13.VIII. 2006, D. Bianco leg. Trentino: Trento Prov.—2 Ƥ, Pergine Valsugana, 11.XI. 2005, M.
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Campagnaro leg. Lombardy: Brescia Prov.—1 3 1 Ƥ (M. Beier det.), Brescia, 8.XI. 1961, leg? (MSNV). Lombardy: Mantova Prov.—7 3 1 Ƥ, Castiglione delle Stiviere, 107 m a.s.l., 29.VI. 2009, G. Ruzzante leg.; 1 Ƥ (M. Beier det.), Mantova, Ponti sul Mincio, 7.II. 1971, A Zanetti leg., marsh; 3 Ƥ, Sabbioneta, near Villa Pasquali, 29.III. 2005, S. Zoia leg., wooded embankment. Lombardy: Milan Prov.—1 Ƥ, Cassano d’Adda, N Groppello d’Adda, 140 m a.s.l., 6.VIII. 2011, S. Zoia leg., sieved. Lombardy: Varese Prov.—1 Ƥ, Gavirate, 5.VI. 2011, G. Gardini leg., base of {{Taxon name|Tilia|''Tilia''}}. Piedmont: Alessandria Prov.—2 T, Alessandria, Valmadonna, 2.V. 1982, C. Torti leg., haystack; 2 Ƥ 1 T, id., Cuccaro, 25.I. 1981, C. Torti leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ, Bosio, Capanne di Marcarolo, loc. Preadoga, 700 m a.s.l., 24.I. 1982, A. Beda leg., {{Taxon name|Castanea sativa|''Castanea sativa''}} wood; 1 Ƥ, Castelletto d’Orba, 28.XI. 1976, E. Bernabò leg., rotten wood; 1 3 1 Ƥ, Gavonata, 11.IX. 1973, R. Poggi leg.; 3 Ƥ, Lerma, Cirimilla, 260 m a.s.l., 9.VI. 2010, M. Capurro, S. Ferretti, L. Galli & C. Torti leg., {{Taxon name|Carpinus betulus|''Carpinus betulus''}} wood; 2 3 1 Ƥ 2 T, Lu Monferrato, 18.I. 1981, C. Torti leg., {{Taxon name|Robinia|''Robinia''}} scrub; 1 3 1 T, Rigoroso, gravel bed of Fiume Scrivia, 3.IV. 1972, G. Gardini leg.; 1 3, Valenza, Garzaia, 9.XII. 1989, C. Torti leg. Piedmont: Cuneo Prov.—1 Ƥ, Caprauna, 3.XI. 1990, G. Gardini leg., web in a house; 1 3, Ormea, near Nasagò, 700 m a.s.l., 19.V. 1994, G. B. Delmastro leg.; 1 Ƥ, San Michele Mondovì, along the road to Niella Tanaro, 450 m a.s.l., 1.VI. 2000, G. B. Delmastro leg. (MCCI). Piedmont: Turin Prov.—1 Ƥ, Carmagnola, via Rossini, private garden, 21.V. 2008, M. Evangelista leg. (MCCI); 1 3, Exilles, La Fucina, along Fiume Dora, 760 m a.s.l., 29.VI. 2000, G. B. Delmastro leg. (MCCI); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius austriacus subsp. nanus|''austriacus nanus''}}, M. Beier det.), Leinì, 29.III. 1970, G. Osella leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ, Locana, outskirts W of Rosone, 720 m a.s.l., 13.VIII. 1997, G. B. Delmastro leg. (MCCI); 2 Ƥ, Poirino, Favari, Cascina Bellezza, 19.VI/ 7.X. 2008, M. Evangelista leg. (MCCI); 2 3 5 Ƥ, Ulzio, slope of Monte Seguret, 1600 m a.s.l., 21.VIII. 1976, G. Gardini leg., under stones in pinewood. Liguria: Genoa Prov.—1 3, Genova, Nostra Signora del Monte, 10 / 17.I. 1971, R. Poggi leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., 24.X. 1971, G. Bartoli leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., 5.XII. 1971, G. Gardini leg.; 1 3, id., Orto Botanico, 10.XII. 1973, G. Gardini leg.; 1 3, id., Pegli, Villa Pallavicini, 27.II. 1981, R. Rizzerio & G. Gardini leg.; 1 3, id., Quinto, Monte Moro W slope, 150 m a.s.l., 13.III. 2009, G. Gardini leg., hollow in {{Taxon name|Olea|''Olea''}}; 1 3, id., 25.I. 2004, G. Gardini leg., {{Taxon name|Quercus pubescens|''Quercus pubescens''}} wood; 1 3, id., 200 m a.s.l., 13.VI. 2002, G. Gardini leg.; 2 T, id., Quinto, Rio San Pietro, 70 m a.s.l., 18.X. 2009, G. Gardini leg., hollow of {{Taxon name|Olea|''Olea''}}; 4 T, id., 50 m a.s.l., 11.XII. 2009, G. Gardini leg., hollow of {{Taxon name|Olea|''Olea''}}; 2 3, id., Sant’Eusebio, 4.X. 1975, G. Bartoli leg.; 1 Ƥ, Genova, via Cairoli, 20.III. 1981, L. Briganti leg., in house; 1 3 3 T, Genova, Villetta Di Negro, 27.IX. 1979, Gruppo Entomologico Ligure leg.; 1 3 3 Ƥ, id., 4.VI. 1972, G. Bartoli leg., sieved; 2 3, id., Voltri, Monte Geremia, 800 m a.s.l., 2.V. 1973, G. Bartoli leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ, [[Isola]] del Cantone, Santuario di Tuscia, 9.IX. 1992, M. Bodon leg.; 4 3 8 Ƥ 2 T, Sant’Olcese, San Lorenzo di Casanova, 26.III. 1972, G. Gardini leg., sieved; 1 Ƥ, id., 26.III. 1972, G. Gardini leg., sieved; 1 Ƥ, Sestri Levante, Punta Manara, 8.VII. 1975, G. Gardini leg., under stone; 1 Ƥ, id., Punta Manara near Riva Trigoso, 27.II. 1977, G. Gardini leg., under stone in olive grove; 1 3, id., Punta Manara, 12.VI. 1974, G. Gardini leg., sieved on coastal cliff; 1 Ƥ (M. Beier det.), Sestri Ponente, Grotta della Gianchetta 304 Li, 17.X. 1958, Dinale leg. (MSNV). Liguria: Imperia Prov.—3 3 6 Ƥ, Bordighera, Sasso, 9.XI. 1974, G. Gardini leg., under stones in olive grove; 1 Ƥ, Diano Marina, 5– 50 m a.s.l., 4.IX. 1995, F. Gasparo leg., pinewood and Mediterranean scrub. Liguria: La Spezia Prov.—2 3 2 Ƥ, Brugnato, Torrente Chiciosa, 29.II. 1976, N. Sanfilippo leg., sieved; 1 3 1 Ƥ, Deiva Marina, 22.X. 1972, G. Gardini leg., sieved in {{Taxon name|Quercus suber|''Quercus suber''}} wood; 3 Ƥ, id., 26.X. 1972, G. Bartoli & G. Gardini leg., sieved in {{Taxon name|Quercus suber|''Quercus suber''}} wood; 1 3 5 Ƥ, id., 14.XII. 1972, G. Bartoli leg., sieved; 4 3 1 Ƥ, id., 4.XI. 1972, G. Gardini leg., sieved; 1 3 3 Ƥ, Monterosso al Mare, Punta Mesco, 6.III. 1973, G. Gardini leg., under stones; 1 Ƥ, id., 15.III. 1973; 3 3 1 Ƥ, id., 29.III. 1974, G. Gardini leg., under stone in {{Taxon name|Quercus ilex|''Quercus ilex''}} wood; 3 3 6 Ƥ, id., 4 m a.s.l., 11.XI. 1974, G. Gardini leg., under stones on coastal cliff (together with 1 3 2 Ƥ of {{Taxon name|Chthonius concii|''C. concii''}}); 2 3 2 Ƥ, id., 4 m a.s.l., 23.II. 1975, G. Gardini leg., under stones near seaside; 1 3, id., 25.IV. 1975; 2 3, Portovenere, [[Isola]] Palmaria, 11.VIII. 1981, L. Briganti & S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, Vernazza, Corniglia, 3 m a.s.l., 5.II. 1978, G. Gardini leg., near seaside. Liguria: Savona Prov.—2 Ƥ 1 T, Cairo Montenotte, slope of Monte San Giorgio, 650 m a.s.l., 18.I. 1981, D. Antichi & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., Monte San Giorgio, 28.XII. 1973, G. Bartoli leg., sieved in {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood; 1 Ƥ, Piampaludo, Lajone, 7.VII. 2004, M. Capurro, D. Duradoni & L. Galli leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood; 1 3 1 Ƥ, near Quiliano, 14.III. 1986, S. Zoia leg., {{Taxon name|Quercus ilex|''Quercus ilex''}} wood; 1 Ƥ, Sassello, Lago Gulli, 15.VI. 2006, G. Troiano & L. Galli leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., Foresta Demaniale della Deiva, 27.VII. 2004, M. Capurro, D. Duradoni & L. Galli leg.; 2 3 1 Ƥ, Savona, Santuario di Savona, 17.X. 1972, G. Bartoli leg., sieved; 1 3 1 T, Stella, Santa Giustina, 330 m a.s.l., 14.III. 1986, S. Zoia leg.; 1 3, Urbe, Martina d’Olba, 480 m a.s.l., 15.VII. 1984, C. Giusto leg. {{Taxon name|Emilia|''Emilia''}}: Bologna Prov. —1 Ƥ, S of Bologna, 10.VI. 1984, S. Zoia & L. Ansaldo leg.; 7 3 5 Ƥ, Bologna, near Gaibola, 8.XII. 1983, C. Torti & S. Zoia leg.; 4 3, Bologna town, 20.IX. 1990, G. L. Agnoli leg., under wood in a garden; 3 3, Casalecchio di Reno, Vizzano, IX/ XI. 2010, L. Colacurcio leg.; 3 3 5 Ƥ, Sasso Marconi, Palazzo Rossi, III. 2010, L. Colacurcio leg. {{Taxon name|Emilia|''Emilia''}}: Ferrara Prov. —4 3 3 Ƥ, Comacchio, Valli di Comacchio, Dosso Lungo (Punta Boscoforte), 21.III. 1990, Pantaleoni leg.; 1 T, Mesola, Bosco della Mesola, Elciola, 18.IX. 1996, R. Fabbri leg. (MCFS); 1 Ƥ 1 T, id., Bosco della Mesola, Bosco Panfilia, 17.IV. 1996, R. Fabbri leg. (MCFS); 1 Ƥ, id., 10.VI. 1996 (MCFS); 1 Ƥ, id., 18.IX. 1996 (MCFS); 4 Ƥ, id., 13.VIII. 1996 (MCFS); 2 Ƥ, id., Bosco della Mesola, Parco della Duchessa, 17.IV. 1996, R. Fabbri leg. (MCFS); 2 3 1 Ƥ, id., 23.X. 1996 (MCFS); 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 19.II. 1997 (MCFS). {{Taxon name|Emilia|''Emilia''}}: Modena Prov. —2 3 3 Ƥ 3 T, Castelvetro, 9.XI. 1983, G. Gardini & R. Rizzerio leg., {{Taxon name|Castanea sativa|''Castanea sativa''}} wood; 3 Ƥ, id., 9.IV. 1984, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3, Modena, Parco Comunale, 30.VIII. 1981, G. Callaini & G. Gardini leg. {{Taxon name|Emilia|''Emilia''}}: Parma Prov. —1 3, Albareto, Passo Cento Croci, 11.VIII. 1982, L. Ansaldo, C. Torti & S. Zoia leg.; 3 3 7 Ƥ 10 T 1 D, Bedonia, Monte Pelpi, 750 m a.s.l., 11.VIII. 1982, L. Ansaldo, C. Torti & S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, Berceto, 450 m a.s.l., 30.IX. 1984, C. Torti & S. Zoia leg., {{Taxon name|Quercus|''Quercus''}} and {{Taxon name|Castanea|''Castanea''}}; 1 3, [[Sala]] Baganza, 26.IV. 1993, M. Bodon leg., gravel bed of a torrent. {{Taxon name|Emilia|''Emilia: Reggio Emilia''}} Prov. —1 3 2 Ƥ, Carpineti, Monte Valestra, 900 m a.s.l., 30.VIII. 1980, G. Gardini, C. Giusto & S. Zoia leg. Romagna: Forlì Prov.—1 Ƥ, Meldola, Bosco di Scardavilla, 12.VI/ 18.VII. 1997, R. Fabbri leg.; 1 3, id., 18.VII/ 19.VIII. 1997, grassy clearing; 1 3, id., 19.VIII/ 23.IX. 1997; 1 T, id., 13.III/ 15.IV. 1998, reafforestation; 1 Ƥ, id., 17.VII/ 20.VIII. 1998, R. Fabbri leg. Romagna: Ravenna Prov.—4 3 1 Ƥ, Ravenna, Punte Alberete, 4.IV. 1975, G. Gardini leg., under stones and sieved; 3 3 4 Ƥ, id., Saline di Cervia, 5.IV. 1975, G. Gardini leg., under logs; 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., Pineta di Classe, 5.IV. 1975, G. Gardini leg., sieved. Tuscany: Florence Prov.—3 3 2 Ƥ 1 T, Strada in Chianti, 5.III. 1967, A. Bordoni leg., moss on rock; 1 3, Fiesole, 25.VIII. 1976, G. Bartoli leg., 1 3 1 Ƥ 1 T, Fiesole, 21 / 23.VIII. 1975, G. Bartoli leg., sieved under {{Taxon name|Quercus ilex|''Quercus ilex''}}; 1 3 1 T, near Florence, 15.XI. 1981, L. Briganti & S. Rocchi leg. Tuscany: Grosseto Prov.—2 3 1 Ƥ, Magliano, 25.IV. 1979, G. Castellini leg.; 3 3 3 Ƥ, Ribolla, Fiume Bruna, 5.I. 1996, M. Bodon leg. Tuscany: Massa Carrara Prov.—2 3 1 Ƥ, Pontremoli, slope of Monte Orsaro, 1000 m ca a.s.l., 26.X. 1983, S. Zoia & C. Torti leg.; 1 3, id., near Caprio, 26.X. 1983, L. Ansaldo, C. Torti & S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, Terrarossa, Fiume Magra, 19.III. 1972, R. Poggi leg. Tuscany: Pisa Prov.—2 Ƥ, San Miniato, Roffia, 20 m a.s.l., 7.VI. 2009, G. Gardini leg., lake shore. Tuscany: Pistoia Prov.—1 Ƥ, San Marcello Pistoiese, Mammiano, 19.VI. 1983, S. Zoia leg. Tuscany: Siena Prov.—2 3, Bagno Vignoni, 2.VIII. 1990, P. Magrini leg.; 1 3 1 T, Barbaione, 20.I. 1973, leg.? Tuscany Archipelago—4 3, Grosseto, [[Isola]] del Giglio, Valle Pertuso, IV. 1985, A. Focarile leg., {{Taxon name|Quercus ilex|''Quercus ilex''}} wood; 3 3 4 Ƥ 1 T, id., [[Isola]] di Giannutri, 14 / 20.V. 1978, G. Gardini leg., {{Taxon name|Quercus ilex|''Quercus ilex''}} wood and garigue; 1 3, Livorno, [[Isola]] di Capraia, near Paese, 50 m a.s.l., 3.V. 1998, C. Giusto & E. Farinella leg.; 1 3, id., Porto, 2.X. 1974, G. Gardini leg., beach; 1 Ƥ, id., [[Isola]] di Capraia, 18 / 25.IV. 1973, G. Gardini leg., sieved in {{Taxon name|Quercus ilex|''Quercus ilex''}} wood; 1 3 2 Ƥ, id., Il Piano, 18.IV. 1995, G. Gardini & C. Giusto leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., Porto, 20.IV. 1995, G. Gardini & C. Giusto leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ (G. Callaini det.), id., [[Isola]] di Montecristo, VI. 1974, F. Giusti leg. (MSNV). Marche: Ancona Prov.—1 3, Portonovo, 30 m a.s.l., 12.X. 1991, F. Gasparo leg., {{Taxon name|Quercus ilex|''Quercus ilex''}} wood; 1 3 (M. Beier det.), Sirolo, Monte Conero, Sassi Neri beach, 30.XI. 1961, leg.? (MSNV); 1 Ƥ (M. Beier det.), Sirolo, 2.XI. 1961, leg.? (MSNV); 1 3 (M. Beier det.), id., 3.IV. 1961, leg.? (MSNV); 1 3 1 T ({{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius siculus|''siculus''}}, M. Beier det.), id., VIII. 1964, leg.? (MSNV); 5 3 3 Ƥ, Sirolo, Monte Conero, 7.X. 1975, G. Gardini leg., under stones in cultivations; 1 Ƥ, id., 400 m a.s.l., 22.IV. 1989, S. Zoia leg., {{Taxon name|Quercus ilex|''Quercus ilex''}} wood; 1 3, Sirolo, 60–80 m a.s.l., 13.X. 1991, F. Gasparo leg. Marche: Macerata Prov.—2 3 8 Ƥ 5 T, Civitanova Marche, Fosso Caronte, Le Grazie, 150 m a.s.l., 12.I. 2007, M. Mori leg., {{Taxon name|Quercus pubescens|''Quercus pubescens''}} and {{Taxon name|Populus|''Populus''}}. Marche: Pesaro Prov.—3 3, near Serra San Abbondio, 600 m a.s.l., 18.VI. 1989, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg., {{Taxon name|Fagus sylvatica|''Fagus sylvatica''}} wood. Marche: Pescara Prov.—1 3 1 Ƥ, Bussi sul Tirino, 300 m a.s.l., 21.III. 1992, F. Gasparo leg., pasture. Umbria: Perugia Prov.—1 3 1 Ƥ, Colfiorito, 5.VII. 1977, G. Gardini leg., under stone; 2 3, Nocera Umbra, Monte Alago, 16.V. 1993, P. Magrini leg.; 2 Ƥ, Spello, Anfiteatro romano, 24.III. 1974, R. Poggi leg.; 2 3, id., 13.IV. 1974, R. Poggi leg., under stones; 1 Ƥ, Uppello, 8.V. 1974, R. Poggi leg., under stone. Umbria: Terni Prov.—2 Ƥ, Orvieto, Titignano, entrance cave 56 U/ [[TR]], 260 m a.s.l., 6.VI. 2004, P. Magrini leg.; 1 3, id., 16.II. 1992, P. Magrini leg. Latium: Frosinone Prov.—1 Ƥ, Cassino, Grotta a quota 300, 2.IV. 1988, P. Magrini leg. Latium: {{Taxon name|Latina|''Latina''}} Prov. —1 Ƥ, Cisterna, 26.VII. 1984, G. Nardi leg., under tiles, dry place; 1 Ƥ, [[Isola]] di Ponza, Piana d’Incenso, 8.XII. 1966, P. Brignoli leg.; 1 Ƥ, [[Isola]] di Zannone, Sp. Est, 19.V. 1966, A. Vigna leg.; 1 Ƥ, San Felice Circeo, Quarto Freddo, 14.IX. 1977, Tripaldi leg., Mediterranean forest; 1 3, id., Peretto, 190 m a.s.l., 3 / 17.V. 2005, G. Forcina & A. Noal leg., pitfall trap. Latium: Rieti Prov.—1 3 (G. Lazzeroni det.), Amatrice-Capricchia, Monti della Laga, Sacro Cuore, IX. 1968, G. Osella leg. (MSNV). Latium: Rome Prov.—1 3, Carpineto Romano, Grotta delle 13 Antenne 757 La/RM, 14.III. 1993, L. Latella leg.; 2 3 5 Ƥ, Roma, Villa Ada, 24.VI/ 4.IX. 1991, L. Latella leg., pitfall traps. Abruzzo: L’Aquila Prov.—1 3, Barrea, between Barrea and Villetta Barrea, 990 m a.s.l., 26.VI. 1995, F. Gasparo leg., pinewood; 1 Ƥ, Capestrano, Capo d’Acqua, 5.XII. 1993, G. Osella leg., under {{Taxon name|Salix caprea|''Salix caprea''}}. Abruzzo: Chieti Prov.—1 Ƥ, Ortona, Riparo di Giobbe, 13.III. 1967, P. Brignoli leg. Campania: Cosenza Prov.—1 3 (G. Lazzeroni det.), Matese, road to Rif. Campitello, 1300–1500 m a.s.l., 2.IX. 1967, F. Giusti leg. (MSNV). Campania: Naples Prov.—1 Ƥ (M. Beier det.), Napoli, Roccarainola, 11.II. 1967, D. Capolongo leg., on dried {{Taxon name|Magnolia|''Magnolia''}} (MSNV); 2 Ƥ (M. Beier det.), id. 23.XII. 1967 (MSNV); 4 Ƥ 2 T (M. Beier det.), id., 11.XI. 1967 (MSNV). Campania: Salerno Prov.—1 3, San Rufo, 3.IV. 1987, P. Magrini leg. Apulia: Bari Prov.—1 3, Adelfia, 1.IV. 1988, F. Angelini leg.; 2 3 1 Ƥ, Alberobello, 430 m a.s.l., 5.IX. 1993, V. Mahnert leg., under stones in olive grove; 4 3 1 Ƥ (M. Beier det.), Bari, Gravina, 22.VII. 1962, leg.? (MSNV). Apulia: Brindisi Prov.—2 Ƥ (G. Lazzeroni det.), Brindisi, Ceglie Messapico, 26.IX. 1967, C. Baroni Urbani leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) spec. vic. {{Taxon name|Chthonius siculus|''siculus''}}, M. Beier det.), id., La Sciaia, 4.IX. 1973, G. Gardini leg., beach; 5 3 3 Ƥ, Ostuni, 220 m a.s.l., 15.IV. 2006, G. Gardini leg., {{Taxon name|Quercus ilex|''Quercus ilex''}} wood. Apulia: Foggia Prov.—1 3 (M. Beier det.), Gargano, Monte S. Angelo, contrada Caramanita, 500 m a.s.l., 9.X. 1961, leg.? (MSNV); 4 3 4 Ƥ (M. Beier det.), id., Foresta Umbra, 3.VIII. 1970, L. Magnano leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ (M. Beier det.), id., Malanotte, Peschici, 13.X. 1962, leg.? (MSNV); 1 Ƥ, Gargano, V. 1983, G. Carpaneto leg.; 7 3 3 Ƥ (G. Lazzeroni det.), Foggia, Lucera, 28.IX. 1967, C. Baroni Urbani leg. (MSNV); 1 3 1 Ƥ 1 T (G. Lazzeroni det.), id., Motta Montecorvino, 28.IX. 1967, C. Baroni Urbani leg. (MSNV); 1 Ƥ, Peschici, Manaccora [?], 15.III. 1967, P. Brignoli leg.; 1 Ƥ, San Giovanni Rotondo, Convento San Leonardo, 25.X. 1996, R. Argano leg.; 1 Ƥ, Sannicandro Garganico, Bosco di Spina Pulci, 400 m a.s.l., 17.III. 1992, F. Gasparo leg.; 1 Ƥ, Sant’Angelo Garganico, 25.X. 1966, A. Vigna leg.; 1 Ƥ, Vico del Gargano, 19.VII. 1983, S. Vit leg., base of {{Taxon name|Olea|''Olea''}}; 2 3, Vieste, 18.V. 1992, F. Gasparo leg., pinewood; 9 3 11 Ƥ, Isole Tremiti, San Domino, 20–90 m a.s.l., 15.III. 1992, F. Gasparo leg., pinewood with {{Taxon name|Pistacia lentiscus|''Pistacia lentiscus''}}. Apulia: Lecce Prov.—4 3 4 Ƥ (G. Lazzeroni det.), Lecce, Martano, 22.IX. 1967, C. Baroni Urbani leg. (MSNV); 1 3 1 Ƥ, near Monteroni di Lecce, 1.IX. 1996, R. Pepe leg., in a garden; 1 3 1 Ƥ, Otranto, Valle dell’Idro, 22.III. 1997, D. Ferreri leg.; 1 3, Otranto, 23.XI. 1996, D. Ferreri leg., under stone near a bauxite quarry; 1 Ƥ, id., Sorgenti Carlo Magno, 22.III. 1997, D. Ferreri leg. Apulia: Taranto Prov.—1 3, Martina [[Franca]], Parco delle Pianelle, 7.VII. 1983, S. Vit leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., Grotta delle Nove Caselle, 26.IX. 1991, L. Latella leg.; 10 3 1 Ƥ (G. Lazzeroni det.), Taranto, Mottola, 24.IX. 1967, C. Baroni Urbani leg. (MSNV) (together with 1 3 of {{Taxon name|Chthonius siculus|''C. siculus''}}). Basilicata: Matera Prov.—1 Ƥ, Accettura, Torrente Salandrella, 14.V. 1989, F. Angelini leg., {{Taxon name|Quercus|''Quercus''}} wood. Basilicata: Potenza Prov.—1 Ƥ, Lagonegro, Risorgenza del Dragone 30 B/PZ, 28.V. 1995, L. Latella leg. Sicily: Messina Prov.—8 3 3 Ƥ 1 T, San Fratello, 500 m a.s.l., 29.IV. 1982, G. Gardini & R. Rizzerio leg. Sicily: Palermo Prov.—1 Ƥ, Caltavuturo, 450 m a.s.l., 30.V. 1985, S. Zoia & R. Rizzerio leg., {{Taxon name|Quercus ilex|''Quercus ilex''}} wood; 1 Ƥ, Palermo, Orto Botanico, 4.X. 1979, G. Gardini leg. Sardinia: Cagliari Prov.—1 Ƥ, [[Isola]] San Pietro, Spiaggia Vinagra, 10.V. 1988, V. Cottarelli leg. (MSNG); 1 Ƥ, id., Stagno Cala Vinagra, 13.V. 1988, R. Poggi leg. (MSNG); 2 3 1 Ƥ, Villasimius, [[Isola]] Serpentara, 30.VII. 1986, R. Poggi leg., under {{Taxon name|Pistacia lentiscus|''Pistacia lentiscus''}} (MSNG). Sardinia: Sassari Prov.—2 Ƥ, Cargeghe, 13.VII. 2007, leg.?; 1 Ƥ, Olbia, [[Isola]] Molara, 13.IX. 1987, R. Poggi leg., under {{Taxon name|Salix|''Salix''}} (MSNG); 1 Ƥ, Ozieri, Grotta del Carmelo 21 Sa/SS, 420 m a.s.l., 9.IV. 1995, G. Grafitti leg., on wall in deep area.}}
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Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.30–1.55 (3), 1.46–1.60 (Ƥ). Carapace 0.42–0.47 × 0.38–0.43 (3), 0.42–0.49 × 0.39–0.46 (Ƥ). Chelicerae 0.37–0.40 × 0.16–0.165 (3), 0.35–0.42 × 0.15–0.18 (Ƥ), movable finger length 0.16–0.20 (3), 0.18–0.21 (Ƥ). Pedipalp: femur 0.64–0.74 × 0.10–0.105 (3), 0.65–0.74 × 0.09–0.11 (Ƥ); chela 0.75–1.06 × 0.12–0.165 (3), 0.92–1.07 × 0.14–0.17 (Ƥ); hand length 0.30–0.43 (3), 0.365–0.445 (Ƥ); movable finger length 0.45–0.63 (3), 0.54–0.62 (Ƥ).
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Description of tritonymph. Chaetotaxy of carapace as in adults, no preocular microsetae; no eyes or eyespots. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–VIII: 5:(2) 6 (2):(1) 6 (1): 7: 6: 6: 6. Cheliceral palm with 5 setae and one microseta laterally; spinneret as in females. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 4–5, IV 5. Pedipalp: femur 5.3 times as long as broad; chela 5.8 times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.35 times as long as deep, more depressed dorsally than in adults; fixed chelal finger with 11 triangular teeth and 8 proximal microtubercles; tip of fixed chelal finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; movable chelal finger with 8 teeth, the proximal one reduced and rounded apically; coupled sensilla pc a little distad of b; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.45; ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.2.
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Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.2. Pedipalp: femur 0.40 × 0.075; chela 0.58 × 0.10; hand length 0.235; movable finger length 0.34.}}
  
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{{Section|class=description|heading = Description|content=Description of adults (Ƥ). Integument pigmented, carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps brown; marked hispid granulation on lateral surface of carapace, on cheliceral palm, on the base of pedipalpal femur and on base of chelal fingers. Carapace 0.9–1.1 times longer than broad, subquadrate; anterior margin (figs 219–220, 227 – 228) denticulate between median macrosetae, sometimes weakly prominent, rarely with epistome (3 Ƥ from Bordighera: Sasso); ocular area as in figs 221 and 229, anterior eyes always with strongly convex lens (diameter 0.04–0.06 mm), posterior ones with weak lens, both pairs of eyes with reflecting tapetum; distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.03–0.04 mm; chaetotaxy mm 4mm: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), macrosetae thick, rarely one preocular microseta on each side; posterior margin of carapace rarely with 1 lateral microseta on each side; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.07–0.11 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 10:(3) 8 (3):(2) 7 (2): 8: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7; genital opening of males V-shaped, flanked by 7–8 (rarely 6) setae on each side. Chelicerae (figs 222–223, 230 – 231) 1.9–2.15 times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 2 microsetae laterally; fixed finger with 7–8 teeth (rarely 6 or 9), proximally reduced in size, and 4–6 proximal microtubercles; movable finger with 5–6 teeth shaped as in fixed finger (the distal one always larger) and 3–5 proximal microtubercles; movable finger without isolated subapical tooth (di); gl ratio 0.53–0.66; spinneret prominent, apically rounded, a little smaller in male; rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior with 12 and 14 blades respectively. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 7–12 coxal spines, coxa III with 3–7 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 5.4–7.5 (3), 5.3 –7.0 (Ƥ) times as long as broad; chela (figs 224–226, 232 – 234) 4.4–5.8 (3), 4.2–5.1 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.0– 2.5 (3) 1.8–2.25 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, not depressed, or only very weakly so, at level of trichobothria ib-isb; fixed chelal finger straight, with 14–22 teeth: 12–20 triangular, large, pointed teeth, with dental canals, weakly reclined and proximally reduced in size, and 2–4 tiny, rounded basal teeth, all with dental canals (often hard to see); base of fixed chelal finger often with 2–4 microtubercles; tip of fixed chelal finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 3–4 (rarely 5) teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.024–0.040 mm); distal half of movable chelal finger with a very small distal tooth (rarely absent) and 6–8 (rarely 5) triangular, upright, pointed teeth with dental canals; proximal half of movable chelal finger with 5–9 vestigial, undulate teeth gradually reduced back to level of sb or halfway between b-sb, mostly with dental canals; coupled sensilla pc halfway between b and sb, mostly nearer to sb; trichobothria as in figs 225–226 and 233–234, eb-esb-ist mostly in a straight line (ist always distad of esb); basal apodeme of movable chelal finger strongly sclerotized, rectangular; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.3–1.4 (1.4–1.8 for 3{{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}} according to DeVore-Scribante, 1999: 139) (3), 1.2–1.3 (Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.2–1.4 (3 Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.3–1.5 (3 Ƥ).
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{{Section|class=discussion|heading = Discussion|content=Remarks. Gardini (1990) emphasized the presence in eastern Liguria of populations (referred to as {{Taxon name|Chthonius zoiai|''C. cf. zoiai''}}) from isolated karstic systems that differed from the [[type]] specimens of {{Taxon name|Chthonius zoiai|''C. zoiai''}}, chiefly in the number of macrosetae on tergite I (4 instead of 2), on coxae I (3 instead of 4) and in the absence of preocular microsetae. Until larger samples become available for studying variation, it seems best to consider the specimens examined here as conspecific. A similar case, concerning hypogean populations of {{Taxon name|Roncus gestroi|''Roncus gestroi''}} Beier, 1930 in eastern Liguria, is discussed in Gardini (1993 a).
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Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.3–1.8 (3), 1.4–1.9 (Ƥ). Carapace 0.35–0.50 × 0.36–0.46 (0.32–0.42 anteriorly) (3), 0.37–0.55 × 0.38–0.54 (0.34–0.47 anteriorly) (Ƥ). Chelicerae 0.29–0.41 × 0.14–0.19 (3), 0.32– 0.45 × 0.16–0.21 (Ƥ); movable finger length 0.13–0.19 (3), 0.16–0.23 (Ƥ). Pedipalp: femur 0.47–0.69 × 0.08– 0.115 (3), 0.52–0.76 × 0.09–0.135 (Ƥ); chela 0.65–0.95 per 0.115–0.17 (3), 0.71–1.04 × 0.14–0.23 (Ƥ); hand length 0.27–0.42 (3), 0.30–0.44 (Ƥ); movable finger length 0.38–0.56 (3), 0.395–0.60 (Ƥ).
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Within the {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''Chthonius fuscimanus''}} group, {{Taxon name|Chthonius zoiai|''C. zoiai''}} is related to the epigean {{Taxon name|Chthonius nanus|''C. nanus''}}, a widespread species in the same geographical area, from which it differs in many troglomorphic characters. {{Taxon name|Chthonius zoiai|''C. zoiai''}} is also related to the hypogean {{Taxon name|Chthonius genuensis|''C. genuensis''}} from eastern Liguria (for a comparison between them, see Remarks under {{Taxon name|Chthonius genuensis|''C. genuensis''}}).}}
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Description of tritonymph. Integument weakly pigmented, with evident hispid granulation. Carapace 1.0 times longer than broad, subquadrate; anterior margin between median macrosetae without epistome; anterior eyes with very convex lens, posterior ones with weakly convex or flat lens, all eyes with tapetum; chaetotaxy m 4m: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), macrosetae thick; posterior margin of carapace rarely with 1 lateral microseta on each side; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.06–0.07 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 5:(2) 6 (2):(1) 6 (1): 7–8: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7. Chelicera 2.1–2.2 times as long as broad, palm with 5 setae and one microseta laterally; fixed finger with 6–7 subequal teeth and few proximal microtubercles; movable finger with 5–6 teeth, isolated subapical tooth (di) absent; spinneret prominent, apically rounded; gl ratio 0.55–0.60; rallum with 9 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 5; coxa II with 7–8 coxal spines, coxa III with 2–5 (mostly 4) coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 5.0– 5.4 times as long as broad; chela 4.9–5.45 times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.0– 2.3 times as long as deep, with a weak depression at level of trichobothrium ib; form of dentition of chelal fingers as in adults; fixed chelal finger straight, with 13–17 teeth: 11–15 triangular teeth proximally reduced in size, with dental canals, and 1–4 proximal rounded teeth without dental canals; base of fixed chelal finger with a few microtubercles; tip of fixed chelal finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 4–5 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.025–0.028 mm); movable chelal finger with 8– 13 teeth: one very small distal tooth, 5–8 triangular pointed teeth proximally back to halfway between b and st, and 2–6 proximal rounded teeth, mostly with dental canals; coupled sensilla pc distad of b; trichobothria eb-esb-ist mostly placed in a straight line (rarely ist distad of line eb-esb); basal apodeme of movable chelal finger strongly sclerotized, straight, rectangular; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.3–1.5; ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.2–1.3; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.1–1.2.
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Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.0– 1.2. Carapace 0.31–0.36 × 0.30–0.35 (0.26–0.31 anteriorly). Chelicerae 0.25–0.28 × 0.115–0.135, movable finger length 0.12–0.135. Pedipalp: femur 0.35–0.43 × 0.07–0.08; chela 0.52–0.60 × 0.10–0.12; hand length 0.21–0.26; movable finger length 0.30–0.34.}}
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{{Section|class=discussion|heading = Discussion|content=Remarks. The history and taxonomic problems concerning {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''Chthonius tetrachelatus''}} are summarized by Gardini (2009), who redescribed the species from the [[neotype]] and other specimens from the centre of Prague. Evaluation of variability of {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}}, over its whole geographical distribution, is far from complete and examination of Italian material reveals that a more complicated situation occurs here and presumably in the rest of southern Europe.
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The number of setae on posterior margin of carapace was assumed to be a character of taxonomic significance by Gabbutt (1966) and Lazzeroni (1966) when describing, respectively, {{Taxon name|Chthonius kewi|''C. kewi''}} from [[Great Britain]] (Essex: Colne Point, near St Osyth) and {{Taxon name|Chthonius beieri|''C. beieri''}} from [[Italy]] (Marche: Mt Conero near Sirolo). Both were distinguished from {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}} by the presence on the posterior margin of the carapace of a pair of lateral microseta (no microsetae in {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}}).
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Lazzeroni (1969 b) noted that many Italian specimens identified as {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}} show an asymmetrical arrangement of the lateral microsetae (i.e. 0 + 1) and considered both {{Taxon name|Chthonius kewi|''C. kewi''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius beieri|''C. beieri''}} as atypical forms and consequently synonyms of {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}}. Legg (1975) did not accept the synonymy between {{Taxon name|Chthonius kewi|''C. kewi''}} and {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}}, because he found genitalic differences, and later (Legg 1987) remarked that in {{Taxon name|Chthonius kewi|''C. kewi''}} from [[Britain]] the number of setae on the posterior margin of the carapace “can vary from two to five within any single population” (i.e. two macrosetae and 0 to 3 microsetae).
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Callaini (1984) and DeVore-Scribante (1999) also disagreed with Lazzeroni’s (1969 b) opinion and considered {{Taxon name|Chthonius beieri|''C. beieri''}} specifically distinct from {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}} on the basis of the presence of lateral microsetae on the posterior margin of the carapace.
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Examination of the material listed above from mainland and insular [[Italy]], including a female [[paratype]] of {{Taxon name|Chthonius beieri|''C. beieri''}}, shows that: i) many Italian populations—chiefly from central Italy—have lateral microsetae on the posterior margin of the carapace; ii) the standard number of microsetae, if present, is two, rarely one (0 + 1) or three (1 + 2); iii) populations without microsetae and populations with microsetae are never syntopic; iv) the measurements and ratios obtained mostly overlap those given for {{Taxon name|Chthonius beieri|''C. beieri''}} by Lazzeroni (1966), Callaini (1984) and DeVore-Scribante (1999), except specimens from Montecristo Isl. (Tuscany Archipelago), with greater size (Callaini 1984); v) the measurements and ratios of topotypical specimens of {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}} from Prague fall within the range of Italian populations; vi) no diagnostic characters have been found in genitalic structures between populations with and without microsetae.
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Despite the presence in [[Italy]] of populations with additional microsetae on the posterior margin of carapace, I follow Lazzeroni (1969 b) and temporarily consider {{Taxon name|Chthonius beieri|''C. beieri''}} to be a junior synonym of {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}}. However, the heterogeneous morphology of {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}} probably hides a species complex that current morphological taxonomy is unable to detect. Many Italian records of {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}} reported by Gardini (2000), chiefly from Sardinia, remain to be verified.
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For comparisons between {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}} and the related {{Taxon name|Chthonius siculus|''C. siculus''}}, see Remarks under the latter species.}}
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==Taxon Treatment==
 
==Taxon Treatment==
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*{{aut|Gardini, Giulio}}; 2013: A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas, Zootaxa '''3655''': 112-123. {{doi|TODO}}
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*{{aut|Gardini, Giulio}}; 2013: A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas, Zootaxa '''3655''': 140-142. {{doi|TODO}}
  
 
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[[Category:Work Pending at Plazi]]
  
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Gardini, Giulio (2013) A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas. Zootaxa 3655 : 140 – 142, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143988, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143988 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.

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@article{Gardini2013Zootaxa3655,
author = {Gardini, Giulio},
journal = {Zootaxa},
title = {A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas},
year = {2013},
volume = {3655},
issue = {},
pages = {140 -- 142},
doi = {TODO},
url = {},
note = {Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143988, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143988 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.}

}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas
A1 - Gardini, Giulio
Y1 - 2013
JF - Zootaxa
JA -
VL - 3655
IS -
UR - http://dx.doi.org/TODO
SP - 140
EP - 142
PB -
M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143988, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143988 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.

M3 - doi:TODO

Wikipedia/ Citizendium:

<ref name="Gardini2013Zootaxa3655">{{Citation
| author = Gardini, Giulio
| title = A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas
| journal = Zootaxa
| year = 2013
| volume = 3655
| issue =
| pages = 140 -- 142
| pmid =
| publisher =
| doi = TODO
| url =
| pmc =
| accessdate = 2024-12-13

}} Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143988, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143988 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.</ref>


Taxonavigation

Ordo: Pseudoscorpiones
Familia: Chthoniidae
Genus: Chthonius

Name

Chthonius zoiai Gardini 1990: 248 – Wikispecies link – Pensoft Profile

Materials Examined

Type locality:Italy, Liguria, La Spezia Prov., La Spezia, Grotta della Taglia 79 Li/SP (44 °06ʹ0 3 ʺN 9 ° 47 ʹ 30 ʺE).

Distribution

Distribution.Italy: Liguria.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis (Ƥ). An anophthalmic hypogean Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) from eastern Liguria that differs from other species of the C. fuscimanus group in the following combination of characters: movable cheliceral finger with isolated subapical tooth (di) at level with the spinneret and a median prominent group of 5 subequal teeth; chelal hand (in lateral view) without a rounded hump distad of trichobothria ib-isb, weakly depressed proximally ib-isb, without hollow just before the base of the movable chelal finger; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.031–0.035 mm); length of chela 0.75– 1.06 (3), 0.92–1.07 (Ƥ) mm, length of movable chelal finger 0.45–0.63 (3), 0.54–0.62 (Ƥ) mm; chela 6.4–6.5 (3), 5.8–6.6 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.7 (3 Ƥ).

Materials Examined

Type material examined.ITALY —Liguria: La Spezia Prov.—1 3 1 T (paratypes), La Spezia, Vallone di Biassa, Grotta della Taglia 79 Li/SP, 160 m a.s.l., 9.IX. 1979, A. & L. Briganti & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3 (holotype) 1 Ƥ (paratype), id., 21.II. 1982, G. M. Schiaffino & S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ (paratype), “ Chthonius Gestroi E. S.typus!” “Bocca Lupara 12.II. [18] 96. [R.] Gestro”, [La Spezia, Grotta di Bocca Lupara 74 Li/SP] (MSNG). Other material examined. ITALY— Liguria: Genoa Prov.—1 3 1 Ƥ, Castiglione Chiavarese, San Pietro Frascarese, Grotta da Prima Ciappa superiore 976 Li/GE, 420 m a.s.l., 21.XII. 1975, L. Briganti, L. A. Cassulo & S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., 24.X. 1976, L. A. Cassulo & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 6.XI. 1977, L. Briganti, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg. Liguria: La Spezia Prov. – 1 Ƥ, Lerici, Grotta dei Branzi 468 Li/SP, 350 m a.s.l., 14.II. 1982, S. Durante & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3, Maissana, Tann-a de Strie (= Tann-a de Liciorno) 147 Li/SP, 880 m a.s.l., 29.IV. 1982, S. Zoia leg.

Description

Description of adults (Ƥ). Troglomorphic facies, integument depigmented; hispid granulation on lateral surfaces of carapace and on cheliceral palm. Carapace 1.05–1.1 times longer than broad, slightly constricted posteriorly; anterior margin (fig. 270) between median macrosetae with sharp denticles, rarely weakly prominent with larger denticles, but always without epistome; no eyes or eye-spots (fig. 271); chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), macrosetae thin; 0 or 2 preocular microsetae on each side; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.11–0.13 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4, tergite I rarely with 2 or 3 setae. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 9– 10:(3) 9–10 (3):(2) 7–8 (2): 8–9: 6–9: 6–7: 6: 6: 7; genital opening of males flanked by 6–7 setae on each side (4 + 5 setae in male from Maissana: Tann-a de Strie). Chelicerae (figs 272–273) 2.2–2.4 times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 2 microsetae laterally; fixed finger with 7–8 subequal teeth and 4–5 proximal microtubercles; distal half of movable finger with a group of 5 prominent teeth and with an isolated subapical tooth (di) at level of spinneret; gl ratio 0.52–0.60; spinneret weakly raised in males, prominent and rounded apically in females; rallum with 11 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3–4 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 10–12 coxal spines, coxa III with 4–6 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 7.05–7.2 (3), 6.4–7.7 (Ƥ) times as long as broad; chela (fig. 274–275) 6.4–6.5 (3), 5.8–6.6 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.6–2.7 (3), 2.4–2.8 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, with a weak depression proximad of trichobothria ib-isb; fixed chelal finger with 13–15 triangular, pointed teeth (except proximal one rounded apically) with dental canals; base of finger with 5–10 microtubercles; tip of finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.031– 0.035 mm); distal half of movable chelal finger with 8–10 triangular, pointed teeth (the proximal one sometimes reduced, widely rounded) with dental canals; proximal half of finger, staring distad of sb, with straight, thick marginal lamina, rarely irregularly undulated; coupled sensilla pc variably placed between sb and halfway between b and sb; trichobothria as in fig. 275; basal apodeme of movable finger strongly sclerotized, long, rectangular; trichobothria eb-esb-ist mostly placed in a straight line, rarely ist a little proximad of line eb-esb; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.3–1.5 (3 Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.2–1.25 (3 Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.7 (3 Ƥ).

Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.30–1.55 (3), 1.46–1.60 (Ƥ). Carapace 0.42–0.47 × 0.38–0.43 (3), 0.42–0.49 × 0.39–0.46 (Ƥ). Chelicerae 0.37–0.40 × 0.16–0.165 (3), 0.35–0.42 × 0.15–0.18 (Ƥ), movable finger length 0.16–0.20 (3), 0.18–0.21 (Ƥ). Pedipalp: femur 0.64–0.74 × 0.10–0.105 (3), 0.65–0.74 × 0.09–0.11 (Ƥ); chela 0.75–1.06 × 0.12–0.165 (3), 0.92–1.07 × 0.14–0.17 (Ƥ); hand length 0.30–0.43 (3), 0.365–0.445 (Ƥ); movable finger length 0.45–0.63 (3), 0.54–0.62 (Ƥ). Description of tritonymph. Chaetotaxy of carapace as in adults, no preocular microsetae; no eyes or eyespots. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–VIII: 5:(2) 6 (2):(1) 6 (1): 7: 6: 6: 6. Cheliceral palm with 5 setae and one microseta laterally; spinneret as in females. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 4–5, IV 5. Pedipalp: femur 5.3 times as long as broad; chela 5.8 times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.35 times as long as deep, more depressed dorsally than in adults; fixed chelal finger with 11 triangular teeth and 8 proximal microtubercles; tip of fixed chelal finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; movable chelal finger with 8 teeth, the proximal one reduced and rounded apically; coupled sensilla pc a little distad of b; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.45; ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.2. Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.2. Pedipalp: femur 0.40 × 0.075; chela 0.58 × 0.10; hand length 0.235; movable finger length 0.34.

Discussion

Remarks. Gardini (1990) emphasized the presence in eastern Liguria of populations (referred to as C. cf. zoiai) from isolated karstic systems that differed from the type specimens of C. zoiai, chiefly in the number of macrosetae on tergite I (4 instead of 2), on coxae I (3 instead of 4) and in the absence of preocular microsetae. Until larger samples become available for studying variation, it seems best to consider the specimens examined here as conspecific. A similar case, concerning hypogean populations of Roncus gestroi Beier, 1930 in eastern Liguria, is discussed in Gardini (1993 a). Within the Chthonius fuscimanus group, C. zoiai is related to the epigean C. nanus, a widespread species in the same geographical area, from which it differs in many troglomorphic characters. C. zoiai is also related to the hypogean C. genuensis from eastern Liguria (for a comparison between them, see Remarks under C. genuensis).

Taxon Treatment

  • Gardini, Giulio; 2013: A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas, Zootaxa 3655: 140-142. doi
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