Difference between revisions of "Chthonius (Gardini, Giulio 2013)"

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  | journal = Zootaxa
 
  | journal = Zootaxa
 
  | volume = 3655
 
  | volume = 3655
  | pages = 29 -- 33
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  | pages = 140 -- 142
 
  | doi = TODO
 
  | doi = TODO
 
  | citationurl =  
 
  | citationurl =  
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  | Familia = Chthoniidae
 
  | Familia = Chthoniidae
 
  | Genus = Chthonius
 
  | Genus = Chthonius
  | Specific name =  
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  | Specific name = zoiai
 
  | Infraspecific name =  
 
  | Infraspecific name =  
 
  | Taxon rank = genus
 
  | Taxon rank = genus
  | Taxon authority = Gardini, Giulio, 2013
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  | Taxon authority = Gardini 1990: 248
 
  | Taxon status =  
 
  | Taxon status =  
  | Nomenclature citation = {{Nomenclature citation| ''{{Taxon name|Chthonius }}'' Gardini, Giulio, 2013, Zootaxa 3655: 29-33.}}  
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  | Nomenclature citation = {{Nomenclature citation| ''{{Taxon name|Chthonius zoiai}}'' Gardini, Giulio, 2013, Zootaxa 3655: 140-142.}}  
  | Wikispecies page name = Chthonius_
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  | Wikispecies page name = Chthonius_zoiai
 
  | ZooBank ID =  
 
  | ZooBank ID =  
  | Pensoft Profile = Chthonius_
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  | Pensoft Profile = Chthonius_zoiai
 
}}
 
}}
  
{{Section|class=description|heading = Description|content={{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius siculus|''siculus''}} (not Beier, 1961): Beier 1973: 163; Gardini 1980 a: 103; Callaini 1983 b: 405 (misidentifications). {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius apulicus|''apulicus''}} (not Beier, 1958): Beier 1975: 55 (misidentification).
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=[[Type]] locality:[[Italy]], Liguria, La Spezia Prov., La Spezia, Grotta della Taglia 79 Li/SP (44 °06ʹ0 3 ʺN 9 ° 47 ʹ 30 ʺE).}}
{{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius maltensis|''maltensis''}} Mahnert 1975: 186, figs 2–11(n. syn.).
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{{Taxon name|Chthonius bartolii|''Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) bartolii''}} Gardini 1976: 93, figs 1–9(n. syn.).
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{{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius concii|''concii''}}: Gardini 1980 b: 196, figs 10–18; Gardini 1990: 240, 251; Gardini, 2008 a: 8, 26, figs 17–21. {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) cfr. {{Taxon name|Chthonius concii|''concii''}}: Callaini 1984: 139, figs IVA–E.
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{{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius maltensis|''maltensis''}} (not Mahnert, 1975): Gardini 1995 a: 3 (misidentification). {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''tetrachelatus''}} (not Preyssler, 1790): Gardini 2008 a: 13 (misidentification, in part).}}
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=[[Type]] locality:[[Italy]], Liguria, Savona Prov., Finale Ligure, Arma delle Arene Candide 34 Li/SV (44 °09ʹ 55 ʺN 8 ° 19 ʹ 57 ʺE).}}
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{{Section|class=distribution|heading = Distribution|content=Distribution.[[Italy]]: Liguria.}}
  
{{Section|class=distribution|heading = Distribution|content=Distribution.[[Italy]]: Liguria, Sicily, Sardinia; Maltese Archipelago.}}
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{{Section|class=diagnosis|heading = Diagnosis|content=Diagnosis (Ƥ). An anophthalmic hypogean {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} ({{Taxon name|Ephippiochthonius|''Ephippiochthonius''}}) from eastern Liguria that differs from other species of the {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''C. fuscimanus''}} group in the following combination of characters: movable cheliceral finger with isolated subapical tooth (di) at level with the spinneret and a median prominent group of 5 subequal teeth; chelal hand (in lateral view) without a rounded hump distad of trichobothria ib-isb, weakly depressed proximally ib-isb, without hollow just before the base of the movable chelal finger; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.031–0.035 mm); length of chela 0.75– 1.06 (3), 0.92–1.07 (Ƥ) mm, length of movable chelal finger 0.45–0.63 (3), 0.54–0.62 (Ƥ) mm; chela 6.4–6.5 (3), 5.8–6.6 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.7 (3 Ƥ).}}
  
{{Section|class=diagnosis|heading = Diagnosis|content=Diagnosis (Ƥ). A well-eyed or microphthalmic, endo- or hypogean {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} ({{Taxon name|Ephippiochthonius|''Ephippiochthonius''}}) that differs from other species of the {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}} group in the following combination of characters: movable cheliceral finger without isolated subapical tooth (di) and with prominent spinneret in both sexes; fixed and movable chelal fingers respectively with 18–25 and 5–11 triangular teeth (proximal rounded teeth excepted); pedipalpal fixed finger at level of est-it mostly with 3–4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm; length of chela 0.94–1.22 (3), 1.01–1.54 (Ƥ) mm, length of movable chelal finger 0.55–0.72 (3), 0.56–0.90 (Ƥ) mm; chela 4.9–6.1 (3), 4.5 –6.0 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.5–1.7 (3 Ƥ).}}
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{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=[[Type]] material examined.[[ITALY]] —Liguria: La Spezia Prov.—1 3 1 T ([[paratype|paratypes]]), La Spezia, Vallone di Biassa, Grotta della Taglia 79 Li/SP, 160 m a.s.l., 9.IX. 1979, A. & L. Briganti & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3 ([[holotype]]) 1 Ƥ ([[paratype]]), id., 21.II. 1982, G. M. Schiaffino & S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ ([[paratype]]), “ {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} Gestroi E. S.[[typu|typus]]!” “Bocca Lupara 12.II. [18] 96. [R.] Gestro”, [La Spezia, Grotta di Bocca Lupara 74 Li/SP] (MSNG).
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Other material examined. ITALY— Liguria: Genoa Prov.—1 3 1 Ƥ, Castiglione Chiavarese, San Pietro Frascarese, Grotta da Prima Ciappa superiore 976 Li/GE, 420 m a.s.l., 21.XII. 1975, L. Briganti, L. A. Cassulo & S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., 24.X. 1976, L. A. Cassulo & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 6.XI. 1977, L. Briganti, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg. Liguria: La Spezia Prov. – 1 Ƥ, Lerici, Grotta dei Branzi 468 Li/SP, 350 m a.s.l., 14.II. 1982, S. Durante & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3, Maissana, Tann-a de Strie (= Tann-a de Liciorno) 147 Li/SP, 880 m a.s.l., 29.IV. 1982, S. Zoia leg.}}
  
{{Section|class=materials_examined|heading = Materials Examined|content=[[Type]] material examined.[[ITALY]] —Liguria: La Spezia Prov.—1 3 ([[holotype]] of {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius bartolii|''bartolii''}} Gardini) 1 3 1 Ƥ ([[paratype|paratypes]] of {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius bartolii|''bartolii''}} Gardini), Monterosso al Mare, cliff under Semaforo di Punta Mesco (44 °08ʹ0 6 ʺN 9 ° 38 ʹ 10 ʺE), 0—5 m a.s.l., 23.II. 1975, G. Gardini leg.; 2 Ƥ ([[paratype|paratypes]] of {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius bartolii|''bartolii''}} Gardini), “ {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) n. sp. vic. {{Taxon name|Chthonius concii|''concii''}}, det. Beier”, id., 6.III. 1973, G. Gardini leg.; 1 3 2 Ƥ ([[paratype|paratypes]] of {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius bartolii|''bartolii''}} Gardini), id., 11.XI. 1974, G. Gardini leg., under stones deeply hollowed near the seashore, together with 3 3, 6 Ƥ of {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}}. Liguria: Savona Prov.—1 Ƥ ([[holotype]] of “ {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (Eph.) tetrach. ssp. {{Taxon name|Chthonius concii|''concii''}} nov. Ƥ, det. Beier”), “Arene Candide [Arma delle Arene Candide 34 Li/SV], Finale Ligure, 26.II. 1950, Legit Conci”.
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{{Section|class=description|heading = Description|content=Description of adults (Ƥ). Troglomorphic facies, integument depigmented; hispid granulation on lateral surfaces of carapace and on cheliceral palm. Carapace 1.05–1.1 times longer than broad, slightly constricted posteriorly; anterior margin (fig. 270) between median macrosetae with sharp denticles, rarely weakly prominent with larger denticles, but always without epistome; no eyes or eye-spots (fig. 271); chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), macrosetae thin; 0 or 2 preocular microsetae on each side; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.11–0.13 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4, tergite I rarely with 2 or 3 setae. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 9– 10:(3) 9–10 (3):(2) 7–8 (2): 8–9: 6–9: 6–7: 6: 6: 7; genital opening of males flanked by 6–7 setae on each side (4 + 5 setae in male from Maissana: Tann-a de Strie). Chelicerae (figs 272–273) 2.2–2.4 times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 2 microsetae laterally; fixed finger with 7–8 subequal teeth and 4–5 proximal microtubercles; distal half of movable finger with a group of 5 prominent teeth and with an isolated subapical tooth (di) at level of spinneret; gl ratio 0.52–0.60; spinneret weakly raised in males, prominent and rounded apically in females; rallum with 11 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3–4 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 10–12 coxal spines, coxa III with 4–6 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 7.05–7.2 (3), 6.4–7.7 (Ƥ) times as long as broad; chela (fig. 274–275) 6.4–6.5 (3), 5.8–6.6 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.6–2.7 (3), 2.4–2.8 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, with a weak depression proximad of trichobothria ib-isb; fixed chelal finger with 13–15 triangular, pointed teeth (except proximal one rounded apically) with dental canals; base of finger with 5–10 microtubercles; tip of finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.031– 0.035 mm); distal half of movable chelal finger with 8–10 triangular, pointed teeth (the proximal one sometimes reduced, widely rounded) with dental canals; proximal half of finger, staring distad of sb, with straight, thick marginal lamina, rarely irregularly undulated; coupled sensilla pc variably placed between sb and halfway between b and sb; trichobothria as in fig. 275; basal apodeme of movable finger strongly sclerotized, long, rectangular; trichobothria eb-esb-ist mostly placed in a straight line, rarely ist a little proximad of line eb-esb; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.3–1.5 (3 Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.2–1.25 (3 Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.7 (3 Ƥ).
[[MALTA]] —1 3 ([[paratype]] of {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius maltensis|''maltensis''}} Mahnert), Is. [[Malta]], Ghajn Tuffieha Bay, Il Karraba, 5.V. 1974, V. & A. Mahnert leg. (MHNG); 1 Ƥ ([[paratype]] of {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius maltensis|''maltensis''}} Mahnert), Is. [[Malta]], Fomm ir- Rih, 13.V. 1974, V. & A. Mahnert leg. (MHNG); 1 3 1 Ƥ ([[paratype|paratypes]] of {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius maltensis|''maltensis''}} Mahnert), Is. Gozo, Dwejra Point, 8.V. 1974, V. & A. Mahnert leg. (MHNG).
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Other material examined.[[ITALY]] —Liguria: Savona Prov.—1 3, Finale Ligure, Caprazoppa, 29.X. 1982, G. Gardini, C. Giusto & G. Troiano, {{Taxon name|Quercus ilex|''Quercus ilex''}} wood; 1 Ƥ, id., Finalborgo, Castel Gavone, 30.IV. 1995, C. Giusto leg.; 1 Ƥ, Loano, Grotta di Verzi 91 Li/SV, 27.X. 1984, G. Gardini leg., entrance of the cave; 2 3 2 Ƥ, Orco Feglino, Arma dello Strapatente 210 Li/SV, 300 m a.s.l., 20.IV. 1998, C. Giusto leg.; 1 3, Toirano, Tana Taragnina 105 Li/ SV, 31.X. 1985, G. Gardini & R. Rizzerio leg.; 1 Ƥ, Vendone, Monte Castell’Ermo, 1050 m a.s.l., 15.V. 1976, G. Gardini leg., under stone. Sicily: Agrigento Prov.—1 Ƥ, Licata, Grotta Grangela n.c. Si/AG, 23.V. 1974, D. Caruso leg. Sicily: Catania Prov.—1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius apulicus|''C. apulicus''}}, M. Beier det.), Catania, 14.X. 1966, Coll. La Greca (MBAC). Sicily: prov. Palermo Prov.—2 3 1 Ƥ, Carini, Grotta dei Puntali 113 Si/PA, 90 m a.s.l., 6.I. 1973, M. Romano leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., Grotta dei Puntali 113 Si/PA, 90 m a.s.l., 30.IV. 1974, M. Romano leg. Sicily: Siracusa Prov.—1 T, Siracusa, Grotta Pellegrino 7002 Si/SR, 27 m a.s.l., 24.X. 1974, D. Caruso leg.; 2 Ƥ, id., Grotta Pellegrino 7002 Si/SR, 27 m a.s.l., II. 1976, D. Caruso leg. Sardinia: Cagliari Prov.—1 Ƥ, Armungia, Baccu Gospuru, Grotta Gospuru 148 Sa/CA, 100 m a.s.l., 21.IX. 1997, J. De Waele & N. Cabboi leg., entrance, under stone; 1 Ƥ 2 T, id., 14.VIII. 2007, C. Onnis & N. Ibba leg.; 1 T, Domusnovas, Grotta di San Giovanni Su Anzu 81 Sa/CA, 206 m a.s.l., 21.III. 2004, M. Mucedda leg., under stone inside [[Sala]] Pipistrelli, SW branch; 1 Ƥ, Nuxis, Grotta di Sa Folla 519 Sa/CA, 220 m a.s.l., 15.XI. 2000, J. De Waele leg., sotto pietra; 3 3 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius siculus|''C. siculus''}}, M. Beier det.), Nuxis, Tattinu, Grotta Cava Romana 601 Sa/CA, 10.VII. 1967, F. Cassola leg. (NMW); 1 3 ({{Taxon name|Chthonius siculus|''C. siculus''}}, M. Beier det.), id., 28.VII. 1971, F. Cassola leg. (NMW); 1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius siculus|''C. siculus''}}, M. Beier det.), id., 28.VII. 1971, F. Cassola leg. (NMW); 1 3, id., 23.IX. 2007, G. Grafitti, G. Merella & F. Sirigu leg. Sardinia: Nuoro Prov.—1 Ƥ, Ulassai, Tacco di Ulassai, Grotta Trodori 674 Sa/NU, 793 m a.s.l., 9.VII. 1994, D. Deidda & J. De Waele leg., under stone near the entrance; 1 3, id., Grotta Sa Foxi ‘e S’Abba 728 Sa/NU, 875 m a.s.l., 2.VII. 1994, D. Deidda & J. De Waele leg., sotto pietra; 1 Ƥ, id., Grotta di Lecorci 660 Sa/NU, 800 m a.s.l., 17.IX. 1994, J. De Waele leg., under stone inside first hall; 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., Iscala su Istressi, Grotta di Orroli 70 Sa/NU, 902 m a.s.l., 13.VIII. 1994, D. Deidda & J. De Waele leg., under stones. Sardinia: Oristano Prov.—1 Ƥ ({{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}}, G. Gardini det.), Cuglieri, Tegas, Grotta di Cappas 181 Sa/OR, 193 m a.s.l., 2.IV. 2005, G. Grafitti & C. Logias leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., 2.IV. 2005, G. Grafitti leg.}}
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{{Section|class=description|heading = Description|content=Description of adults (Ƥ). Integument with weak pigmentation, carapace, tergites, chelicerae and pedipalps pale testaceous; marked hispid granulation on lateral surfaces of carapace, on cheliceral palm and on base of pedipalpal femur. Carapace 1.0– 1.1, subquadrate, posteriorly slightly constricted; anterior margin (figs 42–43) strongly dentate between median macrosetae, sometimes weakly rounded and prominent, rarely with evident epistome (3 from Ulassai: Gr. Sa Foxi ‘e S’Abba and Ƥ from Gr. di Orroli; 3 from Nuxis: Gr. Cava Romana); ocular area as in fig. 44, anterior eyes (diameter 0.04–0.06 mm) mostly with convex lens and tapetum, sometimes with fairly flat lens (specimens from Monterosso al Mare: Punta Mesco; Armungia: Gr. Gospuru; Nuxis: Gr. Cava Romana and Gr. di Sa Folla; Ulassai: Gr. di Orroli, Gr. Trodori and Gr. Sa Foxi); posterior eyes mostly with fairly convex lens and tapetum (absent or reduced to ocular spot in specimens from Monterosso al Mare and from the above mentioned caves); distance from anterior eyes to anterior margin of carapace 0.03–0.05 mm; chaetotaxy mm(or m) 4mm (or m): 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), macrosetae thick (more slender in specimens from Monterosso al Mare: Punta Mesco; Ulassai: Gr. di Lecorci and Gr. di Orroli) (1 Ƥ from Monterosso al Mare with 2 macrosetae and 1 microseta on posterior margin); length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.08–0.16 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4. Normal chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 10:(3) 8 (3):(2) 7 (2): 8: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7; sternite II sometimes with 9, 11 or 12 setae, st. III sometimes with 9–10 setae; genital opening of males flanked by 6–8 (mostly 7) setae (10 setae in 3 from Ulassai: Gr. di Orroli and Gr. Sa Foxi ‘e S’Abba). Chelicerae (figs 45–46) 2.1–2.3 times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 2 (rarely 1) microsetae laterally; fixed finger with 6–10 teeth mostly proximally reduced in size and 4–5 proximal microtubercles; movable finger with 5–9 teeth proximally reduced in size and 3– 4 proximal microtubercles, isolated subapical tooth (di) absent; gl ratio 0.53–0.62; spinneret mostly prominent and apically rounded, weakly reduced in males; rallum with 11 blades; serrulae interior and exterior respectively with 11–12 and 14–15 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4 (rarely 3 or 5), III 5 (rarely 6), IV 6; coxa II with 8–18 (mostly 12–14) coxal spines, coxa III with 4–10 (mostly 5–7) coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp (figs 47–49): femur 6.1–6.9 (3), 5.8–7.6 (Ƥ) times as long as broad; chela 4.9–6.1 (3), 4.5 –6.0 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.0– 2.55 (3), 2.0– 2.5 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, weakly depressed at level of ib-isb (rarely with a weak hump distad of ib-isb), with a flat dorsolateral area between isb and eb; fixed chelal finger with 18–25 upright triangular teeth, with dental canals, proximally reduced in size (3 from Ulassai, Gr. di Orroli, and Ƥ from Armungia, Gr. Gospuru, with 1– 3 intercalary microdenticles, without dental canals, in distal half of finger); sometimes the first 1–3 proximal teeth apically rounded; base of fixed finger often with 2–8 microtubercles; tip of the fixed finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 3–4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.026–0.049 mm) (specimens from Armungia and Ulassai caves with 3 teeth occupying 0.1 mm, distanced 0.038–0.049 mm); distal third of movable chelal finger with 6–10 (rarely 5 or 11) upright triangular teeth with dental canals (rarely with one very small distal tooth); proximal 2 / 3 of movable chelal finger with 8–13 vestigial teeth, with dental canals, gradually reduced back to level of sb or to halfway between b and sb; coupled sensilla pc mostly at level of sb, rarely distad of sb; trichobothria as in figs 48–49, eb-esb-ist mostly placed in a straight line, rarely ist distad of the line eb-esb; basal apodeme of movable finger strongly sclerotized, rectangular, apically truncate; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.3–1.5 (3), 1.2–1.5 (Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/ movable finger 1.2–1.4 (3 Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.5–1.7 (3 Ƥ).
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Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.30–1.55 (3), 1.46–1.60 (Ƥ). Carapace 0.42–0.47 × 0.38–0.43 (3), 0.42–0.49 × 0.39–0.46 ). Chelicerae 0.37–0.40 × 0.16–0.165 (3), 0.35–0.42 × 0.15–0.18 (Ƥ), movable finger length 0.16–0.20 (3), 0.18–0.21 (Ƥ). Pedipalp: femur 0.64–0.74 × 0.10–0.105 (3), 0.65–0.74 × 0.09–0.11 (Ƥ); chela 0.75–1.06 × 0.12–0.165 (3), 0.92–1.07 × 0.14–0.17 (Ƥ); hand length 0.30–0.43 (3), 0.365–0.445 (Ƥ); movable finger length 0.45–0.63 (3), 0.54–0.62 (Ƥ).
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Description of tritonymph. Chaetotaxy of carapace as in adults, no preocular microsetae; no eyes or eyespots. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–VIII: 5:(2) 6 (2):(1) 6 (1): 7: 6: 6: 6. Cheliceral palm with 5 setae and one microseta laterally; spinneret as in females. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 4–5, IV 5. Pedipalp: femur 5.3 times as long as broad; chela 5.8 times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.35 times as long as deep, more depressed dorsally than in adults; fixed chelal finger with 11 triangular teeth and 8 proximal microtubercles; tip of fixed chelal finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; movable chelal finger with 8 teeth, the proximal one reduced and rounded apically; coupled sensilla pc a little distad of b; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.45; ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.2.
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Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.2. Pedipalp: femur 0.40 × 0.075; chela 0.58 × 0.10; hand length 0.235; movable finger length 0.34.}}
  
Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.5 –2.0 (3), 1.6–2.6 (Ƥ). Carapace 0.44–0.58 × 0.44–0.55 (0.41–0.51 anteriorly) (3), 0.50–0.66 × 0.52–0.65 (0.46–0.60 anteriorly) (Ƥ). Chelicerae 0.39–0.51 × 0.18–0.22 (3), 0.455– 0.58 × 0.21–0.27 (Ƥ); movable finger length 0.20–0.25 (3), 0.23–0.29 (Ƥ). Pedipalp: femur 0.69–0.90 × 0.11–0.13 (3), 0.74–1.14 × 0.12–0.15 (Ƥ); chela 0.94–1.22 × 0.16–0.22 (3), 1.01–1.54 × 0.18–0.26 (Ƥ); hand length 0.39– 0.52 (3), 0.44–0.63 (Ƥ); movable finger length 0.55–0.72 (3), 0.56–0.90 (Ƥ).}}
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{{Section|class=discussion|heading = Discussion|content=Remarks. Gardini (1990) emphasized the presence in eastern Liguria of populations (referred to as {{Taxon name|Chthonius zoiai|''C. cf. zoiai''}}) from isolated karstic systems that differed from the [[type]] specimens of {{Taxon name|Chthonius zoiai|''C. zoiai''}}, chiefly in the number of macrosetae on tergite I (4 instead of 2), on coxae I (3 instead of 4) and in the absence of preocular microsetae. Until larger samples become available for studying variation, it seems best to consider the specimens examined here as conspecific. A similar case, concerning hypogean populations of {{Taxon name|Roncus gestroi|''Roncus gestroi''}} Beier, 1930 in eastern Liguria, is discussed in Gardini (1993 a).
 
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Within the {{Taxon name|Chthonius fuscimanus|''Chthonius fuscimanus''}} group, {{Taxon name|Chthonius zoiai|''C. zoiai''}} is related to the epigean {{Taxon name|Chthonius nanus|''C. nanus''}}, a widespread species in the same geographical area, from which it differs in many troglomorphic characters. {{Taxon name|Chthonius zoiai|''C. zoiai''}} is also related to the hypogean {{Taxon name|Chthonius genuensis|''C. genuensis''}} from eastern Liguria (for a comparison between them, see Remarks under {{Taxon name|Chthonius genuensis|''C. genuensis''}}).}}
{{Section|class=discussion|heading = Discussion|content=Remarks. The [[type]] of {{Taxon name|Chthonius concii|''Chthonius concii''}} was redescribed by Gardini (1980 b) and remarks on morphological features of Sardinian populations (mainly subterranean) of the species, with related taxonomic problems, were made by Gardini (2008). He emphasized that shortage of specimens from populations of isolated karstic systems, showing different degrees of troglomorphy, makes impossible a reliable valuation of their taxonomic status: Sardinian specimens from Nuxis are identical to those from western Liguria, whereas specimens from the caves of Armungia and Ulassai show different degrees of troglomorphic specialization (see Gardini, 2008, table 2).
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Comparisons of [[type]] material of {{Taxon name|Chthonius maltensis|''C. maltensis''}} ([[Malta]] and Gozo Is.) and {{Taxon name|Chthonius bartolii|''C. bartolii''}} (eastern Liguria: Monterosso al Mare) with specimens of {{Taxon name|Chthonius concii|''C. concii''}} from western Liguria and Sicily reveal that there are no objective morphological differences that allow them to be considered heterospecific. The following synonymies are therefore proposed: {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius maltensis|''maltensis''}} Mahnert, 1975 and C. (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius bartolii|''bartolii''}} Gardini, 1976 are junior subjective synonyms of {{Taxon name|Chthonius|''Chthonius''}} (E.) {{Taxon name|Chthonius concii|''concii''}} Beier, 1953 (n. syn.).
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Among the species of the {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}} group, {{Taxon name|Chthonius concii|''C. concii''}} is a subterranean species, with a weak degree of troglomorphy, probably related to the epigean {{Taxon name|Chthonius tetrachelatus|''C. tetrachelatus''}} because of the shape of chelal hand and the form of the dentition.}}
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==Taxon Treatment==
 
==Taxon Treatment==
*{{aut|Gardini, Giulio}}; 2013: A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas, Zootaxa '''3655''': 29-33. {{doi|TODO}}
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*{{aut|Gardini, Giulio}}; 2013: A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas, Zootaxa '''3655''': 140-142. {{doi|TODO}}
  
 
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Gardini, Giulio (2013) A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas. Zootaxa 3655 : 140 – 142, doi. Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143988, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143988 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.

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@article{Gardini2013Zootaxa3655,
author = {Gardini, Giulio},
journal = {Zootaxa},
title = {A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas},
year = {2013},
volume = {3655},
issue = {},
pages = {140 -- 142},
doi = {TODO},
url = {},
note = {Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143988, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143988 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.}

}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas
A1 - Gardini, Giulio
Y1 - 2013
JF - Zootaxa
JA -
VL - 3655
IS -
UR - http://dx.doi.org/TODO
SP - 140
EP - 142
PB -
M1 - Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143988, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143988 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.

M3 - doi:TODO

Wikipedia/ Citizendium:

<ref name="Gardini2013Zootaxa3655">{{Citation
| author = Gardini, Giulio
| title = A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas
| journal = Zootaxa
| year = 2013
| volume = 3655
| issue =
| pages = 140 -- 142
| pmid =
| publisher =
| doi = TODO
| url =
| pmc =
| accessdate = 2024-12-13

}} Versioned wiki page: 2017-06-13, version 143988, https://species-id.net/w/index.php?title=Chthonius_(Gardini,_Giulio_2013)&oldid=143988 , contributors (alphabetical order): PlaziBot.</ref>


Taxonavigation

Ordo: Pseudoscorpiones
Familia: Chthoniidae
Genus: Chthonius

Name

Chthonius zoiai Gardini 1990: 248Wikispecies linkPensoft Profile

Materials Examined

Type locality:Italy, Liguria, La Spezia Prov., La Spezia, Grotta della Taglia 79 Li/SP (44 °06ʹ0 3 ʺN 9 ° 47 ʹ 30 ʺE).

Distribution

Distribution.Italy: Liguria.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis (Ƥ). An anophthalmic hypogean Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) from eastern Liguria that differs from other species of the C. fuscimanus group in the following combination of characters: movable cheliceral finger with isolated subapical tooth (di) at level with the spinneret and a median prominent group of 5 subequal teeth; chelal hand (in lateral view) without a rounded hump distad of trichobothria ib-isb, weakly depressed proximally ib-isb, without hollow just before the base of the movable chelal finger; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.031–0.035 mm); length of chela 0.75– 1.06 (3), 0.92–1.07 (Ƥ) mm, length of movable chelal finger 0.45–0.63 (3), 0.54–0.62 (Ƥ) mm; chela 6.4–6.5 (3), 5.8–6.6 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.7 (3 Ƥ).

Materials Examined

Type material examined.ITALY —Liguria: La Spezia Prov.—1 3 1 T (paratypes), La Spezia, Vallone di Biassa, Grotta della Taglia 79 Li/SP, 160 m a.s.l., 9.IX. 1979, A. & L. Briganti & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3 (holotype) 1 Ƥ (paratype), id., 21.II. 1982, G. M. Schiaffino & S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ (paratype), “ Chthonius Gestroi E. S.typus!” “Bocca Lupara 12.II. [18] 96. [R.] Gestro”, [La Spezia, Grotta di Bocca Lupara 74 Li/SP] (MSNG). Other material examined. ITALY— Liguria: Genoa Prov.—1 3 1 Ƥ, Castiglione Chiavarese, San Pietro Frascarese, Grotta da Prima Ciappa superiore 976 Li/GE, 420 m a.s.l., 21.XII. 1975, L. Briganti, L. A. Cassulo & S. Zoia leg.; 1 Ƥ, id., 24.X. 1976, L. A. Cassulo & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3 1 Ƥ, id., 6.XI. 1977, L. Briganti, G. Gardini & S. Zoia leg. Liguria: La Spezia Prov. – 1 Ƥ, Lerici, Grotta dei Branzi 468 Li/SP, 350 m a.s.l., 14.II. 1982, S. Durante & S. Zoia leg.; 1 3, Maissana, Tann-a de Strie (= Tann-a de Liciorno) 147 Li/SP, 880 m a.s.l., 29.IV. 1982, S. Zoia leg.

Description

Description of adults (Ƥ). Troglomorphic facies, integument depigmented; hispid granulation on lateral surfaces of carapace and on cheliceral palm. Carapace 1.05–1.1 times longer than broad, slightly constricted posteriorly; anterior margin (fig. 270) between median macrosetae with sharp denticles, rarely weakly prominent with larger denticles, but always without epistome; no eyes or eye-spots (fig. 271); chaetotaxy 4: 6: 4: 2: 2 (18), macrosetae thin; 0 or 2 preocular microsetae on each side; length of anteromedian macrosetae 0.11–0.13 mm. Chaetotaxy of tergites I–X 4: 4: 4: 4: 6: 6: 6: 6: 6: 4, tergite I rarely with 2 or 3 setae. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–X 9– 10:(3) 9–10 (3):(2) 7–8 (2): 8–9: 6–9: 6–7: 6: 6: 7; genital opening of males flanked by 6–7 setae on each side (4 + 5 setae in male from Maissana: Tann-a de Strie). Chelicerae (figs 272–273) 2.2–2.4 times as long as broad, palm with 6 setae and 2 microsetae laterally; fixed finger with 7–8 subequal teeth and 4–5 proximal microtubercles; distal half of movable finger with a group of 5 prominent teeth and with an isolated subapical tooth (di) at level of spinneret; gl ratio 0.52–0.60; spinneret weakly raised in males, prominent and rounded apically in females; rallum with 11 blades. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3–4 + 3 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 5, IV 6; coxa II with 10–12 coxal spines, coxa III with 4–6 coxal spines; intercoxal tubercle bisetose. Pedipalp: femur 7.05–7.2 (3), 6.4–7.7 (Ƥ) times as long as broad; chela (fig. 274–275) 6.4–6.5 (3), 5.8–6.6 (Ƥ) times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.6–2.7 (3), 2.4–2.8 (Ƥ) times as long as deep, with a weak depression proximad of trichobothria ib-isb; fixed chelal finger with 13–15 triangular, pointed teeth (except proximal one rounded apically) with dental canals; base of finger with 5–10 microtubercles; tip of finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; fixed chelal finger at level of est-it with 4 teeth occupying 0.1 mm (distance between successive apices 0.031– 0.035 mm); distal half of movable chelal finger with 8–10 triangular, pointed teeth (the proximal one sometimes reduced, widely rounded) with dental canals; proximal half of finger, staring distad of sb, with straight, thick marginal lamina, rarely irregularly undulated; coupled sensilla pc variably placed between sb and halfway between b and sb; trichobothria as in fig. 275; basal apodeme of movable finger strongly sclerotized, long, rectangular; trichobothria eb-esb-ist mostly placed in a straight line, rarely ist a little proximad of line eb-esb; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.3–1.5 (3 Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.2–1.25 (3 Ƥ); ratio of pedipalpal femur/carapace 1.4–1.7 (3 Ƥ).

Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.30–1.55 (3), 1.46–1.60 (Ƥ). Carapace 0.42–0.47 × 0.38–0.43 (3), 0.42–0.49 × 0.39–0.46 (Ƥ). Chelicerae 0.37–0.40 × 0.16–0.165 (3), 0.35–0.42 × 0.15–0.18 (Ƥ), movable finger length 0.16–0.20 (3), 0.18–0.21 (Ƥ). Pedipalp: femur 0.64–0.74 × 0.10–0.105 (3), 0.65–0.74 × 0.09–0.11 (Ƥ); chela 0.75–1.06 × 0.12–0.165 (3), 0.92–1.07 × 0.14–0.17 (Ƥ); hand length 0.30–0.43 (3), 0.365–0.445 (Ƥ); movable finger length 0.45–0.63 (3), 0.54–0.62 (Ƥ). Description of tritonymph. Chaetotaxy of carapace as in adults, no preocular microsetae; no eyes or eyespots. Chaetotaxy of tergites as in adults. Chaetotaxy of sternites II–VIII: 5:(2) 6 (2):(1) 6 (1): 7: 6: 6: 6. Cheliceral palm with 5 setae and one microseta laterally; spinneret as in females. Coxal setae: pedipalp 5 (including 2 on manducatory process), I 3 + 2 marginal microsetae, II 4, III 4–5, IV 5. Pedipalp: femur 5.3 times as long as broad; chela 5.8 times as long as deep; hand of chela 2.35 times as long as deep, more depressed dorsally than in adults; fixed chelal finger with 11 triangular teeth and 8 proximal microtubercles; tip of fixed chelal finger with a modified accessory tooth (td) on antiaxial face; movable chelal finger with 8 teeth, the proximal one reduced and rounded apically; coupled sensilla pc a little distad of b; ratio of movable finger/hand of chela 1.45; ratio of pedipalpal femur/movable finger 1.2. Measurements (in mm). Body length 1.2. Pedipalp: femur 0.40 × 0.075; chela 0.58 × 0.10; hand length 0.235; movable finger length 0.34.

Discussion

Remarks. Gardini (1990) emphasized the presence in eastern Liguria of populations (referred to as C. cf. zoiai) from isolated karstic systems that differed from the type specimens of C. zoiai, chiefly in the number of macrosetae on tergite I (4 instead of 2), on coxae I (3 instead of 4) and in the absence of preocular microsetae. Until larger samples become available for studying variation, it seems best to consider the specimens examined here as conspecific. A similar case, concerning hypogean populations of Roncus gestroi Beier, 1930 in eastern Liguria, is discussed in Gardini (1993 a). Within the Chthonius fuscimanus group, C. zoiai is related to the epigean C. nanus, a widespread species in the same geographical area, from which it differs in many troglomorphic characters. C. zoiai is also related to the hypogean C. genuensis from eastern Liguria (for a comparison between them, see Remarks under C. genuensis).

Taxon Treatment

  • Gardini, Giulio; 2013: A revision of the species of the pseudoscorpion subgenus Chthonius (Ephippiochthonius) (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from Italy and neighbouring areas, Zootaxa 3655: 140-142. doi
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